History and Origins

Astragalus has been central to Chinese herbal medicine for centuries. It is considered an important tonic herb (an herb that works in several systems of the body) and is used to prevent and treat a wide range of physical, emotional and mental issues.

Most commonly, Chinese practitioners prescribe Astragalus in order to restore qi (pronounced “chee”, meaning lifeforce) in individuals who present with weakness and fatigue.

Astragalus was discovered nearly 5000 years ago by the Chinese herbalist Shen Nong who wrote about it in his Shen Nong Pen Tsao Ching (circa A.D. 100), a record of the over 300 plants he discovered and ate in order to log their effects. Astragalus went on to be the most widely used medicinal herb in Chinese medicine by 200 BCE and continues as such today. By the 1700’s the medicinal properties of Astragalus were known by European botanists.

American Uses

American varieties of Astragalus were used medicinally by many tribes of Native Americans to treat a wide range of ailments.

The Lakota tribe chewed the Astragalus root to relieve back pain and cough and the Lakota women used it to promote the production of breast milk. It was also used to create a steam vapor as a respiratory treatment.

The Cheyenne used the leaves and stem to relieve skin irritations such as poison ivy and ground the root to treat open sores. However it was not until the 1980’s that Astragalus was introduced to a modern American society.

Origins

Astragalus is native to Asia. It is found specifically in the north western Chinese provinces of Shanxi Neimen, Gansu, Nign Xia, Heilongjian, Jilin, Xinjand and Sichun as well as north eastern parts of China.

Astragalus also grows in Mongolia and Korea. As the knowledge of its healing properties were spread across the Middle East and Europe it began to be cultivated in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and northwest Iraq as well as most northern climates of Europe and North America.

Common Names

There are over 2000 species of Astragalus including 400 American species. American Astragalus is commonly known as Locoweed and is poisonous to livestock. However, only two specific species of Astragalus are commonly used in herbal medicine, Astragalus membranaceus and Astragalus mongholicus, both of which are native to Asia.

Other common names for Astragalus are

• Bei qi
• Huang qi
• Ogi
• Hwanggi
• Milk vetch
• Huang Chi
• Buck Qi
• Yellow Leader
• Tragacanth
• Gum Dragon

Physical Properties

Astragalus is a legume and a member of the pea family. It has a sweet smelling yellow blossom and a hairy stem. Astragalus is a perennial plant that grows best in sandy, well drained soil and full sun. The shrub-like plant grows to a height of 16 inches to 36 inches and its leaves are made up of 12 to 18 pairs of sub leaves. Astragalus plants are pollinated in the spring by bees, moths and butterflies.

The plant matures after four to five years of growth and can be harvested in the spring and fall. If grown for commercial use it is best sown in the spring however, due to a high demand, Astragalus is now grown in large artificial environments which use growth accelerants to mature the plants more quickly.

Core & Root Characteristics

It is the yellow core of the Astragalus root which holds the medicinal qualities. The root is long and thin with a white, yellow or cream color. Astragalus is most commonly compared to licorice in taste and smell. When harvested the root is cleaned and moistened then cut into slices.

The sliced root is dried or processed with honey. The roots can then be ground into a fine powder to be used in teas or soups. However the majority of Astragalus is shipped worldwide to be manufactured into other forms such as, capsules, concentrated liquids, injections, ointments and tinctures and used as herbal supplements.

Nutrients and Phytochemicals

The nutrients present in Astragalus which work together to provide a wide range of health benefits include

• polysaccharides
• saponins
• flavonoids
• amino acids
• trace elements

Other phytonutrients found in Astragalus include choline, betaine, gluconic acid, sitosterols, linoleic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and asparagine.

Trace minerals found in Astragalus include zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, potassium, sodium, cobalt, rubidium, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, tin, and silver, tantalum, hafnium, europium, and thorium.

The presence of these and other nutrients make Astragalus beneficial for a variety of physical, emotional and mental ailments.

Specific Indications

Astragalus is indicated by Chinese herbal practitioners as well as modern day research to be used for a long list of medical or mental issues.

The following is a comprehensive list

• Anorexia
• Arthritis
• Cancer
• Diabetes
• Mellitus
• High blood pressure
• Malaria
• Inflammation of the kidneys
• Painful urination
• Prolapsed uterus, stomach or anus
• Uterine bleeding and weakness
• Edema
• Water retention
• Skin ulcers
• Fever
• Lack of stamina
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
• Lack of appetite
• Chronic diarrhea
• Upper respiratory infection
• Hepatitis
• Night sweats
• Common Cold
• Flu
• Sinus infections
• Bronchitis
• Protect against effects of chemotherapy and radiation
• Allergies
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Burns and sores
• Infertility in men

General Health Benefits

Astragalus is more commonly used to boost the immune system and prevent a variety of illnesses including those indicated above.

Following is a list of preventive benefits

• Increased energy
• Strengthened immunity
• General blood, lung, kidney and spleen health
• Strengthens resistance to stress, anxiety and trauma
• Antiviral
• Antibacterial
• Anti-inflammatory
• Improve heart function
• Reduce high cholesterol
• Regulate blood pressure
• Skin health
• Improve memory

Research

Most of the research on Astragalus has been carried out in China, however since the 1980’s American researchers have been investigating the potential benefits of Astragalus for individuals who have been diagnosed with cancer. There is some evidence that Astragalus may protect patients’ immune systems from the effects of chemo therapy and radiation. Other scientific studies have investigated the affects of Astragalus as a general immune system support in individuals recovering from a variety of illnesses.

Treatment of HIV

The role of Astragalus in the treatment of HIV is the focus of some of most recent research in America. According to a study by UCLA Astragalus acts on cells in the immune system called telomeres. During the progression of HIV telomeres are shortened and impedes the body’s ability to replicate immune cells.

TAT2

It is the substance TAT2 found in Astragalus that slows the shortening of the telomeres. Further TAT2 was found to increase the body’s production of chemokines and cytokines which help to block the proliferation of the HIV virus.

In another promising study, researchers combined Dang Gui (Angelicae sinensis) and Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) in a six month, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study to measure the effects the herbal combination had on menopausal symptoms. Results indicated a reduction in hot flushes for women who reported mild hot flushes but not for women who reported moderate or severe hot flush symptoms.

Product Reviews

Product reviews of various brands of Astralagus find that consumers are well satisfied with most brands of Astragalus supplements. Reported benefits include:

• Increased energy
• Protection from environmental pollutions
• Increased immunity
• Increased alertness
• Protection from seasonal illness

Recommended Dosage

Adults

The recommended dosage of Astragalus for adults will vary according to the form in which it is delivered.

