Arthritis is a painful joint disorder caused by inflammation. The actual word arthritis is derived from the Greek meaning “inflamed joint.” When one or more joints become inflamed, arthritis is present. It is important to understand that arthritis is not a single disease; there are over 100 variations of arthritis that range in severity and cause. Arthritis is the most common disability of people over the age of 55. The most common form of arthritis is called osteoarthritis, which is caused by wear and tear of cartilage of large joints such as the knees, hips, and spine. Another common but painful form of arthritis is rheumatoid arthritis, which is caused by an overactive immune system. Other types of arthritis include gout, septic arthritis, lupus, and psoriatic arthritis.

Arthritis can be debilitating and interfere with the quality of life. By limiting daily activities, causing persistent pain, and often having a deformed appearance, arthritis can lead to depression and general unhealthy living. Many people feel that there is no real treatment for their symptoms, but consulting a physician can provide many useful medications, supplements, and procedures to reduce the severity of arthritis symptoms.

Causes

There are many different causes for the varying types of arthritis. Many kinds of arthritis are hereditary, caused by an injury, weight related, or occur for unknown reasons. Infection and certain illnesses can cause septic arthritis. Injuries caused by sports, occupational hazards, or a previous injury can cause or further aggravate arthritis symptoms. One of the most common causes of arthritis is weight. Excess weight can cause added pressure to the joints. Age is also a factor in arthritis. As the body ages, cartilage becomes more brittle and the body becomes less able to repair damage to bones and cartilage.

Symptoms

Symptoms of arthritis include pain, impaired function of the joints, inflammation, swelling, and joint stiffness. The different forms of arthritis can have varying symptoms that do not always directly involve the joints. Some of these non-joint related symptoms include fever, fatigue, swelling of the lymph nodes, and a general feeling of being unwell.

Diagnosis

If you suspect you have arthritis, meet with your doctor so he or she can examine the joint and check for inflammation or deformities. X-rays, urine tests, and some blood tests may be done to determine the severity and type of arthritis. Typically, just a general physician can adequately diagnose arthritis, but sometimes a specialist, or rheumatologist needs to be consulted. Rheumatologists are better able to diagnosis more difficult types of arthritis and prescribe treatments that help to combat the deterioration of arthritis on the body.

Prevention

To many it seems as though arthritis is inevitable. Going to a doctor at the first sign of arthritis symptoms can help to prevent the arthritis from progressing to a crippling state. Doctors can prescribe supplements or medications that can help reduce inflammation, repair damage to the cartilage, and slow the progression of arthritis. Those who are overweight can diet to lose some of the weight. Studies have shown that the increase weight adds extra strain on the joints, actually causing arthritis to progress further and increase damage to the joints. Some exercises can condition and strengthen the muscles surrounding the joints, helping to slow degeneration due to arthritis.

Medications

Medications used to treat arthritis are plentiful and range from over the counter to prescriptions. Many companies produce creams that can help treat arthritis pain in mild cases. These creams can be purchased at the grocery store, health food store, or pharmacy. Pain relievers such as aspirin, Aleve, and Tylenol help to treat pain and inflammation associated with arthritis. Again, these are used to treat mild cases and do not always work for more severe pain. Prescription medication such as Enbrel and Remicade are used to treat more severe cases of arthritis. These medications are called biological response modifiers and they work to prevent the progressive destruction of the joints and reduce inflammation.

Cortisone Injections

Cortisone injections reduce inflammation caused by arthritis. While cortisone injections are not a pain reliever, they can provide relieve from inflammation for several months. Advantages of cortisone injections are the rapid effects of the medication and ability to relieve localized inflammation in the joints.

Those with infections or immune diseases should not take cortisone injections as they may worsen the infection or suppress the immune system. Cortisone injections also should be used cautiously in individuals with diabetes as cortisone has been shone to elevate blood sugar.

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are many natural ways to treat arthritis pain and inflammation at home. While there is no cure for arthritis, many remedies and supplements have been proven effective in the treating the symptoms of arthritis.

Epsom Salts

A popular treatment to relieve pain and swelling due to arthritis is soaking in a tub of hot water and Epsom salts. The warmth of the water in the bath increases circulation and helps to reduce swelling while the Epsom salts work to soothe the muscles around the joints. Mix 2 cups of Epsom salts into the bathwater and soak for 20 to 30 minutes. Epsom salts are very safe so you can use them in a bath daily or as often as you desire.

Alfalfa

Alfalfa is a common folk remedy used to treat arthritis in southern Appalachia. Many people make alfalfa teas by placing 1 ounce of alfalfa in a 1 quart pot filled with water. Boil for 30 minutes and drink the tea throughout the day for 2 to 3 weeks. The alfalfa works with the body to help ease arthritis pain associated with conditions such as lupus and other autoimmune diseases.

Black Cohosh

In many Native American cultures, black cohosh is used in the treatment of arthritis. It is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and contains many anti-inflammatory properties. Mix 1 cup of boiling water with a teaspoon of black cohosh root and boil together for 20 to 30 minutes. Divide the tea into two doses, drinking it once in the morning and once in the evening. Continue to drink the tea for two to three weeks.

Wintergreen

Another popular arthritis treatment used by Native Americans is wintergreen. In 1820, wintergreen was accepted as an official medicine for the treatment of arthritis. Wintergreen contains methyl-salicylate, which acts as a pain reliever. A good recipe for a wintergreen pain reliever is to place 1 or 2 teaspoons of dried wintergreen leaves in a cup of boiling water; cover the cup and allow to steep for 15 to 20 minutes. Strain the tea, making sure all the bits of wintergreen are removed, and drink 3 cups a day for best results.

Capsicum

Capsicum is the pain-relieving chemical found in red pepper and Cayenne pepper. There are many over the counter creams such as Capzasin-P that help to relieve arthritis pain. You can apply the cream directly to the joint up to 4 times a day.

Oregano

Oregano is a powerful antioxidant that possesses anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. The antioxidants found in oregano help to reduce the cell damage caused by free radicals, which have been linked to arthritis deterioration. Adding more oregano, preferably fresh oregano, to your diet can help to reduce some of the pain and swelling caused by arthritis.

Vitamins and Supplements

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Glucosamine is produced naturally in healthy joints; it stimulates the formation of cartilage that helps in repairing joints damaged by arthritis. Used in combination with chondroitin, the supplements stimulates cartilage repair, reduces joint inflammation, and is effective in relieving pain. 500 mg of a glucosamine and chhondroitin supplement, such as Osteo Bi-Flex, taken twice daily has been scientifically proven to reduce symptoms and prevent further arthritis damage in the knees. It may take as long as 6 to 8 weeks before there are signs of improvement when using a glucosamine and chondroitin supplement.

Vitamin E

Vitamin E possesses anti-inflammatory properties and helps to reduce pain. By protecting against muscle wasting, vitamin E also helps to slow the progression of arthritis. Studies have shown that taking 400 mg of vitamin E daily works to reduce many of the symptoms associated with arthritis. Foods such as almonds, tomatoes, peanut butter, and avocados have naturally high levels of vitamin E and can help boost levels in the body.

Methylsulphonylmethane (MSM)

MSM a natural source of sulfur, that is odorless and tasteless, that is found in all living things. Meats, diary products, fish, and certain vegetables all contain high levels of MSM. MSM helps to relieve arthritis pain and maintain joint health because sulfur is an essential in creating connective tissue. Studies indicate that taking 500 mg of MSM 4 times a day can reduce pain and help to combat the progression of arthritis.

Vitamin K

Those who are deficient in vitamin K are more susceptible to bone and cartilage degeneration. As you age, the body begins to lose its vitamin K resources. Supplementing the body with foods that have naturally high levels of vitamin K, such as avocados, green, leafy vegetables, yogurt, and broccoli can help to fight the severity and damage to the joints caused by arthritis.

Calcium

The average adult diet contains approximately 550 mg of calcium per day. The United States Department of Health recommends between 800 and 1,200 mg of calcium to be consumed daily. Calcium has been proven to strengthen bone and cartilage; consuming proper amounts can help to prevent deterioration. When taking calcium supplements, look for an easily absorbed form or calcium and try to divide the dose. Calcium is absorbed into the body better when taken over time rather than all at once.

Arthritis Surgery

If all other treatments do not help relieve arthritis symptoms, surgery may be the best option. Joint surgery can finally relieve pain from those who suffer constantly from extreme pain that is not eased by less invasive measures. Benefits of surgery include improved mobility and joint use, repair of hurt joints, and replacement of damaged or missing cartilage.
There are many different types of surgery that vary based on severity and kind of arthritis.

Osteotomy

This surgery corrects bone deformity by cutting and repositioning the bone. This is used for weight-bearing joints such as the knee. Those who are too young for total hip replacement often undergo osteotomy.

Resection

Resection is the removal of part or all of a bone; this is typically done in the foot, wrist, and elbow. This particular type of surgery improves joint function and relieves almost all pain.