• 3 to 6 grams of dried root in 12 to 16 ounces of water 3 times a day.
• 2 to 4 ml 3 times a day in liquid form
• 10% ointment compound on surface of the skin
• 3 to 5 ml 3 times a day in tincture form

Children

Astragalus is thought to intensify and prolong fever therefore it is not indicated for children with fever. However it may be used to support a child’s immune system. A child’s dose should be based on weight and should be a percentage of the adult dose indicated by the specific product used. For example, if the adult dose is based on a 100 lb adult and the child weighs 60 lbs, the child’s dosage would be 60% of the adult dose, or about 2/3’s.

Side Effects and Precautions

Astragalus has been used in Chinese medicines for centuries and few side effects have been recorded. However, any dosages over 25 grams a day may weaken the immune system. Mothers who are pregnant or nursing should consult their physician before taking any herbal remedies.

Astragalus should not be used in transplant patients as it may counter act anti-rejection drugs. Anyone taking beta-blockers or anticoagulants, Phenobarbital or diuretics should consult their physician. Individuals with allergies to legumes may have an allergic reaction. Also, Astragalus may increase the body’s production of growth hormone.

Resources

nccam.nih.gov

WebMd.Com

EverydayHealth.Com

Psyllium originates from the husks of the seeds of Plantago Ovata. Plantago Ovata means literally “horse flower” and refers to the shape of the seed. The word can be found in the Persian language as a combination of the words “asb” and “ghol.”

The popular fiber source is also referred to as Ispaghula. The genus name of this herb is Plantago. Plantago Ovata grows to an average height of 30 to 46 cm. Numerous, tiny, white, flowering shoots arise from the base of the plant. These flowers typically appear about 60 days after planting. Tiny capsules hold the seeds that open when the plant is mature.

Mucilage Content

Psyllium Plantago is produced in large quantities because of it high mucilage content.

Experts often use the term psyllium husk synonymously with Plantago seed mucilage.

Mucilage is described as gelling agents that are clear and colorless.

Most of the mucilage obtained comes from the seed coat, which is milled and ground in order to obtain the gelling agent.

Manufacturers can generally obtain 25 percent of the total weight of the seed coat in mucilage.

The volume of the seed coat expands 10 times, after it absorbs the water and forms a gel like substance.

Experts refer to the seed coat as hydrophilic because it attracts and binds to water molecules.

Plant Species

There are over 200 species in the Plantago species. Plantago psyllium is produced in European countries, as well as, India, Pakistan, and the Soviet Union. India produces most of the world’s psyllium and exports. The plants are also commonly known as plantains.

Although, the plants are not synonymous with the banana called plantain. The plants are herbaceous. The leaves possess three to five veins. Plantago or plantains are often the food source of the butterfly and moth.

The plants are indigenous to almost every region of the world. Explorers may find the plant in America, Asia, Australia, Africa, Europe and New Zealand. The plant thrives in moist to wet areas. Plantago are often found in seepages or bogs. Though often found in alpine and coastal areas, they are frequently seen on the side of the road.

History and Origin of Usage of Psyllium Plantago

Psyllium plantago has been used historically as a diuretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, anti-toxic, antimicrobial, demulcent, styptic, laxative and an expectorant. The herb may also be applied topically for poison ivy, minor sores, insect bites, and boils. When the herb is ingested internally, it relieves coughs and bronchitis.

Urban Legends and Myths Associated with Psyllium Plantago

Other physicians and experts debate the validity of colon cleansing using detoxification diets that may include psyllium plantago. Physicians are stating that there is no conclusive evidence that these diets are effective. Physicians compare the colon to a self-cleaning system that will discard wastes on a periodic basis, if the proper foods are consumed.

However, other individuals argue that toxins build up over time, if the colon does not discard the contents properly. Therefore, the effectiveness of colon cleansing is up for debate. In the meantime, multiple individuals including celebrities participate in the practice to achieve a glowing complexion. Concerned individuals should consult a physician prior to cleansing the colon.

Psyllium Plantago has often been cited as curing snakebite in common folklore. But its validity has not been proven, conclusively.

Uses for Psyllium Plantago

According to a recent study 88 percent of Americans are not aware of the daily recommended allowance of fiber. Furthermore, only 10 percent of Americans get the recommended amount of fiber in their diets daily. Columbia Institute of Human Nutrition found this study to be true. In general, the average American only consumes about half of the daily recommended allowance of fiber.

American education regarding fiber is virtually non-existent in nearly half of Americans. A recent poll indicated American fiber miseducation. In 2005, nearly 50 percent of Americans believed that steak was high in fiber. Steak actually contains little or no fiber. One in five people do not know how much fiber they consume daily and 60 percent have never spoken to a physician about fiber.

A typical individual will gain the recommended daily fiber from the following sources

• Dried Beans
• Peas
• Green Beans
• Cauliflower
• Flax Seed

Those who cannot consume these foods that are high in fiber should seek alternative sources. Psyllium is often suggested as a natural source of fiber.

Because of Psyllium’s high dietary fiber content, the plant is often used in laxatives. Popular products include Metamucil and Serutan. The plant has also been documented as a contributor in lowering cholesterol levels. Experts have cited some significant effects on the lowering of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels. Manufacturers of cereals have often used this plant to produce cereals with high fiber and lower cholesterol levels. Heartwise cereals are an example of the types of cereals that contain the fiber-rich plant.

Other products that contain psyllium include the following

• Bran Buds cereal
• Fiberall
• Effersyllium
• Fybogel
• Flea Seed
• Hydrocil
• Ispaghula
• Ispaghula seed
• Konsyl
• Lunelax
• • Minolest
• Perdiem
• Plantago Arenaria
• Psyllion
• Psyllios
• Psyllium Husk
• Psyllium Seed
• Yerba Prima
• Regulan

Based on scientific theories, other popular uses for Psyllium Plantago include the following

• Abrasions
• Abscesses
• Atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
• Bladder disorders (cystitis)
• Bleeding
• Blisters
• Boils
• Bronchitis
• Burns
• Cancer
• Cough
• Demulcent
• Diverticular disease
• Duodenal ulcer
• Dysentery
• Excessive menstrual bleeding
• Eyewash
• Fecal (stool) incontinence
• Gallbladder disease
• Gallstones
• Gout
• Hearing damage
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• High blood pressure
• Incontinence
• Insect bites and stings
• Intestinal ulcers
• Liver disorders
• Nose and throat irritation
• Parasites
• Poison ivy rash
• Psoriasis
• Radiation-induced colitis/diarrhea
• Skin soothing
• Sprains
• Stomach ulcer
• Urethritis
• Wound healing (used on the skin)

Most people associate psyllium use with alleviating constipation. However, there are some other benefits to psyllium use as well. As mentioned in the list it is also useful in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and reduction of cholesterol. Psyllium may also reduce bleeding associated with hemorrhoids. Patients seeking relief from hemorrhoids should consume the product a minimum of 40 days. Oddly enough, experts are now studying the effectiveness of psyllium in patients suffering from diarrhea. Since psyllium improves stool bulking, it may also assist with problems associated with diarrhea. When psyllium expands and absorbs the water in the colon, the stool mass increases. This process allows the waste to pass from the body easily. Psyllium helps to keep the colon in balance by providing a food source for beneficial microbes to thrive. Less desirable microbes will become less prevalent in an environment that contains a healthy source of fiber.

The plant may also relieve symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. However, more research must be done before the results are conclusive. Many physicians will recommend psyllium for colonoscopy preparation. A colonoscopy will test for irritable syndrome, colon cancer, and other colon related ailments. Psyllium is often present in the preparation enema before the exam. Patients are advised to completely empty the colon before undergoing the procedure. This process will allow the physician to view the colon lining to detect abnormal growths.

Experts are studying the benefits of psyllium rich diets in the cancer patients. Some earlier research has indicated that psyllium can, in fact, prevent colon cancer. More studies are being conducted to prove this finding conclusively. Studies have also been conducted to determine the effects of psyllium on blood sugar levels. Researchers do not have conclusive evidence, but it is believed to balance or regulate blood sugar levels in patients who suffer from fluctuations.

Experts also speculate that psyllium can assist with dilating the cervix to induce labor. While evidence indicates that psyllium does operate in this manner, further research must be conducted to prove this finding conclusively. Elevated blood sugar and lipid levels may play a role in obesity in children and adults. Recent evidence shows that psyllium may improve blood sugar and lipid levels. Therefore, psyllium may regulate the weight of children. More studies are being conducted to clarify the effects of psyllium on weight control in children and adults.

When psyllium is used externally, the plant can remove toxins from the body and reduce skin irritations and inflammations.

Variations of Psyllium Plantago

Plantago seed may come in several varieties, such as black, French or Spanish varieties. Plantago Ovata may be referred to as white or blonde psyllium.

Active Ingredients in Psyllium Plantago

The active ingredients found in psyllium supplements are dextrose, psyllium and psyllium husks. Most of the supplements are all natural. The dextrose is a sugar source.

Popular Forms of Psyllium Plantago

Psyllium is available in several forms. Each individual should find the source of fiber that is best for their system.

Several forms of psyllium are listed below

Capsule
Wafer
Tea
Tincture
Syrup
Salads
Green Sauce
Other Leafy Vegetables

Psyllium may also be consumed by patients as a supplement in powder form. A daily dosage of 7 grams taken with adequate amount of water is typically recommended. Psyllium may also be found in several cereals as a fiber source.

How Psyllium Plantago is Processed

Mucilage present in Plantago Ovata is obtained by grinding the husk or the seed coats. Asian Indians utilize this process to obtain mucilage from Psyllium Plantago. Each layer of each seed contains approximately 25 to 35 percent mucilage. The thin white membrane of the psyllium seed is the origin of the mucilage.

The production of mucilage involves a detailed and elaborate seed cleaning process. The psyllium husks are produced from raw seeds through the process of dehusking. Once the raw seeds are cleaned and polished, each of them are sent to special grinding mills to remove the husks of the seeds. The remaining material, after the dehusking process, consists of husk and kernel. This material is put through a massive sieve in order to remove the kernel. Blowers remove any remaining impurities from the husk. The process yields pure husks. Pure husks are the portion of psyllium plantago that contains the fiber material desired by manufacturers. The popular fiber source is available in a pill form, powder form or in the form of a cereal.

Psyllium Plantago Research

Psyllium research has been conducted at universities, such as Arizona and Washington State. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concludes that cereals rich in fiber are an effective part of a treatment for moderate hypercholesterolemia. Studies also show that when psyllium is combined with food products, it reduces blood glucose levels associated with diabetes. Though the long term effects of psyllium are not conclusive, the short term benefits are advantageous to most individuals.

Recommended Dosage for Psyllium Plantago

Adults are recommended to have a daily dietary fiber intake of 20 to 35 grams. This translates to 10 to 13 grams per 1,000 calories consumed each day. Psyllium is a recommended source of fiber. Psyllium must be taken with sufficient amounts of water in order to prevent obstruction of the bowel. Most physicians instruct patients to consume between 2.2 to 45 grams of psyllium internally. The typical intake of psyllium husks is 1 teaspoon (5 grams), three times per day to treat constipation. Some experts also suggest taking 2 to 6 teaspoons (10 to 30 grams) of whole seeds three times per day. Adults are recommended to stir the seeds or powder into a glass of water or juice. The mixture should be consumed before it thickens. Experts recommend consuming psyllium before meals. Always follow the instructions on the label in order to avoid any unpredictable results.

Children are instructed to take between 3.4 to 16 grams by mouth daily. However, more research is being conducted to establish the long term effects of psyllium in children’s diets.

Patients who know they cannot obtain the recommended daily allowance of fiber in their foods should seek a psyllium supplement. Psyllium supplements will allow individuals to achieve the recommended daily allowance of fiber without consuming the fruits and vegetables often needed for a healthy colon.

Potential Side Effects

Some individuals may experience allergic reactions when psyllium is contained in foods.

Allergic reactions may include anaphylaxis.

Some individuals, although rare, have reported an obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract.

This typically occurs in patients who have received bowel surgeries or have anatomic abnormalities.

Obstructions may also occur if not enough water is consumed with products containing psyllium.

Patients afflicted with Parkinson’s disease have reported esophageal obstruction. Therefore, these patients should consult a physician prior to consumption. Patients who are diabetic should also consume psyllium under the advisement of a physician. Blood sugar levels may drop dramatically and cause other complications. Patients who experience chest pain, vomiting, or difficulty swallowing or breathing after consuming psyllium should seek medical attention.

Pregnant individuals should consume psyllium with caution. Psyllium is deemed safe during all thre trimesters of pregnancy. Although, psyllium is approved during pregnancy and breastfeeding, individuals suffering from complications in pregnancy should consult a physician.