Arthroplasty

Arthroplasty is a surgery that rebuilds the joints by resurfacing the ends of the bones where cartilage has deteriorated. This can be done by replacing the all or part of the joint..

Total joint replacement

This particular type of surgery removes the damaged bone or joint tissue and replaces it with plastic, ceramic, and metal parts. Total joint replacement surgery is quite common and has had excellent results. This surgery can help improve mobility in the knees, hips, shoulders, and elbows. Total joint replacement surgery helps those who were otherwise immobile live more active and healthy lives.

Dark circles are obvious blemishes that appear above and, particularly, beneath a person’s eyes. Dark circles do not cause any pain and are rarely a sign of a serious medical problem. However, they can be a source of major annoyance and can hurt a person’s self confidence. Many people with the condition complain that the dark circles make them look 10 years older.

Dark circles affect thousands of people of all ages and genders. In fact, more people suffer from dark circles than from any other skin condition except acne.

Alternative Names

Dark circles are often called “eye bags”. Another, rather unfortunate, name for the condition is “raccoon attack”.

Symptoms

When a person has dark circles, the skin around his or her eyes will appear to be a darker color than that of the rest of his or her face. The color can be anything from a light blue to a dark black, hence the nickname “raccoon attack”. It is very rare that a dark circle will appear around one eye but not around the other. Dark circles can be chronic or can come and go like any other skin condition.

Causes

Dark circles can be hereditary. Smoking and alcohol consumption can also increase a person’s chance of developing them. Contrary to popular belief, dark circles are not caused by lack of sleep. Lack of sleep can cause eyelids to become puffy, thereby causing shadows that can look like dark circles.

Many people also think that, particularly in women, dark circles are caused by hormonal disturbances. However, there is absolutely no medical evidence that dark circles are caused by pregnancy, PMS, or any other hormonal disturbance or imbalance.

Dark circles can be caused by simple pigmentation irregularities. They can also be caused by sun exposure. However, dark circles most often occur when the blood vessels beneath the eyes begin to show through the skin. This can be caused by a number of factors:

Age

Age can cause skin to lose its elasticity. When this affects the skin around the eyes, the blood vessels will naturally begin to show.

Allergies

Almost all common allergies, particularly those that cause nasal congestion, can cause the blood vessels in the sinuses to become dilated. Dark circles resulting from this cause should disappear the moment the allergies are relieved.

Weight Loss

Loss of fat and protein, resulting from either age or weight loss, can cause the skin beneath the eyes to become more transparent, thereby showing the blood vessels and causing dark circles.

Atopic Dermatitis

A person with atopic dermatitis, better known as eczema, can also develop dark circles if the skin condition affects the person’s eyes.

Diagnosis Considerations

Some people develop dark circles because of a condition called hyperpigmentation. This condition occurs when the skin’s levels of melanin, a compound that controls pigmentation, are increased drastically, thereby causing the skin to darken. Hyperpigmentation is most often caused by skin injuries. These injuries can be caused by serious acne, sun damage, or improperly done cosmetic surgery. Although there are many treatment options to help control hyperpigmentation, the condition is irreversible and a person suffering from it must avoid exposure to sunlight.

Natural Treatment Options

Dark circles can be hidden by common cosmetics such as eye shadow and foundation powder. However, there are many treatment options, most of them very simple and cost effective, that can temporarily relieve the condition.

Cold Compresses

Any form of cold compress can help the blood vessels around the eyes contract, thereby eliminating the dark blemishes. Cold compresses only offer temporary relief; however, they are often more than sufficient, particularly because they are so easy to apply. A person with chronic dark circles can very easily add this treatment to his or her daily facial routine.

A cold compress can be made by simply soaking a washcloth in ice water; soothing herbs can be added to the water if desired. Traditional compresses include cold wet tea bags and raw cucumber slices. Whatever form of compress is used, it should be applied to the eyes for at least 15 minutes, once or twice a day. Cold compresses can cause mild skin irritation, particularly if the person is allergic to an ingredient in the compress.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is highly recommended for those with hyperpigmentation. The vitamin can help lighten darkened skin and also helps skin recover from any form of cosmetic surgery.

Vitamin K can be taken orally; the dosage should be discussed between the person and his or her medical doctor. Also, when treating dark circles and/or hyperpigmentation, it is advisable to apply vitamin K topically. It is recommended that a 5% vitamin K cream be used.

This vitamin can cause poisoning, but only if it is taken in very large quantities over a long period of time. Vitamin K rarely causes adverse effects. In high does it may interfere with some medications through the blood. Patients who have life-threatening bleeding are sometimes given Vitamin K.

• ACC, “2017 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of Bleeding in Patients on Oral Anticoagulants” December 2017
• NCS/SCCM, “Guideline for Reversal of Antithrombotics in Intracranial Hemorrhage,” 2016

Vitamin E

Since vitamin E treats nearly every skin problem, it is no surprise that it also treats dark circles. Topically applied vitamin E, in either oil or cream form, can help restore firmness to skin. Also, it can practically cure the effects of atopic dermatitis.

Vitamin E is also considered the “anti-aging” vitamin. Therefore, it can help restore tissue and keep aging skin from sagging.

The recommended dose is about 400 IU per day. Pure vitamin E oil can also be purchased and applied directly to the skin or taken orally. Vitamin E should not cause any adverse effects.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C can help strengthen and/or control blood vessels. Either take 60 to 500 mg a day, or eat foods rich in vitamin C, such as citrus. Vitamin C can cause intestinal problems, such as nausea or diarrhea, but only if it is taken in large doses and on an empty stomach.

Omega-3

Omega-3 is a fatty acid that is naturally present in eggs, fish, and several other foods. Omega-3 is good for the eyes and can also help blood vessels. Although it should not cause any adverse effects, a medical professional should always be consulted before the supplement is taken.

When treating dark circles, a person should either eat an omega-3 rich diet or daily take an omega-3 dietary supplement. Omega-3 is available in several forms. Fish oil soft gels are the most popular.

The recommended dosage of omega-3 is approximately 600 to 1200 mg per day.

Olay Products

Olay carries many products, including eye creams and serums, that can help lighten dark circles. Look particularly for anti-aging creams or for rejuvenating eye serums; just be sure the product is safe for use around the eyes. The typical cost is anywhere from $5 to $20 for five ounces of product. Olay products usually do not have any side effects except, perhaps, mild skin irritation that will cease the moment use of the product is stopped.

Homeopathic Remedies

There are several homeopathic remedies that can help dilated blood vessels contract: apis mellifica, arsenicum, and kali carbonicum are the names of a few. It should be remembered, however, that homeopathic remedies are not “magic cures”. If a remedy is found to be effective, it must be taken daily, just like a pharmaceutical. If a homeopathic remedy is taken under the guidance of a qualified professional, it should not cause any adverse effects.

Pharmaceuticals

Diurex

Diurex can help relieve fluid retention and can make blood vessels contract. Diurex is available over-the-counter. The drug is usually considered safe although it can increase the risk of dehydration. Diurex usually costs about $20 for 25 pills.

Midol

Midol is typically used by women during their menstrual cycles. However, like Diurex, Midol can relieve fluid retention and can mildly lighten dark circles. Midol is available over-the-counter. If dosage instructions are followed exactly, the drug should not cause any adverse affects. Although Midol can be taken by both men and women, it should not be taken by men with enlarged prostates. Midol usually costs about $20 for 40 pills and there are also many cheaper generic brands that are just as effective.

Prescriptions from a Dermatologist

Dermatologists can prescribe other creams and drugs that will lighten dark circles. However, they will very likely cost more than over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Also, be sure to ask the dermatologist about any possible side effects.

Surgeries

Because dark circles do not cause sensory impairment or any other health problems, surgery should be considered a last resort. Not only are eye surgeries extremely expensive, but they are also very risky.

Laser Resurfacing Surgery

Laser resurfacing surgery can be used to remove dark blemishes anywhere on a person’s skin. It is particularly recommended for blemishes on the face. During the surgery, the pulsating laser beams will slowly remove unwanted skin layer by layer. This procedure is also referred to as a “laser peel”. Unfortunately, although laser resurfacing surgery can be highly effective, it can be very risky. The procedure can cause scarring as well as changes in pigmentation. The procedure also increases a person’s risk of developing hyperpigmentation. Laser resurfacing surgery usually costs about $1,000 per eye.

Fat Grafting

Fat grafting, also known as fat transfer surgery, can almost completely eliminate dark circles. The outpatient procedure takes fat, from either a different area of the person’s body or from a donor, and transfers it to the area that is in need. The procedure is quite safe and there are very few possible side effects. There will, naturally, be some bruising and the patient may need to take painkillers for a few weeks. However, these symptoms should be temporary. When treating dark circles, fat transfers usually cost about $1,500 per eye.