Psyllium may delay bowel movements. The plant may also reduce the absorption of some drugs, as well as, herbs, vitamins, minerals, and supplements. Experts have cited instances of absorption problems with calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin B12. Physicians recommend taking psyllium and other drugs a few hours apart to minimize any potential interactions.

Patients should exercise caution when using psyllium with other laxatives, such as senna. Expect an increase in fat excretion if psyllium and chitosan are taken together.
Physicians also recommend that psyllium be consumed separate of warfarin or Coumadin until further research is conducted. Currently, no side effects have been documented. However, physicians prefer to err on the side of caution.

Patients should seek advisement of a physician before taking psyllium with the following drugs or herbs

• Anticoagulants
• Antidepressants
• Anti-Gout Agents
• Anti-inflammatory Agents
• Diuretics
• Salicylates
• Tetracyclines
• Nitrofurantoin
• Insulin
• Lithium
• Digoxin

Famous People who Use Psyllium Plantago

Individuals who are on the Atkins diet may consume Psyllium Husks to boost their dietary intake of fiber. The Atkins diet allows celebrities and others to consume an unlimited amount of protein, including meat, eggs, and cheese.

The diet limits foods that are high in sugar. These foods include carbohydrates such as, pasta, bread and fruit. The diet may also limit vegetable intake with a high glycemic index for a period of time as well. Because the diet is high in protein and limits the intake of carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables, many individuals on the diet do not receive their daily allowance of fiber.

Celebrities and others are encouraged to take a supplement to counteract this deficiency. Individuals who participate in the diet are encouraged to take 1 teaspoon of psyllium plantago per day.

Celebrities who have tried the Atkins diet include the following

• Jennifer Anniston
• Catherine Zeta-Jones
• Angelina Jolie
• Brad Pitt
• Renee Zellweger
• Cameron Diaz
• L.L. Cool J
• Gerri Halliwell
• Robbie Williams
• Stevie Nicks
• Dennis Franz

Celebrities and others should keep in mind that psyllium is a fiber source and does not contain nutritional value. The diet works because individuals feel full and consume less food. Participants in the Atkins diet should be aware that long term elimination of fruits and vegetables may result in long term health problems.

Where the Product is Purchased

Psyllium is available through a variety of stores online and stores similar to GNC.

Product Costs and Discounts

Psyllium costs range based upon the form, the amount of the product, and the store from which it is purchased. Individuals can typically obtain psyllium in a pill form at a retail price between $10 and $20 dollars. The consumer will typically receive about 180 capsules with the purchase. Psyllium is also available in powder form.

The powder may sometime cost slightly more than the pill because of the number of servings that is included. The consumer can obtain 13.6 oz. of psyllium powder for just under $20 retail.

Discounts are offered to consumers in stores and via various websites. Some of the discounts may be as much as 50 percent depending upon the store. Consumers are advised to shop around online to determine the best deal prior to purchasing a psyllium product.

Resources

EverydayHealth.Com

nlm.nih.gov

Mayoclinic.Com

More than just a potent meal-time ingredient, garlic has been used for centuries to combat every aliment from sickness to hair loss. While some claimed uses are nothing more than myths, there is substantial evidence for legitimate health benefits. Studies have shown garlic to lower blood pressure, increase insulin production and work as a topical antibiotic, among other things.

History and Origins of Garlic

Garlic has been a cultivated plant for so long that it is difficult to trace its true origins.

It is most likely that it was originally native to central Asia, spreading throughout Europe and Mediterranean civilizations.

Today, it is cultivated throughout the world grows wild in Italy and southern Europe. Garlic was widely used in ancient Egypt for its healing powers.

Greek historian Herodotus wrote about inscriptions on the walls of the great pyramid of King Khufu recording the amount of garlic, onions and radishes eaten by the slaves during construction.

During this age of the Pharaohs, garlic was handed out to laborers because it was believed to increase their strength and stamina for the difficult job of constructing pyramids.

The Egyptians also accounted garlic for warding off diseases, and kept it in bountiful supply around slave camps. The Ebers Papyrus (an ancient Egyptian medical writing), cites garlic as a remedy for 22 varieties of diseases. There are even accounts of the Egyptians worshiping garlic.

Garlic is mentioned in the literature of several great ancient world kingdoms including Persia, Babylon, Greece and Rome. Discordies, Rome’s head medical officer, is reported using garlic to treat intestinal worms. Aristotle and Hippocrates also mention the use garlic as an important holistic remedy.

Theophrastus

Historian Theophrastus records the ancient Greeks serving garlic as a supper for their god Hectate. Greek Olympic athletes used it for improved stamina. However, some Greeks, including Orace, account it as a sign vulgarity, most likely because of its smell. In later times, William Shakespeare discourages actors from eating garlic in order to keep their words sweet.

Our English word “garlic” comes from Anglo-Saxon origins from the words “gar” (meaning spear) and “lac” (meaning plant).

How Does Garlic Grow?

Garlic is classified as a part of the allium family along with onions, leeks and shallots. It grows as a bulb beneath the soil, with leaves shooting up through the ground with large, green blades. Individual cloves can be planted as seeds. If garlic is left on the counter long enough, roots and leaves will begin to appear. All that is needed is to simply place a garlic clove in the ground or in a pot to begin the growing cycle anew.

When garlic matures, the green leaves will turn brown and begin to wither. If the garlic is harvested before this time the cloves will be much too small, and it is impossible to replant the bulb once the cloves have split apart.

After garlic is harvested it must be properly dried. This is often accomplished by hanging the bulbs upside down in a cool, dry, environment. If the garlic is not allowed to dry completely, it will rot. Usual drying time is about one week.

Garlic grows in a number of climates and is easily produced in both the traditional Mediterranean environments as well as in cooler Northern conditions.

Garlic in the Kitchen:

Few common kitchen ingredients are as versatile as garlic. It can be used to flavor a wide variety of food from a number of ethnic origins. Available in most any grocery store, garlic bulbs are inexpensive and keep well.

Each bulb contains several cloves. Each clove can be separated and peeled individually, allowing the others to remain sealed in their husks, prolonging freshness.

Peeling Garlic

To peal a garlic clove, most chefs recommend laying it flat on a cutting board, placing your chopping knife broad side on top of it, and then quickly smashing the garlic with one quick tap with the heal of your palm or the side of your fist.

This separates the skin from the garlic without much damage to the clove inside, and makes it very easy to peel. The clove can then be used whole, minced, chopped or pressed as an ingredient in your favorite recipe.

Fresh young bulbs are the most powerful and are in season during the summer months. After garlic has been peeled and chopped it quickly loses its potency, since the delicate chemical reaction that takes place is unstable and is destroyed within hours.

Aliments Garlic is Recommended for:

Garlic is used to treat many types of infections and health issues. Some of the most common uses for garlic include skin treatments for its antifungal, antiviral and antibiotic properties. Ingesting garlic has been cited for improving circulation, lowering blood pressure and curing a cough.

As an Antibiotic:

Garlic has been used to treat many types of infections. Add it to a foot soak to treat athlete’s foot or press a clove and add a little olive oil to help heal a middle ear infection. Crushed raw garlic is a powerful antibiotic that has the ability to kill certain strains of the staph bacteria. It can be safely applied to any open cut.

For Acne:

The same antibacterial properties that make garlic successful against infections are the same ones that make it a useful acne fighter. Crack open a clove to start up the chemical reaction and rub it directly on the acne-prone areas of your face. You can also crush the garlic and use the juices to rub into the skin.

Mosquito Repellent:

Apparently, the compounds in garlic are harmful to mosquitoes and they will avoid contact with it. You can apply garlic extracts to exposed areas of skin to ward off the pests. As a natural alternative to chemicals, you can place garlic cloves around outdoor gathering areas to act as repellents.

Cough Syrup:

Garlic is a powerful antibacterial agent, so it is thought to be able to sooth a sore throat and even ease a persistent cough. Try boiling one bulb of garlic in about one cup of water and drink when cooled. Garlic is also thought to help with bronchitis, allowing people to expel more of the mucus.

Cholesterol Reducer:

Some studies have found that garlic may be able to reduce lipoprotein (LDL, the “bad” cholesterol) levels in the blood. Decreased cholesterol and triglycerides leads to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. European and American studies show garlic reducing bad cholesterol levels by an average of one tenth.

Blood Pressure Reduction:

Studies have proven that garlic relaxes the walls of arteries and veins, thereby allowing more blood to flow. With easier blood flow, platelets are less likely to accumulate within the veins and arteries, reducing the risk of stroke.

Heart Disease:

According to the latest research presented at the American Heart Association, laboratory test show garlic dramatically reducing fatty deposits in the arteries.

Cancer Preventative:

Garlic is said to improve the immune system by stimulating the body’s immune response. Garlic is an effective inhibitor of compounds formed by nitrates that are thought to turn into cancer-causing compounds within the intestines.

For Help with Diabetes:

Garlic has been shown to increase insulin levels in the body, helping to lower glucose levels in diabetics. However, it does not take the place of insulin, and people with diabetes may need to continue on an insulin regimen. But it makes a useful addition to the diabetic menu.

In the Bedroom:

Because garlic increases blood flow, it is possible that it may help with male performance issues.

Colds:

Although garlic cannot cure the common cold, research has shown that people who consume a regular amount of garlic appear show cold symptoms less often.

Stomach Ulcers:

Garlic is thought to protect against stomach ulcers that are commonly caused by the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. People who eat a regular amount of garlic typically suffer from fewer ulcers.

During Pregnancy:

It is possible that garlic may reduce the risk of preeclampsia (a severe condition that can cause risks to the fetus, usually characterized by extreme swelling of the face and hands).

Garlic is most likely safe for pregnant women if consumed in regular doses like those found in most recipes, however, most health officials do not recommend increased use of garlic because of the risk of bleeding. Nursing women who ingest too much garlic may have increased nursing times, milk odor and increased infant milk consumption.

Toothache:

Sometimes used in conjunction with cloves, garlic has been used to ease the pain from a toothache. Usually, the garlic clove is crushed and held next to the affected tooth.

How Does Garlic Work?

When crushed, garlic releases a chemical called alliin. This is also the same compound that gives garlic its pungent odor.

This enzyme then turns to allicin, which produces other sulfur compounds that are potent antimicrobials thought to be the source of garlic’s effectiveness.

Garlic Supplements

Garlic is one of the most popular supplements in the United States with average sales surpassing $150 million in 2004, according to Nutrition Business Journal.

To get the most out of garlic’s amazing benefits, simply consuming a lot of garlic-packed meals may not do the trick. And because garlic is infamous for causing bad breath, it may be best to ingest this particular ingredient as a supplement.

Garlic supplements vary greatly, and many brands and types can be found in most any local grocery or pharmacy. Herbal supplements are also widely available online with reputable herbal stores. When shopping for garlic supplements be sure to check the labels. Allicin, not its precursor alliin, is the active ingredient.

Garlic supplements can work in various forms, and are most often seen as pills, powders, oil extracts, juices, and even syrup. To avoid bad breath, look for a garlic pill that is coated, and therefore is digested in the intestines as opposed to the stomach.

Supplement dosing:

The European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy recommends three to five milligrams of allicin daily, which is one clove or 0.5 to 1 gram of dried powder daily.

The World Health Organization recommends 2 to 5 grams of fresh garlic, 0.4 to 1.2 grams of dried powder, 2 to 5 milligrams of oil, 300 to 1000 milligrams of extract or other formulations which equal to 2 to 5 milligrams of allicin daily.

Common doses for:

Pills: 600 to 900 milligrams divided into 3 doses daily.
Powder: 0.4 to 1.2 grams dried powder, divided into 3 doses, daily.
Oil extract: 1 to 2 capsules 3 times daily.
Garlic juices: 2 to 4 milliliters 3 times daily.
Garlic syrup: 2 to 8 milliliters 3 times daily.

Cautions

While normal consumption of garlic is considered safe for everyone, there are a few considerations when starting a garlic supplement regimen.

Side effects:

Bleeding. Garlic increases blood flow by thinning the walls of veins and arteries, therefore it is very important that you talk with your doctor before taking garlic supplements if you are taking blood thinners or are preparing for surgery.

Allergic reactions. Some people taking large amounts of garlic may develop skin rashes and swollen sinuses. Asthma has also been reported in people on garlic supplements, but it is noted that some reactions are actually caused by a mite that has infested the garlic. Skin burns can occur, especially in infants and children.

Other side effects reported: Bad breath, body odor, stomach ache, gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, dizziness, increased sweating, headache, itching, fever, chills and runny nose.

Drug Interactions:

Scientific studies have reported the following drug reactions:

Anticoagulant drugs like Warfain (Coumadin) or antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavvix) may be adversely affected by the vein and artery thinning affects of garlic, and people taking these drugs should consult with their doctors before starting a garlic regimen.

Patients taking sanquinavar (Fortovase) for HIV and AIDS should not take garlic since it may have serious adverse affects on the medication.