Blepharoplasty

Blepharoplasty is a cosmetic procedure that is often referred to as “eye bag removal”. The procedure removes excess muscle, fat, and skin from around the eyes. Although the procedure is, for the most part, effective, it also carries with it many risks: blepharoplasty can cause infections, skin injuries, and haematoma (a hemorrhage or blood clot behind the eyeball). Work on both eyes can cost as much as $4,000.

Other Treatments

Botox

Since Botox effectively tightens skin, thus removing wrinkles, it can also remove dark circles. Botox usually costs about $325 per injection. The number of injections needed depends on the severity of the condition as well as on the person’s personal preferences.

However, Botox has many possible side effects: if the procedure is done improperly or if the person does not react well to the chemicals, Botox can have a reverse effect and can cause the skin to droop and sag even more. There will be pain and bruising around the injection site for several weeks; also, many people experience flu-like symptoms for about a week after receiving an injection. A person who has Botox injected around his or her eyes may begin to have trouble blinking.

Do you get chafed, red skin after shaving? Razor burn is a common effect of shaving, causing uncomfortable stinging, itching, burning and raised red bumps. Almost everyone who shaves with a razor may experience razor burn occasionally, and possibly nicks and cuts too. Razor burn can occur in men or women anywhere the skin is shaved: face, legs, underarms, bikini line and pubic area. The good thing about razor burn is that it is usually preventable and it is definitely treatable. There are better ways to deal with the effects of razor rash than dabbing bleeding spots with tissue or scratching itching, irritated bumps. Thankfully there are easy ways to avoid it and soothing remedies to quickly cure it when it happens to you.

Alternative Names

Razor burn is also called razor rash, shaving rash, barber’s itch, barber’s rash, shaving burn, shaving bumps or razor bumps. The medical term for inflammation of the skin and hair follicles, cuts, abrasions, irritation and ingrown hair caused by shaving is pseudofolliculitis barbae. There are different types of folliculitis, some caused by staphylococcal bacteria, some caused by different fungus infections. Persistent razor burn that is very itchy and irritating may be suspected of accompanying bacterial or fungal infection that needs medical treatment if it doesn’t clear up with herbal or home remedies, but occasional razor burn is probably due to shaving technique.

Symptoms

Razor burn symptoms include red, rash-like appearance of skin after shaving, raised red bumps accompanied by skin itching, pain and irritation and infected follicles. The rash may resolve in a few days by itself in mild cases or in more serious cases may develop into ingrown hair when hair starts to grow back, even forming infected bumps. Nicks and cuts can also occur with razor burn. Razor burn and especially infected bumps can be very uncomfortable and unsightly.

Causes

There are various causes of razor burn. The kind of equipment used to shave makes a big difference in skin condition afterward. Shaving habits and techniques, preparation of skin and hair before shaving, methods of after-care, presence of bacterial or fungal infection, and shaving hair too close causing ingrown hair all have a big impact on skin condition after shaving.

Using a razor with a dull blade and having to shave the area multiple times to remove all the hair can irritate the skin and cause razor burn. Use a fresh, sharp shaver with a lot of warm water and moisturizing cream or an electric shaver to get a clean shave after passing over the skin just once without applying too much pressure.

Shaving habits either protect or damage the skin during shaving. Shave in the direction the hair is growing instead of the opposite direction to avoid pushing the hair into the follicle. Use short strokes without pulling the skin taught to avoid scraping the top layer of the skin and causing a rash. Take care while shaving not to rush and cut yourself or press too hard on or cut skin.

Preparing the skin before shaving will result in a better shave and will protect the skin. Gently wash the area to be shaved with a mild soap and warm water and apply an emollient shaving cream before using a razor. If you don’t want to wash the skin, soak a thick, clean wash cloth in hot water and some moisturizing oil and use it as a compress on the skin before shaving to avoid skin damage. Alternately, soak in a warm tub with a moisturizing bath additive before shaving.

Taking care of the skin after shaving can prevent razor burn as well. Use a gentle moisturizer without perfumes or chemicals to sooth shaved skin. If skin has cuts or nicks, clean them with an astringent or antibacterial ointment to prevent infection and scabbing.

Skin that is infected is more susceptible to razor burn and should be treated with extra caution if shaving is necessary. Try to clear up bacterial and fungal skin infections before shaving if possible. Otherwise, wash gently and apply a thin layer of antiseptic or antibacterial cream before gently shaving with a fresh, clean razor.

Shaving too close, especially curly hair, may cause ingrown hair. The hair follicle snaps back into the skin after shaving if cut too short, and curly hair may grow under the skin after shaving. Avoid shaving too close or shaving the same area more than once.

Risk Factors

Razor burn can be prevented by using care before, during and after shaving, although there are certain risk factors that make razor burn more probable. Risk factors for razor burn include extremely sensitive skin, thick, curly hair, skin conditions like eczema, infected skin, or sunburn, very dry skin and dry shaving.

Extremely sensitive skin will chafe more easily than normal skin. Extra caution for shaving will avoid injury and irritation. Always pay attention to moisture during the shaving process with sensitive skin and use creams and gels with natural ingredients instead of fragrances and chemicals.

Thick, curly hair has more of a tendency to become ingrown than straight or fine hair. When shaving curly hair, use extra warm water and extra creamy moisturizing shave gel and lotions to soften hair and protect skin. Waxing or depilatory treatments may be a better way to remove really thick hair to avoid razor burn and ingrown hair.

Skin conditions like eczema and very dry skin can be aggravated by shaving. Prescription creams or lotions for skin conditions should be used before shaving skin with any medical or disease conditions.

Dry shaving should be avoided at all costs to prevent risk of razor burn, nicks and cuts and taking off the outermost layer of skin. Water and moisturizer is very important during the shaving process and shouldn’t be skipped.

Prevention Tips

Use a fresh blade to shave, not a dull or old blade, and definitely use a clean and preferably sterilized blade. Old razors may accumulate soap scum and tiny hairs from previous use, harbor bacteria and fungus or have rust. You do not want any of that near your skin and especially not in any nicks or cuts.

Do not rush through your shaving routine or neglect to use warm water and moisturizing creams and gels. Doing so increases your risk of nicks and cuts, as well as drying out and irritating the skin. Take your time and take care of your skin while shaving.

Use an electric shaver if a shaver with blades always gives you razor burn. Electric shavers are gentler on the skin and have blades covered with mesh foils for safer shaving.

Keep the skin moist before, during and after shaving. Using moisture is one of the best ways to ensure a smooth, injury-free shave and avoid razor burn. Soak the skin with warm water or hold a warm, wet towel on it for a few minutes, use a gentle moisturizing cream or gel during shaving and apply a creamy moisturizer to freshly shaved skin.

Shave in the direction of hair growth, not against it. Shaving this way avoids pushing the hair shaft into the follicle, causing bumps that can get infected or ingrown hair.

Don’t shave too closely or push the razor into the skin, especially around cheekbones, ankles and knees. Don’t pull skin tightly when shaving, especially with a brand new, sharp razor.

Only shave the area once, not twice. A dull blade may not cut all the hair in an area on one swipe, requiring you to shave over more than once to get all the hair, but this risks scraping off the top layer of skin cells and irritating or damaging skin.

Other Causes

• Gently cleanse skin with mild, moisturizing soap and warm water before shaving. This removes any dirt, dead skin cells and built-up body oils and plumps up the top layer of skin.
• Soak skin in warm water or treat it to warm wet towels or compresses before shaving. This puts moisture into the skin and softens it, protecting it from scraping and cuts.
• Apply a soothing moisturizer with aloe vera after shaving to cleanse and refresh shaved skin.
• Don’t use cologne or perfume on freshly shaved skin, or products with a lot of chemicals. Use gentle natural ingredients to soothe and protect sensitive exposed skin after shaving.
• Never shave dry skin. Always use moisture throughout the entire shaving process for maximum skin protection.
• Stop shaving for a while to completely avoid razor burn, especially if skin is sensitive, infected or injured in any way.
• Use a depilatory cream or waxing instead of shaving if razor burn is a particular problem for your skin.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Causes of recurring infected razor burn are diagnosed by a physical exam. A doctor will examine the skin closely, and if red bumps are filled with pus or fluid, samples from skin scrapings will be tested for bacteria and fungus. Blood tests for diabetes and other chronic disease conditions are done for recurring or unusual folliculitis. Some severe forms of the condition are treated with prescription medications.

Treatment Options – Herbal

Many herbal treatments can soothe and heal razor burn. Aloe vera from a freshly cut aloe vera spear will soothe and clear razor burn. Fresh calendula cream provides antiseptic protection and soothes redness. A thin layer of eucalyptus salve refreshes and protects scraped skin. Rinsing razor burned skin with cool green tea helps it stop burning and heal. Cold compresses of wet comfrey leaves or wet spearmint leaves are cooling and healing.