• Anyone taking blood pressure medicine, as garlic consumption lowers blood pressure.
• Diabetics on insulin, because garlic is known to increase blood insulin levels.
• Garlic may also interact with the levels of certain drugs that are metabolized by the liver’s CYP450 enzyme.
• Always check with your doctor before starting on daily supplements.

Herb and Dietary Aid Interactions:

It is possible for garlic to increase the anticoagulant or antiplatelet effects of other herbs such as ginkgo, horse chestnut seed extract, or coleus forskolin, since garlic also acts as a blood thinner. Taking garlic in conjunction with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) may increase the risk of bleeding.

Other herbs such as Black Cohosh and Hawthorn also lower blood pressure and people taking garlic supplements should consult their healthcare professional before taking these herbs together.

Bitter Melon is also thought to lower blood sugar levels and diabetics should be cautious before adding large amounts of garlic and/or bitter melon to their diet.

Unproven Claims for Garlic

Garlic provides many health benefits, but it is by no means a cure-all. Some of the claimed uses for garlic have yet to be proven. Some of these aliments are, or are potentially, very serious, and you should consult your doctor before using garlic as a treatment.

Some of the unproven claims for garlic cures include, but are not limited to:

• Abnormal heart rhythm
• Allergies
• Anxiety
• Arthritis
• Bronchitis
• Colds
• Diarrhea
• Digestive aid
• Diuretic
• Fatigue
• Fever
• Gallstones
• Hair growth
• Heartburn
• Inflammation
• Kidney problems
• Lung disease
• Muscle spasms
• Obesity
• Pneumonia
• Ringworm
• Sedative
• Spermicide
• Stress
• Typhus
• Urinary tract infections
• Warts
• Whooping cough
• Yeast infections

Garlic Myths

Garlic has long been known for its health benefits, but here are a few myths that go far beyond garlic’s natural powers.

In Europe, there is a superstition that if a piece is chewed by a man running in a race, it will prevent his competitors from passing him.

Hungarian jockeys have been known to secure a piece of garlic to their horse’s bits in the belief that other horses will avoid the offensive odor. Medieval townspeople used garlic to ward off evil spirits, vampires and werewolves. Vikings ate large quantities of garlic before raids to boost their spirits and energy.

Resources

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Passion Flower Alternative Herbal Remedies

Where It Comes From:

The passion flower is a woody vine, which produces blooms with yellow centers surrounded by deep purple petals. It was named after the suffering of Jesus Christ during His crucifixion, by Christian missionaries arriving in South America in the sixteenth century. It has five sepals and five petals, which were said to represent the Apostles without St. Peter and Judas Iscariot.

The flower’s double row of colored filaments symbolized the halo around the head of Jesus, or the crown of thorns. Since the flower has five stamens and three styles that spread with flat heads, they symbolized the wounds and the nails of Christ, respectively. Finally, the tendrils of the vine represented the whips used to scourge Jesus in the house of Pontius Pilate.

Spanish Influence

The Spaniards took the flower back to Europe, where hybrids were quickly cultivated because of the difference in climate. A Spanish doctor working in Peru noticed how the natives used the flower to cure certain symptoms, such as headaches, nausea, and insomnia.

In Spain and the rest of Europe this news resulted in herbal teas that were said to calm and sooth fright and nervousness.

The flower’s scientific classification is ‘Passiflora incarnata’. In a single season, the vines can easily grow up to fifteen feet. The vines being blooming in July and they continue until the first frost.

After the first frost, the vine essentially hibernates through the winter months, but then suddenly comes back to life in the spring. This quality has earned it the more common name of Maypop, since it ‘pops’ out of the ground during the month of May.

Passion flowers are processed are made into tinctures, pills, extracts and teas, all of which should be consumed differently. The flower is crushed and either squeezed or dried in order to make a consumable product. Once the flower is processed, it can be shipped anywhere in the world.

Origin And History Of Usage

The ancient Peruvians and Aztecs used the passion flower for medicinal purposes. The passion flower reportedly was used as a sedative and pain reliever. When the Spaniards discovered the flower and brought it back to Europe, it developed a reputation as a calmer of nerves. The Europeans used it in homeopathic remedies for pain, nervous exhaustion and insomnia, especially insomnia related to neurasthenia or hysteria.

The passion flower has been rumored to cure other disorders, as well. In Europe, the passion flower has allegedly been used to treat bronchial diseases such as asthma, burns, inflammation of the skin, hemorrhoids, disorders due to changes in climate, and attention disorders and nervousness in children.

This herb works mostly for symptoms having to do with breathing or nerves, such as asthma and nervousness. The herb is said to calm the body significantly, enabling it to relax and recover from stressful circumstances. The calming effect is also said to help stimulate certain organs like the uterus in women. Mental overwork is a particular syndrome that the passion flower is said to be particularly effective in treating.

Known Variations

There are over five hundred species of passion flowers. All of them are grouped within the same genus, Passiflora. Each species has a unique characteristic, which is usually seen in the flower itself. All flowers share the same basic coloration, but in different species there are variations on that scheme.

For example, the Maypop passion flower, common to the southeastern United States where it is looked upon as a weed, has an entirely purple arrangement, broken only by the coloring of the stamen and styles. Other species have flowers that are entirely pink, or even white and yellow. Tropical passion flowers have much different colors and variations on their themes than passion flowers in the U.S.

A great way to tell passion flowers apart is by looking at their leaves. Note the shape of the leaf: is it oblong, lobed or serrated? Also pay attention to the color, size and texture. The size is usually measured in centimeters. Typical colors include deep green, light green or yellow-green. The texture of an individual leaf varies from a glossy, smooth surface to fuzzy or even rough leaves. Each of the species can be identified by comparing one’s observations with a reference manual or guidebook.

Who Uses It And How It Works

Passion flowers are both used for medicinal purposes and grown as a source of food. The vine produces pungent, tart fruits that are harvested and used to make juices and punches. For example, Hawaiian punch is made from these fruits. A list of ailments that the passion flower is said to cure is:

• nervous tension
• general anxiety
• insomnia
• stress relating to emotional or physical turmoil
• headaches
• pain
• inability to relax or calm down

The pharmacology of the passion flower is actually quite simple. The flower contains a mixture of alkaloids and flavonoids. The alkaloids, which are primarily harmalic in nature, inhibit the production of an enzyme, monoamine oxidase. This could very well account for the various pharmacological benefits that have been reported. Harmala alkaloids include harmine, harmaline, and harmalol and provide a tremendous benefit.