Treatment Options – Home Remedies

There are simple home remedies for razor burn. Dissolve two plain aspirins in warm water to make a paste to rub on razor burned skin. Blend a couple of fresh strawberries with a teaspoon of sour cream to apply to razor burn. If legs are razor burned, soak in an oatmeal bath, a bath with a cup of witch hazel, a bath with crushed fresh spearmint leaves, or a bath with a couple of tablespoons of white vinegar to soothe skin irritation and refresh red, scraped skin. Fresh avocado paste smoothed on razor burn is cooling and moisturizing.

Treatment Options – Pharmaceutical

For mild razor burn, benzoyl peroxide is a treatment available over the counter. Usually used for acne, benzoyl peroxide creams and lotions will soothe razor burn as well. More serious razor burn may be treated with cortisone cream or topical steroid cream prescribed by a doctor. For folliculitis from Pseudomonas bacteria, an antibacterial wash or antibiotics ciprofloxacin or levoflaxacin may be prescribed. Fungal folliculitis is treated with antifungal creams like lotrimin and/or pills like fluconazole. A doctor has to prescribe most of these treatments after an examination and diagnosis.

Leg cramps, also known as a charley horse, are characterized by sudden pain or tightness in the voluntary muscles of the leg. These muscles are mainly the muscles in the area of the calf, hamstring, or quadriceps, and though the cramp usually only lasts a couple of seconds, it can take several minutes for the muscles to relax. When the muscles relax the pain of the cramp subsides. When discussing leg cramps, it is important to know that there is more than one kind of leg cramp. In fact, there are four categories of leg cramp: true cramps; tetany; contractures; and dystonic cramps. These different types of leg cramps have different possible causes and, therefore, different treatments.

Types of Cramps

True Cramps

These are what most people think of when they hear the word “cramp.” True cramps are the most common and affect muscles that are working together. True cramps may occur following an injury—the muscles cramp around an injured bone to prevent its movement—or vigorous exercise. They may sometimes occur during rest as well. Called night cramps, the cramps that occur at night may wake the sufferer up in the middle of the night.

Tetany

Muscle spasms and cramps that occur due to low levels of calcium and magnesium. These cause a tingly or numb sensation in addition to the painful cramping felt in true cramps.

Contractures

Similar to true cramps, but contractures last longer. During contractures muscles do not relax and nerves are inactive. Decreasing levels of the neurotransmitter adenosine triphosphate, which provides the energy for muscle contraction, contributes to the occurrence of contractures. When there is too little adenosine triphosphate, the muscle stays frozen in a contracted state and cannot relax.

Dystonic Cramps

Not as common as true cramps, dystonic cramps occur when the muscle not intended to contract, contracts. Dystonic cramps are most often attributed to repetitive motions.

Causes of Leg Cramps

Leg cramps are caused by muscles in the leg suddenly and forcefully contracting. Researchers believe this sudden forceful contraction is caused by the hyper excitability of the nerve controlling the muscle. What causes this hyper excitability is unknown. However, there are some things that are contributing factors to leg cramping, even if they do not directly cause the cramping. These contributing factors include:

• Dehydration: Substantial loss of body fluid can lead to muscle contractions.
• Heavy exercising: Heavy activity results in an increased loss of body fluid, thus leading to dehydration and muscle contractions.
• Muscle fatigue: Strenuous activity fatigues muscles, which increases the chance of leg cramping.
• Injury: Torn muscles, shin splints, tendinitis, and stress factors may cause cramping as the body attempts to avoid further injury by cramping the muscles around the injury and decreasing the range of motion of the injured body part.
• Mineral deficiency: Deficiency of calcium, potassium and magnesium can cause over excitability of the nerves of the muscle.
• Poor blood circulation: Associated with leg cramping, and with night leg cramping in particular.
• High weight: Heavier individuals are at greater risk of muscle fatigue and poor blood circulation, which may lead to muscle cramping.
• Medication side effects: Some medications may cause muscle cramping. Side effects of all medication should be discussed with a doctor or pharmacist.
• Position of Feet: Night cramps, in particular, may be influenced by the position the feet are in during sleep. Toes pointing down cause the calf muscle to shorten, thus resulting in cramping if this position is held for too long.

Risk Factors for Leg Cramps

• Age: The risk of experiencing leg cramping increases with age.
• Pregnancy: Pregnant women are at a higher risk of experiencing leg cramping. This may be due to the changes in a pregnant woman’s blood circulation, the stress of the baby on the muscles of the legs, or the pressure of the baby on the nerves and blood vessels.
• Other medical illness: Some illnesses are associated with leg cramping. These illnesses include, but are not limited to: Addison’s disease; alcoholism; cirrhosis of the liver; Type 2 Diabetes; hypothyroidism; Parkinson’s disease; and chronic kidney failure.

Prevention of Leg Cramps

Though leg cramps may not be able to be avoided entirely, there are some methods that help to prevent them from occurring in the first place. These preventative methods include the following:

• Stay hydrated: Muscles need water in order to perform normal activities. When the body is dehydrated, there is an increased risk of muscle cramping. Water is better for hydration than juice or soda, and small amounts should be drunk every thirty minutes to ensure adequate hydration.
• Stretch Regularly: Stretching relaxes muscle fibers, thus reducing the chance of cramps. Warming up and cooling down after exercise is important in leg cramp prevention. If night cramps are a problem, stretching or riding a stationary bike before bed may help.
• Train Gradually: Build up to an exercise regime slowly. Sudden changes in activity result in an increased chance of cramping, as well as the risk of damage to muscles.
• Eat Smart: Mineral deficiencies, such as too little calcium, contribute to leg cramps. Eating a well-balanced, healthy diet and making sure to consume the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals will help to reduce the occurrence of leg cramping, and will promote overall health.
• Walk: When a leg cramps, often the quickest way to get rid of the cramp is to walk it off. Walking stretches the muscles of the leg and helps to alleviate the cramping muscle.

Treatment of Leg Cramps

Although cramping generally goes away on its own, there are some treatments for leg cramping, including at-home remedies as well as over-the-counter and prescription medication. Since leg cramping is such a fleeting ailment, however, many of these treatments are best for those with recurring cramping.

Home Remedies

• Massage: Massaging the sore muscle relieves tension and aids in alleviating the cramp.
• Heat Pad: Applying heat to the cramped muscle can help to relax the muscle and aid in pain management.
• Hot Showers: With the same theory as the heat pad, a hot shower running over the cramped muscle will help to relax the muscle.
• Gentle Stretching: Sometimes simply stretching the cramped muscles or muscles around the cramped muscle can alleviate pan. Flexing the foot, squatting, and other typical stretches of the legs can all help to remedy the leg cramp.
• Chamomile Tea: Drink 5 cups daily for 2 weeks to relieve muscle cramps. The tea contains an amino acid that relaxes muscles.
• Honey: Take 2 teaspoons of honey with meals to prevent recurring foot and leg cramps.
• Mustard or Pickle Juice: Both mustard and pickle juice have acetic acid, which helps produce a stimulant for leg muscles. Take a spoonful of mustard or a few ounces of pickle juice to help prevent leg cramps.
• Apple Cider Vinegar: Mix 1 teaspoon honey and 2 teaspoons apple cider vinegar in a glass of warm water and drink. The apple cider vinegar is high in potassium, which is helpful for the treatment of leg cramps.
• Mustard Tea Bath: Saturate a tub full of warm water with a homemade teabag of brown or black mustard seeds. Submerge legs in the bath for 20 minutes to alleviate muscle cramps.
• Herbal Massage Oil: To be used with massaging cramped muscles. This herbal massage oil is made with one cup of extra-virgin olive oil, with ½ ounce of lobelia, 1 ounce of cramp bark, 1 ¼ ounce of willow bark. Store in a jar for later use, and use to massage into cramped muscles.

Over the Counter Treatments

• Vitamin supplements: Calcium, magnesium, Vitamin B complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and zinc supplements all help to prevent muscle cramps.
• Electrolyte Replacement Beverages: These drinks help to restore electrolytes lost during strenuous activity or exercise. Ensuring proper electrolytes in the blood can help prevent muscle cramps.

Prescription Medications

If leg cramping is a recurrent issue that does not get better using preventative measures, a doctor may issue a prescription medication to help alleviate leg cramping. Prescription muscle relaxers may prevent recurring leg cramping, as well as help relax muscles in the midst of a cramp. Pain medication may be prescribed in order to deal with persistent or recurrent pain caused by cramps. Anti-inflammatory drugs may be prescribed if arthritis or other inflammatory disease is believed to be contributing to leg cramping. Anticoagulants, which are blood thinners, may be prescribed if medical investigation shows a blood clot, which may be contributing to leg cramping.

When to Seek Medical Advice

Though leg cramping is usually a result of unknown causes, it is possible that cramping is indicative of an underlying medical condition, such as diabetes or peripheral artery disease. Therefore, it may be necessary to seek the advice of a medical professional in order to determine if an underlying medical condition is the cause behind frequent cramping. Contacting a medical professional is necessary if self-care does not help to alleviate the cramping, and if cramping is accompanied by: a swollen or red leg; if the cramping is accompanied by a fever; if the pain worsens when walking or exercising and improves with rest; if the leg is bruised; if the leg is cold and pale; or if cramping may be a result of medication side effects.

When visiting a doctor for issues related to leg cramping, the doctor will perform a physical exam, paying special attention to the legs, feet, hips, back, knees and ankles. A complete and accurate medical history will need to be given that includes questions such as: where is the pain; is the pain in one or both legs; is the pain dull and aching or sharp and stabbing; is the pain severe; is the pain worse at any particular time of the day; what makes the pain feel worse; what makes the pain feel better; are there any other symptoms, such as numbness, tingling, back pain, fever, or weakness?

After a physical exam and when the medical history has been completed, some diagnostic tests may be performed to narrow down the cause of the leg cramping. These tests range from x-rays to bone biopsies, and as with any medical procedure, a candid discussion should take place with the doctor regarding the method, side effects, and any concerns surrounding the procedure.

Healthy diet and moderate exercise are required not only to avoid leg cramping, but also to ensure overall good health. Before beginning an exercise regime—and especially if leg cramping is recurrent—it is important to ensure that the planned exercise can be completed safely. It may be necessary to substitute low impact exercise for higher stress exercises if the cause of the leg cramping is an injury or other underlying medical condition.

Common Skin Diseases, Symptoms & Treatments

Your skin is an essential part of your body. It performs a high number of functions and these are vital to overall health. Among the important jobs your skin does are: protection from pathogens and elements; provision of important sensory information pertaining to touch, heat, cold, etc.; prevention of bodily fluid loss through evaporation; absorption; and a barrier of water resistance. Taking care of your skin is one of the best things you can do to maintain overall health, as doctors have found that the majority of skin diseases are caused by nutrient imbalances in the body. Dermatologists recommend a number of high quality skin care products to try and regulate these imbalances and provide your skin with all the necessary nutrients to maintain overall health.

Acne

One of the most well-known and common skin problems, and one that is not simply restricted to teenagers, as the generalization asserts. Acne (also known as pimples, and, more informally, zits) is caused by a lubricant known as sebum which is produced by oil glands in the skin.

When the oil gland wall breaks, the sebum spills out and pools in the skin which causes redness and swelling in the form of acne. Sometimes, there is really nothing you can do about the acne, as it runs in families genetically. Contrary to popular belief, foods do not cause acne; in rare cases, certain foods, such as chocolate and nuts, can make acne slightly worse, but do not lead to it. Excess stress can also make acne more pronounced, as can cosmetics in women.

Acne Treatment

• There are many prescription medicines available which have produced excellent results in many people. Products such as Clear Pores are typically very effective and natural.
• Without a prescription, an effective method is to treat the affected areas with benzoyl peroxide gel at night to work in the skin during sleeping hours.
• While dirt does not cause acne, washing the face and neck at least two times a day can limit the damage of acne and prevent further swelling and redness.
• There is no cure for acne, but it can be controlled. Many people do not respond to the first form of treatment, but, with many options available, typically something can be found to help control acne until it is outgrown.

Age (Sun) Spots

These skin imperfections, also known as lentigines, typically appear in people after age forty, and are simply a result of exposure to the sun. While harmless, they need to be monitored to see that they don’t get bigger than the surrounding sun spots. The only prevention is liberal usage of sunscreen, protective clothing, or no exposure to the sun.

Treatment for Age Spots

• A new treatment is the use of alpha hydroxy acid gel. When applied, this can lighten the coloration of these spots.
• Another option is Retin-A cream, which can also lighten larger spots and make smaller ones disappear.

Athlete’s Foot

Tinea pedis is a skin infection caused by a foot fungus. Because this fungus thrives on warm, moist conditions, it tends to be found more in the folds of the toes and may be worse during warmer weather. Everyone comes in contact with this fungus; why some people are more susceptible to developing tinea pedis is unknown. The other difficulty is that even when the rash is treated and appears to be gone, it may still be present and just lying low, only to come back again later. Skin on the foot appears red and, in serious cases, blisters can form.

Treatment of Athlete’s Foot

• Tinea pedis is usually controlled well by application of antifungal creams or liquids, which are readily available.
• People who have recurring athlete’s foot should wear socks comprised of at least 60% cotton. As well, having multiple pairs of shoes that can be alternated to allow each pair to completely dry before being worn again is advisable.

Eczema

Often found in babies and young children, eczema is an irritable, itchy rash often found on the hands. Like other skin diseases, it can go away and reappear without warning some time later. It is caused by an inherent defect in the skin which causes it to dry out faster than normal skin. It may run in families. Eczema can be aggravated by soaps, detergents and lotions as well.

Treatment of Eczema

Since it is a skin defect, there is no permanent cure available. However, treatments are generally effective at controlling the swelling and itchiness. Vaseline and cortisone compounds rubbed into the skin are good at moisturizing and limiting eczema. Liberal use of cortisone does require medical follow-ups.

Hives

This is the common nomenclature for a condition known as urticaria. Hives are itchy red welts or small bumps that can last for only a few minutes or several hours. They can appear very suddenly and typically leave no trace when they are gone.

Hives are harmless unless they cause swelling of the throat, which can limit air intake and requires medical attention immediately. Some people get hives from medicine taken internally, such as penicillin. There have also been documented cases of people getting hives from eating food, with shellfish and strawberries being known examples.

Treatment of Hives

• If a cause of the hives can be accurately determined, medicine can be prescribed. Typically, hives can be treated with antihistamines, which, while effective for hives, can produce marked drowsiness in- many people.
• Epinephrine dosages are often used with more severe cases of hives, sometimes even combined with antihistamines.
• Natural treatments, such as OxyHives, are also available.

Impetigo

Impetigo is a bacterial infection, most commonly found in children. Impetigo presents itself in round, crusting, often oozing spots that grow larger each day. It is commonly found on the hands and face. The bacteria that causes impetigo often appears without warning.

Treatment of Impetigo

• Natural treatments are available. Dermisil-I had proven effective in eliminating impetigo.
• Antibiotics, whether taken orally or applied to the skin, typically clear up impetigo in four or five days. However, it is important to continue and take all medications until they are gone to prevent reoccurence.
• For most efficacious treatment, the crusts should be removed first. Apply a warm cloth that has been soaked in a white vinegar and water mixture for a few minutes and the crusts should be able to be gently removed prior to application of medication.
• Impetigo is very contagious while the spots are crusting. Avoid close contact with others, and keep children home from school until treatment has cleared up the problem.

Lyme Disease

This is a disease caused by a tick, which attaches itself to the skin seeking a blood meal. During feeding, the tick injects spiral bacteria into the skin, which can cause the common, red, circular expanding rash that is found in many cases of Lyme disease. The spread of the bacteria throughout the body can lead to fever, flu-like symptoms, headaches and malaise. Joints can also become swollen and painful.

Treatment of Lyme Disease

• The best treatment of Lyme disease is administration of oral antibiotics. Antibiotics can vary depending on the patient and prior extent of the disease.
• To avoid Lyme disease in the first place, avoid ticks by wearing a tick repellent in wooded areas that contains DEET. Protective clothing is essential.

Melanoma

This is the most dangerous form of skin cancer. The reason for the danger inherent in melanoma is the fact that once it reaches a certain size, the cancer metastasizes and quickly spreads throughout the body. When it gets into the internal organs, it is then beyond treatment and can quickly lead to death. With the depletion of the ozone layer in recent years, it seems as if incidence of melanoma is on the rise, as more and more harmful ultraviolet light is present. Doctors have determined that the type of person seemingly most at risk for melanoma is a professional who works indoors and then is exposed to shorter bursts of sunlight on the weekends. The short bursts appear to be more likely to cause melanoma.

Everyone has moles, and it is a mutated mole that becomes a melanoma. To check and see if a mole might be becoming a melanoma, check the symmetry of the mole. If the mole is asymmetrical, if the border of the mole is irregular and not perfectly round, if there are many colors present and if the diameter if more than 1/4 of an inch, a doctor should be contacted.

Treatment of melanoma

• The melanoma itself it typically removed surgically, after which the cancer is analyzed by a pathologist. The smaller and thinner it is, the better chance for a cure. If it is larger and thicker, treatment becomes much more difficult.
• The best course of action is preventative care. Avoid direct sunlight, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., wear a sunscreen product with an SPF of 15 or higher and check your moles regularly. The skin has the advantage of being one of the few organs that we can visually inspect easily, so monthly, it is advisable to check your moles and see if any of them are changing more rapidly than others.

Poison Ivy

Poison ivy and poison oak contain a resin which causes an allergic reaction, leading to extremely itchy skin. Direct contact with the plant is not necessary, as you can come in contact with the resin by touching clothing or an animal that has been exposed to it. Poison oak pollen can travel through the air. A few lucky individuals never develop the allergy to these plants, but most people will become susceptible to it at some point in their life.