The flavonoids, on the other hand, affect the central nervous system as sedatives. These include:

• Vitexin
• Isovitexin
• Chrysin
• Orientin

Of these, chrysin is believed to be the primary affective agent. Chrysin acts by modifying the central benxodiazepine receptors in the brain; it does this through acting as a partial agonise. The precise sequence of events is not fully comprehended.

The flavonoids are thought to make the passion flower an effective anxiolytic that promotes relaxation, the release of tension and relief from anxiety and panic. This would also go a long way towards explaining why the passion flower is so good at relieving emotional distress and the resulting physical effects.

How It Is Used

Passion flower extract, tea and tinctures are the most common methods of administering the herb to patients. Currently, it is not available in the United States in pill form. In extract form, it has been said that passion flower delivers it’s strongest ‘punch’ in this form.

Tinctures have also been said to be very effective. Both of these methods, however, do not compare to teas. There is a reason why the teas were so wildly popular in Europe when the Spaniards first brought the flower from the New World.

Popular brands of passion flower extract and tincture include Nature’s Plus, Now, Solaray and Swanson Premium. Reviews of Swanson Premium are particularly positive. Customers report the passion flower taking effect in as little as fifteen minutes. They also extol the benefits of an all-natural supplement instead of artificial drugs such as Xanax, Valium or Valerian.

Practical Uses

In practice, passion flower is combined with other calming herbs most of the time, such as lemon balm. Passion flower amplifies the effects of other sedatives, so it should be taken sparingly. Passion flower products are available at most natural food stores as well as nutritional facilities wherever health concerns are part of the store’s mission.

Due to passion flower’s calming influence, it is often said that the herb is best when taking as a liquid. This allows the herb to enter the bloodstream and hence affect the neurochemistry of the patient more effectively. The calming effect will subdue over time, which is why it is necessary to continue taking passion flower until the disorder ceases or until more substantive treatment can be made.

In practice, this means that teas are the best way to take passion flower, as noted above. Passion flower teas are produced by Herbal Gardens of South Florida, Celebration Herbals, and Now Foods among other makers of herbal products.

Passion flower teas are best when served hot, as the heat mixes the passion flower blossoms in with the tea leaves, creating an exquisite taste that stimulates and relaxes the nerve endings on the tongue.

Many people report feeling relaxed immediately upon drinking the tea.

Proven And Unproven Claims

Herbs face a tough crowd from the mainstream scientific establishment. Scientific testing tries to find one specific instance of an herbal remedy producing a genuine effect, but usually it finds none. That being the case, many thousands of people report experiential relief from consuming passion flowers, whether in extract, tea or tincture form.

Of the tests that have been done, passion flower has been shown to provide relief from symptoms of two major medical conditions: congestive heart failure and agitation, anxiety and insomnia. Both forms of disorders did not perfectly recede after administering the herb, but the effects were noticeable.

Human trials support the claims of benefits from the use of passion flower in both conditions. Patients experienced relief from shortness of breath and exercise difficulties resulting from congestive heart failure. In addition, patients also experienced relief from muscle tension. Passion flower is not known to relax the heart muscles in any way, but the herb may play a larger role in the recovery of these patients than is currently realized.

Anxiety & Other Disorders

When applied to anxiety disorders, this is where the history starts to conflict with scientific observation. There are apparently unknown factors at work in these situations; in scientific testing, the results from applying passion flower to cases of hysteria, anxiety and chronic nervousness were inconclusive.

Passion flower has been reported to be effective in cases of seizure, ADHD, ADD, nervous stomach and other mental and gastrointestinal difficulties.

Dosage

When taking passion flower, the dosage must be monitored carefully. This is because the herb contains properties that can depress the central nervous system. This can slow the breathing and heartbeat of patients. If this is allowed to continue, the patient could suffer a coma or even die. Therefore, passion flower has to be taken in moderation.

It is especially dangerous to combine passion flower with additional sedatives. The passion flower will greatly enhance the effectiveness of any additional sedative in the patient’s system. This could lead to CNS depression, or even more severe effects. Do not take passion flower with any other sedative.

There have been no studies done that document the effects of passion flower on children. Do not administer passion flower to a child without the supervision of a doctor. If a doctor is present, adjust the recommended dosage for adults based on the child’s weight.

Children Dosage

On average, the weight for a human adult that is used to calculate dosages is one hundred and fifty pounds, or seventy kilograms. Say the child in question weighs fifty pounds. Since fifty is one-third of one hundred and fifty, the dosage should be one third that of an adult’s.

For adults, these are the recommended dosages:

Tea: About one teaspoon of dried herb in one cup of boiling water for ten minutes. Strain the liquid and cool it. For taking care of anxiety, drink three to four cups daily. If the patient wishes to treat insomnia, drink one cup of passion flower tea an hour before retiring to bed.

Fluid extract: About a one-to-one ratio in twenty-five percent alcohol. Take ten to thirty drops, three times per day.

Tincture: About a one-to-five ratio in forty-five percent alcohol. Consume ten to sixty drops, also three times per day.

Legal Status

Passion flower was banned as an over-the-counter product by the Food and Drug Administration in 1978 because of inconclusive studies about its effectiveness. At the same time, it is officially classified as ‘generally recognized as safe’, which makes it legal in the United States in forms other than pills. In Germany, passion flower is officially sanctioned as a legitimate alternative to pharmaceutical drugs by Commission E.

Side Effects

When orally consumed in large amounts, passion flower is dangerous because of the depressive effect on the central nervous system, as noted above. There are other possible side effects, as well.

Dizziness, confusion, irregular muscle action and coordination, altered consciousness, and inflamed blood vessels have all been reported as side effects. Abnormal heart rhythms and nausea have even been reported. These symptoms are probably the result of allergic reactions.

Passion flower does have the potential to interact in adverse ways with other substances.

Sedatives are drugs that are designed to cause sleepiness. Due to the calming effect of the herb, passion flower will likely make the effects of sedatives stronger and more powerful. Affected sedatives include:

• Anticonvulsants like phenytoin, also known as Dilantin
• Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines like alprazolam and diazepam, marketed as Xanax and Valium, respectively.
• Insomnia-combating drugs, like Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta and Rozerem
• Tricyclic antidepressants, for instance Elavil, Sinequan and Pamelor

Antiplatelet drugs and anticoagulants, also known as blood thinners. Passion flower increases the time needed for blood to effectively clot. This makes the effects and power of blood thinning medications stronger. This is deadly for certain people, especially those suffering from hemophilia.