Treatment of Poison Ivy

• These rashes will go away on their own after a short period of time, so, with mild cases of the rash, one option is to simply do nothing, endure the temporary discomfort and you will be cured in time. For more serious cases, however, the level of misery and potential disability requires medical attention.
• One effective natural solution is Sumactin, which works very well on the rash. Any kind of manganese sulfate solution has proven to be an effective antidote to relief and cure. Orally consumed cortisone solutions are also very productive for treatment. After the swelling has gone down, applying cortisone solution directly to the skin will heighten healing.
• Recognition of the plants themselves so as to avoid contact as much as possible is advisable.

Ring Worm

Ring worm is the common name for tinea corporis, which is a fungal infection of the skin. Recognition of the infection is easy to the trained eye, as it characteristically produces skin lesions which tend to be clear in the middle with a rough, scaly border. These may be circular in shape, or, in more severe cases, produce a large patch. Ring worm is very contagious, and is often transmitted by pets. Contact with the animal or with a person infected will pass along the fungus.

Treatment of Ring Worm

Tinea corporis typically clears quickly with administration of an antifungal topical medicine. More severe cases may require ingestion of oral antifungal antibiotic. The most common problem is many people stop using the medication after their lesions disappear, and, oftentimes, a recurrence of the infection happens. There may still be fungi present microscopically under the skin, which can only be cleared up by following medicinal instructions to their completion. Having pets treated as well can lead to a better chance of avoiding future infections.

Shingles

This is another infection; however, shingles is an infection of the nerves that is caused by the same virus as produces chicken-pox. Known scientifically as herpes zoster, shingles can pop up in adults who may have had chicken-pox many years prior and now the virus gets reactivated. The rash can often be confined to one side of the body, producing a red rash that can develop blisters. More severe cases can last a few weeks and leave scars afterward. Because the virus is transmitted through the nerves, inflammation occurs, and causes shingles to be a painful disease.

Treatment of Shingles

• To help heal the rash, oral ingestion of acyclovir is recommended. However, if not started early, the effectiveness of this can be limited. Many patients combine this with Tylenol or a similar pain medication to relieve discomfort.
• Similarly to other skin diseases, warm compression of the crust through the use of diluted vinegar can lead to more comfort. Blisters should not be opened.
• Due to the damage done to the nerves and the slowness of their healing, many patients require additional medication even upon deactivation of the infection and rash. One effective option is to apply Zostrix, which is available without a prescription and can relive pain. It needs to be applied a few times a day and can take a couple weeks to begin working. Many who try it give up on it because it does not provide immediate relief; however, patience pays off in much less pain later.

Sun Burn or Damage

Probably the most common skin affliction, and yet one that is easily avoidable. Caused by uncovered exposure to the sun, sun burn can lead to red, inflamed skin that can blister if severe and even lead to a low grade fever. Eventually, lower levels of epidermis renew themselves and the affected area peels off. Continued exposure to sunlight can cause irreversible skin damage and increase the risk of melanoma.

Treatment of Sun Burn

• A medicine called Indocin can be taken after a sun burn develops. A prescription is required for this medicine.
• Many people use aloe vera or cold creams for relief. While these products provide no healing, they do cool down the skin and provide more comfort for people.
• Prevention is easy to avoid irreversible skin damage, by covering up skin, using a strong sun screen and avoiding direct sunlight altogether.

Warts

While harmless, warts tend to be unseemly, which make them rather unpopular. Caused by a virus, warts often appear with a rough surface and dark specks may be seen. Known formally as verruca vulgaris, warts can appear almost anywhere on the body. Prevention is impossible, and the reason why some people get them much more frequently than others is not known. Warts do not develop into cancer; however, they can be contagious, so direct contact is not advised.

Treatment of Warts

• Killing the virus that causes the wart also kills the cells infected by the virus, so treatment is not foolproof.
• There are natural treatments such as Wartrol that are effective. Methods can then increase in intensity and cost, including freezing the wart through the usage of liquid nitrogen, surgery, and burning them off with a carbon dioxide laser.
• Recurrence of warts is not uncommon, and if one method of treatment is not effective, others are available.

This list is a small sample of the diseases than can afflict the skin. With an organ of the size and scope of the skin, many conditions can occur. Taking care of the skin can prevent many problems; however, some people may just be genetically more predisposed to skin trouble. Knowledge of skin treatment is deep, however, and most conditions can be treated successfully.

Overview of Intestinal Worms

Millions of people worldwide are affected by intestinal worms. Intestinal worms are parasites that use humans and other animals as their hosts. They enter the body when a person eats undercooked meat, drinks contaminated water, or comes into contact with soil that contains worm eggs. Once inside the body, the eggs move to the intestine and mature into adult worms. The symptoms caused by intestinal worms vary widely, depending on the type of worm and the severity and length of infestation.

Children can be especially susceptible to infestation by intestinal worms, because they are more likely to play in sandboxes or to play barefoot in soil that may contain worm eggs.

Types of Intestinal Worms

The most well-known intestinal worms found in humans are roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.

Roundworms

Roundworms (also called nematodes) are long, threadlike worms. Like many parasites, they are usually found in places with a tropical climate and a dense population. They are very common – the World Health Organization estimates that 25% of the world’s population is infested with roundworms. Once the eggs enter the body, roundworm larvae not only settle in the intestines, they also travel through the liver, lungs and other organs.

There are several types of roundworms, including whipworms, threadworms, and Trichinella spiralis. Trichinella spiralis causes trichinosis, and enters the body when a person eats contaminated pork which has not been thoroughly cooked.

Roundworms can cause a variety of symptoms. Often, they cause no symptoms and go undetected. In some cases, though, roundworms can cause serious complications, including liver disease, pneumonia, and bowel obstruction. In the case of trichinosis, the worms move into the muscles and organs where they form cysts and cause abdominal pain, muscle and joint pain, and skin rash and eye swelling.

Pinworms

Pinworm infestations are the most common type of intestinal worm infestation in America, with over 40 million estimated cases each year. Pinworms are actually a type of roundworm. They are yellow-white, threadlike worms and are large enough to be seen with the naked eye, although they usually do not grow longer than ½ inch. Pinworms usually infect children between the ages of 5 and 10, with the female worm laying her eggs near the anus, causing intense itching.

When the child scratches, the eggs are caught under the fingernails and passed on to anyone or anything the child touches. The eggs can be passed directly to other people or they can settle on household items or clothing, infect those items, and then pass to people who handle those items. The eggs enter the body of the next person by being accidentally ingested.
Once the eggs are ingested, they travel into the intestines, hatch, and grow into adult worms. The adult female worm then travels from the intestine to the anus, usually at night, to lay eggs, and the cycle continues.

Hookworms

Like the pinworm, the hookworm is actually a type of roundworm. Hookworm infestation is caused when a hookworm larvae enters the human body through the skin, usually when a person is walking barefoot on contaminated soil. These worms are found only in warm, humid environments and cannot survive outside of the tropic or the subtropics. Adult hookworms live in the small intestine, where they attach themselves to the intestinal lining and feed off of the blood supply there. Although it is estimated that up to 70% of those who are infested with hookworms have no symptoms, those people who experience infestation by a large number of worms over a long period of time can suffer from anemia and malnutrition.

Tapeworms

The tapeworm is a flat worm and has a head, neck, and multiple segments (called proglottids). Tapeworm eggs and larvae can be ingested by drinking contaminated water or by eating undercooked, contaminated meat. When this happens, the tapeworm travels to the intestine, attaches itself by its head to the intestinal wall, and feeds off the food supply of its host. As it feeds, it grows, adding segments, which produce eggs. A tapeworm can survive in the human body for up to 20 years and can grow to be quite long. Tapeworm infestations are usually mild, but can cause intestinal discomfort, weight loss, and inadequate nutritional absorption.

Causes

Animals or humans infested with intestinal worms pass worm eggs in their feces. The feces can then contaminate water or soil and, after several days or weeks, the eggs develop into cysts or larvae that are at an infective stage. People ingest the worm cysts or larvae when they eat with soil-contaminated hands, when they drink contaminated water, or when they eat vegetables or fruits that have been in contaminated soil and have not been washed.

Another common way for intestinal worms to spread to humans is for people to eat the undercooked meat of animals that have been infested with the parasites. Common sources of intestinal worms are pork, freshwater fish, and wild game.

Somewhat less-common sources of infestation include ingesting fleas that have ingested the eggs of intestinal worms, and the penetration of worms directly through the skin while walking on contaminated soil or swimming in contaminated water. Children may contract intestinal worms while playing in soil or sandboxes contaminated with pet feces.

Symptoms

Symptoms of intestinal worms can vary widely, from none at all to the most extreme and severe. Below is a general list of what to watch out for. If you suspect you might have an intestinal worm, consult your doctor.

• Stomach pain Although it does not always happen, the presence of an intestinal parasite can cause discomfort
• Gas, bloating, foul smelling breath Certain worms live in the upper intestine, causing gas, bloating, and foul breath
• Diarrhea or Vomiting These are ways for your body to expel irritants, which can include worms, from your digestive tract
• Weight loss This can be a symptom of tapeworms
• Anal itching Intense itching may be a symptom of pinworms
• Weakness, fatigue or anemia When worms are present in the body in significant numbers, they can rob you of nutrients, causing feelings of weakness, or in severe cases, causing an iron deficiency.
• Constipation Worms can interfere with your digestive system and cause blockages, resulting in constipation.
• Distended Belly Again, a possible sign of bowel obstruction
• Evidence of Worms, or Worm Eggs, in the Stool
• Evidence of Entry through Skin Usually a swollen or itchy area on the foot
• Visual Evidence of Worms Some worms leave the body through the nose, mouth or anus; usually at night

Diagnosis

If you suspect that you may have intestinal worms, see your doctor. Diagnosis of intestinal worms is usually quite simple and can be done through a stool sample or, in some cases, a blood test. In the case of pinworms, you may be able to see the worms by looking at your child’s anal area a few hours after bedtime. Alternatively, your doctor may want to do an adhesive tape test. He or she will ask you to collect an egg sample to by patting a piece of transparent tape, sticky side down, on your child’s anal skin to pick up eggs. This is done first thing in the morning, because the eggs are generally laid at night. Once you collect the sample, the doctor can look at the tape under a microscope to verify the presence of the eggs.

Treatment

A variety of effective treatment options exist for getting rid of intestinal worms, including conventional prescription drug treatments and and alternative therapies. While the prescription drugs are highly effective and generally very quick and simple, some people choose to couple them with alternative treatments. Both options are discussed below.

Medical Treatments

Intestinal worms are often treated using a class of prescription drugs called anthelminthics. Anthelminthics are drugs designed specifically to expel parasites from the body by stunning or killing them. Your doctor will prescribe the appropriate medication for you based on the type of worm with which you are infested.

• Albendazole or Mebendazole are often used to treat all types of roundworms, including hookworms.
• Pinworms can be treated with Mebednazole, in two doses, given two weeks apart. The over-the-counter medication Pin-X (pyrantel pamoate) can also be used to treat pinworms, after consulting with your doctor.
• The most commonly used medicine for treating tapeworms is the oral drug praziquantel. It is important to note that this drug only kills the adult tapeworm, but does not target the eggs, so you should be careful to avoid becoming reinfested.

Alternative Remedies

In addition to, or as a substitute for medical treatment, many people use alternative treatments to get rid of intestinal parasites. Before you decide on any course of action, please see a doctor to get an accurate diagnosis, and keep in mind that the effectiveness of supplements and alternative remedies for intestinal parasites has not been widely researched.
Some of the more popular alternative remedies include:

• Wormwood – Wormwood is an herb that has long been used as a remedy for intestinal worms. It is thought to be effective in weakening the membranes of the parasites. Wormwood can used in the form of tea, capsules, or liquid extract. Pure wormwood oil, however, is toxic, and should never be ingested.
• Wormseed- Wormseed has traditionally been used for expelling hookworms, tapeworms, and roundworms. Wormseed tea is considered the best way to ingest wormseed.
• Garlic – Garlic is believed to be effective in treating roundworms and can be used in the form of whole garlic cloves or in capsule or tablet form.
• Pumpkin Seeds – Pumpkin seeds have been used to treat tapeworms and roundworms. The seeds are used in large quantities, with an adult dose being up to 25 ounces of seeds mashed and mixed with juice. In order to cleanse the intestines, many herbalists recommend that a laxative be used a few hours after consuming a dose of pumpkin seeds.

Diet

The following is an herbalist-recommended diet for cleansing the body of intestinal worms:

Cut alcohol, coffee, refined sugar, and other refined foods out of your diet on a temporary basis. Eat anti-parasitic foods, including raw garlic, pineapple, papaya seeds, turmeric and cloves. Also eat a diet rich in beta carotene, which is thought to assist in strengthening the body’s resistance to penetration by larvae.

Examples of foods containing beta carotene are sweet potatoes, carrots, and squash. Include probiotics in your diet to help rebuild good intestinal bacteria, this can be done by eating yogurt with live active cultures. Finally, make sure that your diet is well-balanced and rich in fruits and vegetables, and stay away from fatty foods.

Other natural remedies that some believe are effective in treating intestinal worms include

• Anise
• Thyme
• Cloves
• Gentian
• Barberry
• Olive leaf
• Black walnut
• Grapefruit seed extract

Prevention

By taking a few simple precautions, you can avoid having to deal with intestinal worms.

• First, wash your hands frequently. Always wash your hands before you prepare or eat food, and when you’ve been outside and in contact with soil or in contact with animals.
• Keep your fingernails short and clean.
• Before eating raw fruits or vegetables, wash them thoroughly.
• Make sure that you always cook your meat to the recommended temperature before eating.
• If you’re going outside, wear shoes – and make sure your children do, too.
• If you or your children go swimming, avoid swallowing or drinking the water in the pool or lake.
• When traveling to destinations where you might be exposed to intestinal worms, be sure you have access to clean drinking water, and make sure your food comes from a reliable source.
• Keep your pets flea-free.

Goitre (more commonly refered to as “a goiter” and sometimes called “bronchocele”) is a thyroid condition most commonly resulting from a lack of iodine. This condition is often manifested as a large swollen area on the neck, which is referred to as “a goiter”. Swelling of the thyroid often will trigger swelling of the voice box (larynx) as well. Goitre is not a very common condition but is usually found more often in women than men. Generally, because women are more likely to experience thyroid problems than men, this means that a goiter will be more likely to develop on a woman’s thyroid gland than a man’s. Recognizing the symptoms early is key to treating this condition.

Treatments are available, but before seeking treatment it is important to fully understand what forms of goitre exist and what the associated characteristics are.

Classifications Of Goiters

There are several classifications of goiters. It is first important to define exactly which type of goitre exists before seeking treatment or considering any further action. There are three types of goiters which are classified based on their visibility:

• Type I refers to a goiter which is only felt by touching; this mass is not visible.
• Type II goiters are clearly visible and are felt easily.
• Type III goiters are the largest and often create a swelling along the entire length of the neck.

There are also three classifications for types of goiters, which depends on the severity of the mass:

• Diffuse goiters are masses which have encompassed the entirety of the thyroid.
• Non-toxic goiters are connected to lower than average thyroid activity.
• Toxic goiters are connected to a higher than average thyroid.

Causes Of Goitre

There are many factors which may contribute to the cause of a goiter or thyroid swelling. Each person’s body is different, so the causes vary between each individual. Some of the most common causes are:

Grave’s Disease

Antibodies wrongly attacking the thyroid (Grave’s Disease). These antibodies are meant to boost the immune system by attacking only harmful cells, but chemical messengers become dysfunctional and wrongly attack the good thyroid cells instead.

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Production of excessive TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). This is also referred to as “Hashimoto’s Disease” and involves swelling of the thyroid as a result of too many hormones being produced. As previously mentioned, swelling of the thyroid is one of the causes of goitre.

HCG

The presence of HCG. This is only applicable to women who are pregnant; sometimes the presence of HCG combined with the body’s regular hormone balance will cause an undesirable reaction.

Thyroid Cancer

Cancer of the thyroid. Nobody wants to think about cancer, but if cancer is the diagnosis there are many new promising treatments for thyroid cancer.

Inflammation

Simple inflammation of the voice box or other regions near the voice box is also a contributor.

Thyroid Nodules

The presence of a variety of thyroid nodules; these nodules may be single or congregate in clusters. Either way, the nodules often form a swollen region.

Warning Signs And Symptoms

Early warning signs and symptoms of goitre vary from one person to the next. Following is a list of possible symptoms a person with a developing goitre may notice. It is important to keep in mind that not all of these symptoms together may be present; in fact is is possible to not experience any of these symptoms. Possible early signs may appear:

• Throat tightness is often noticed in early development. This may be more noticeable when trying to exercise; it has also been noted by some to be more evident in cold weather.
• A hoarse-sounding voice is often a symptom of a forming goiter. If hoarseness persists for more than a few days or is not accompanied by other symptoms (especially if nothing was done to promote it), a doctor should be notified.
• Difficulty breathing and/or swallowing is reported frequently in patients with development of goitre.
• Frequent coughing is noted and is often accompanied by tightness of the throat.
• A noticeable small area of swelling on the front of the neck is the most evident sign of a goitre in the developing process. Any lumps on the throat should be reported to a physician immediately; even if the lump is not a goiter, it may be another potentially serious thyroid problem.

Visiting The Physician

Goitre is not an everyday common occurrence. If the presence of goitre is suspected, an appointment with a trusted physician should be scheduled immediately. If a patient experiences any suspicion that an incorrect diagnosis has been made, the patient is strongly encouraged to seek a second opinion. Seeing a doctor is often costly, so making the appointment as informative and worthwhile as possible by providing extensive information is crucial. While meeting with the doctor, here are a few helpful tips to remember, ensuring the doctor will receive all the information required to make an accurate diagnosis:

• Discuss regular diet and liquid intake; include exactly what is consumed and how often. The doctor will want and need to know precisely what a person’s diet consists of.
• It is important to tell the doctor about any new over-the-counter or prescription medicines bought elsewhere.
• Sometimes new medications may have a negative effect on the thyroid or interact with hormone production.
• Be sure to talk specifically about salt intake and vitamin supplements, if taken. Both of these topics are directly related to possible causes of goitre.
• If newly pregnant and seeing a new doctor, this information is vital during a visit. Pregnancy and the HCG hormone, as mentioned earlier, are often factors related to goitre development.
• Any hormone supplements currently or recently taken should be reported to the doctor. As mentioned before, supplements and especially hormone supplements often have an effect on the thyroid and hormone production.
• Any changes in bodily functions, appetite or energy levels should also be mentioned during an appointment. If changes in sleep, bowel movements, fatigue or any other aspect of life have recently changed enough to be noticeable, the doctor should be informed.

What To Expect With Diagnostic Testing

Going to the doctor and not knowing what to expect usually seems like torture for those who are already worried. Fortunately testing for goitre is fairly non-invasive and simple. Several methods are available to screen patients for the possibility of goitre. A few of these methods are:

Blood Test

A blood test; components of the blood may be tested for antibodies, TSH levels and other hormones. This is necessary to determine danger levels and how to proceed in further treatment.

Ultrasound Technology

Ultrasound technology is used (similar to that used in OB labs) to see what is under the skin. A stick-like structure is moved along the length of the throat to see the thyroid and observe it for any abnormalities.

Thyroid Scans

Thyroid scans involve an injection of a component into the blood, making the thyroid visible on a screen. This process is completely painless and involves the patient lying on the back and resting while the injection flows through the blood. This injection is specially designed to create a sort of illumination of the thyroid, which will expose any abnormalities.

Traditional Clinical Treatment Of Goitre

Often for goiters which are still relatively small and do not pose an immediate threat, simple monitoring and frequent physician observation of the goiter will be required. Several different treatments are used, including the following:

Iodine

Iodine-131 is used to destroy unwanted thyroid cells. As discussed earlier, sometimes these thyroid cells are produced in unusually high quantities. This will result in shrinkage of the swelling, but may alter the thyroid in such a way that medication will be necessary to balance proper production of thyroid cells.

Medications

Medications are the most common treatment attempted first. Hormone replacement drugs are often necessary for those whose thyroids produce too many cells. The drugs commonly used for this type of thyroid disorder are Levothyroxine and Methimazole. Balancing hormone levels by using these medications will aid in shrinkage of the goiter.

Surgery

Surgery is also an option but is often dreaded by most people because a part of the actual thyroid gland is removed in this surgery. Even if the surgery is successful, patients may be required to take regular medication to balance thyroid hormone levels.

Alternative Treatments And Home Remedies

Many people may not be able to afford the traditional treatments required to treat goitre. The grim fact of how expensive medications are, especially without insurance is often too much for some people. Of course many of those who suffer from goitre will require lifelong medication treatments in addition to any other treatment used. Fortunately for those who are against traditional drugs or simply cannot afford them, there are home treatments and natural remedies which one may utilize instead.

Practicing a combination of several home remedies is recommended and encouraged. Many of these treatments have proven just as successful as medication therapy for many satisfied patients. A few of the popular therapies proven to work are:

• Incorporate an iodine-rich diet. Because goitre is often caused by lack of iodine, consuming food with iodine is important. Foods such as citrus fruits, seafood, onions, garlic, strawberries and lettuce are a few of the many foods containing rich amounts of iodine. Alternately, if a doctor has decided the cause of goitre was due to excess iodine, then the patient will need to eliminate the previously mentioned foods and seek a low-iodine diet.
• Use of dandelions or dandelion paste (often ghee or heated and crushed flax is used) is applied directly to the swollen area 2-3 times per day for several weeks. This will reduce swelling. Also dandelion root tea is helpful if consumed 1-2 times per day.
• A liquid diet consisting of heavy consumption of fruit juices for five days, then milk and solid fruits for the following three days is recommended to cleanse the system and reduce goitre swelling.
• Shingara consumption is often proven to be successful if followed by strict and permanent adherence to a diet filled with natural foods. Processed and packaged foods are not recommended, lest a relapse occur.
• Daily consumption of salads with carrots, lettuce and cucumber is also an effective way to keep goitre at bay; salads should be consumed in addition to other home remedies.

Some Things Goitre Sufferers Should And Shouldn’t Do

Once the condition of goitre has been confirmed, the person must learn to eliminate some ingredients from the diet. Whether taking the alternative or traditional treatment route, these simple guidelines will help any goitre sufferer keep the symptoms minimal or eliminate them:

Avoiding Alcohol

Avoiding alcohol, caffeine and sugar is highly recommended. Occasionally it may be acceptable to consume
these things, but regular consumption may only contribute to goitre symptoms returning.

Planning Meals

Planning meals is recommended, in fact it is best to eat several small meals in a day, all at regular times.
Keeping the system on a “schedule”, so to speak, has proven beneficial in keeping symptoms minimal.

Processed Foods

Highly processed foods should be avoided almost completely. If dining out on special occasions is desired,
it is acceptable to make a few exceptions but any processed foods should be consumed in strict moderation.

Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smoking should be avoided. Although this practice is most directly related to lung problems, it is a well-known fact that when the body is trying to maintain homeostasis, fighting off carcinogens will upset the homeostatic balance. For those with a hormone imbalance it is best to avoid practices which will upset homeostasis; instead it is recommended to embrace a more healthy addiction, such as exercise. Walking, cycling and jogging are beneficial in many more ways than one and are ultimately beneficial in fighting goitre’s many manifestations.

Adjusting Life to Live With Goitre

Changing the entire lifestyle is not easy for anyone; changing one’s diet may prove to be just as difficult for many. Unfortunately for those with goitre, this is often necessary to keep the problem from becoming too severe and producing a bulbous swelling on the throat. There are two important things to remember when considering diet change. Before setting track on a specific diet, it is absolutely imperative to have a physician or specialist’s exact diagnosis of which type of goitre is present and what the underlying condition was that caused it.

As mentioned, goitre may be caused from not only a lack of iodine, but also too much iodine. Discovering which diet is required is crucial to gaining control of the condition. Once a proper diet has been established by a physician, it should be followed exactly. If taking a natural route, completing extensive research about goitre and the many foods allowed and how often to consume them is recommended.

Some natural treatments may work for some and for others, they may not be successful. Trying new treatments is always encouraged. People who experience frequent irritation from this condition may notice feelings of depression, irritability and mood swings. Finding personal ways to combat these problems as they arise is beneficial; discovering new hobbies and trying new activities often proves successful in helping victims find a new source of joy in life.

Living with goitre is not desirable but those who suffer from it often find that after a short length of time, adjusting to the new lifestyle is no longer a burden and they find a “groove” in life, so to speak. It is important to remember that goitre is certainly not the end of a happy life!

Identifying Risk Factors Of Goitre

There are several factors which determine one’s risk for developing goitre. Certain specifications have been formed to classify those who are most at risk. These include:

Personal Traits

Sex, age and medical background. Females are of course the most likely to develop goitre. Men and especially women over the age of 50 should be checked frequently for thyroid problems. Those who have a medical history of thyroid problems should adjust to a natural diet and follow the recommendations of things to avoid listed above.

Radiation

Radiation exposure and medications; some of these may make a person more prone to developing goitre. If previous radiation treatments were performed on the upper torso, especially the throat or thyroid, this puts a person at an increased risk level for goitre. Lithium and antiretrovial drugs are a few of the substances that may put a person at an increased risk level.

Lack of Iodine

Lack or excess of iodine is of course the main cause of most goitre cases, as discussed previously.

A Brief History Of Goitre And Other Treatments Used Around The World

Before 1000 AD, the Chinese were the first to identify this type of condition. At that time, they used the thyroid glands of certain animals to treat goitre. The glands were made into a medicine and taken by the people who suffered from goitre. Thyroid glands in the animals they used were very rich in iodine and hence the treatments were very effective. In the last 300 years, the discovery of iodine and its correlation with the thyroid has made treatments slow but progressive and much more effective.

Some underdeveloped countries still use the animal thyroid treatments today, but this type of treatment is very rare. Those who suffer from goitre in India use many of the natural remedies listed above. India has a promising proven success record in those who follow natural treatment guidelines closely. Their remedies have become very popular in Western countries and are some of the most widely used therapies to naturally treat goitre today. Goitre may affect anyone, so for healthy people without thyroid problems, it is important to consume sufficient iodine and try to avoid large amounts of processed foods.