Drugs affected in this way are Plavix and Coumadin.

Older Drugs

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are an older group of antidepressants that have fallen out of mainstream use. On the theoretical level, passion flower could increase the effects of these drugs, as well as the side effects. Some of these drugs were discontinued because of adverse side effects, so passion flower combined with these drugs could be very dangerous.

They are chiefly Marplan, Nardil and Parnate.

Where To Find It

Passion flower is widely available in the United States and Europe. Wherever passion flower is grown, chances are that there is an herbalist who knows how to use it therapeutically nearby. In terms of actual product costs, passion flower is pretty cheap.

The typical cost for a bottle of passion flower tincture ranges from six to ten dollars, plus shipping and taxes. Tea boxes are a little wider in terms of range; they can go for as little as one dollar per box to as much as thirteen dollars per box. Finally, for extracts, anywhere from six to twelve dollars per bottle is the norm.

Online retailers as well as major supplement chains carry supplies of passion flower in all its forms.

Hyssop Herb

Hyssop refers to a tall growing, flowery semi-evergreen and herbaceous shrub that is native in both central and southern Europe. Historically, this kind of herb was used by lepers for cleansing prior to being allowed to be visited by relatives who did not suffer from leprosy.

Even back in the day, everybody was aware of the cleansing capabilities of hyssop herbs.

In more recent times, studies have revealed that its leaves are capable of growing the same mould that makes it possible to produce penicillin, which makes it useful as an antibiotic.

The History of Hyssop Herbs and References

The name itself is generally traced back, nearly unchanged, to the Hebrew and the Greek, the former translating to “Ezov” and the latter translating to “Hyssopos.”

It was recorded in the Book of Exodus that, on the night of Passover, hyssop would be used to apply the blood of sacrificed lamb onto doorposts.

Its purgative properties were also given a mention with in the Book of Psalms. Just before his death, Jesus of Nazareth on the cross was offered a sponge soaked in either vinegar or sour wine, with the sponge stuck onto a hyssop branch. Both Mark and Matthew made mentions to this occurrence, though references to the plant were only made in the general sense, which is typically translated into “stick” or “reed.”

Growing and Typical Medical Usage

Typically, hyssop seeds are sown in the springtime and are planted with about 40 – 50 cm in between each seedling. Alternatively, it is possible to propagate them using root division or from cuttings either in autumn or in spring. This herb is grown on well drained soil underneath a full sun, and it always benefits from clipping on occasion. Hyssop does not live for very long, unlike other plants. Hyssop is legal within the United States.

The hyssop herb is generally used to treat the symptoms of cardiovascular disorders. Because it is both a sedative and a stimulant, one of its uses may be to regulate a person’s blood pressure, whether it is too high or too low. Hyssop leaves can also be infused in order to suppress coughs, improve digestion and even relieve congestion in the intestines.

Different Medical Uses

Throughout time, hyssop has been prescribed by doctors for a wealth of different medical conditions. Other than as a sedative and a stimulant, hyssop has traditionally been used as an expectorant, an antispasmodic, an emmenagogue (which stimulates menustruation), a carminative (which aids digestion), a peripheral vasodilator, an anticatarrhal, an anti-inflammatory, a tonic and a sweat inducer.

However, hyssop is primarily used to treat chronic catarrh, bronchitis and coughs, as well as for the tonic effects it produces when used to treat the urinary, digestive, bronchial and nervous systems. Additionally, to treat tinnitus and inflammation, doctors regularly use hot hyssop decoction vapors.

Usages Other Than Medical

Outside of medical benefits, hyssop has been known to benefit the garden; for instance, it has been shown to be a good companion when trying to grow cabbage because it lures away the troubling Cabbage White butterfly. When planted along the rows of grapevines, it also improves the yield thereof, especially when the soil is more difficult to work with than it should be. It is also possible to plant hyssop in wild gardens because it attracts butterflies, hoverflies and bees, encouraging pollination without having to undergo unnatural methods.

To preserve hyssop leaves, one may consider drying the leaves, and they generally should be dried quickly and outside of sunlight. When harvesting, it should be a dry day while they have the highest concentration of their active ingredients and have reached the ultimate peak of their maturity. All of these procedures are necessary to ensure that no oxidation occurs of any of the chemicals and that all of the aromatic ingredients are preserved.

Drying hyssop leaves requires a good circulation of air, such as a sunny room or an airing cupboard with the door still wide open. Six days are required to completely dry the leaves, which is the maximum they can withstand before losing their flavor and experiencing discoloration. For storage, they should be kept in dry, clean, airtight, labeled containers, where they will be good for up to a year and a half.

Typical Healing Uses

As previously mentioned, hyssop is quite often used for medical relief and medical purposes. It can be used in a number of different ways:

• Internal Usage
  • The flowery part can be used to suppress coughs and the plant as a whole can be used to treat bronchitis, closed congested chest, fevers, upper respiratory tract infections and colds; it is especially beneficial to use in children in this way. However, excessive usage should be avoided because hyssop is a convulsant, meaning it may cause seizures.
  • Additionally, internal use of hyssop can lead to benefits with regards to digestion and to easing both colic and flatulence.
• External Usage
  • The flowery part comes in handy again when cuts and bruises occur.
  • To relieve chest complaints and bronchial infections, one may employ the usage of its essential oil. Alternatively, exhaustion may be treated by adding its essential oil, which can be made using a special method described in the section below, to bathwater.
• Aromatherapy and Use of Essential Oils
  • Using its essential oil tones the digestive system and allows a physical wound to heal without it scarring in place.
  • Using its oils will create a sense of clarity and alertness, effectively easing any emotional pain, all while retaining a unique affinity to the respiratory system, as well as effectively raising low blood pressure.
  • It has several different properties attached to its being, including astringent, antiseptic, digestive, cicatrisant, antispasmodic, febrifuge, expectorant, emmenagogue, carminative, hypertensive, sudorific, nervine, vermifuge, in addition to vulnerary.

Preparing Hyssop Essential Oils

The volatile oil that is found in hyssop can be used to relieve both stress and tension. In a similar vein to the way all essential oils work, all that is necessary is to extract the hyssop oil and include a few drops to a carrier oil.

To extract the oils of a hyssop plant, one must rise in the early morning and gather plenty of flowers and leaves from mature hyssop herbs. Thoroughly rinse them, completely dry them and then chop them up into pieces. Lightly crush these pieces to allow the oils to slowly come out of the herb.

When the essential oil has been made, it can be applied to any aching area. It can be massaged into aching feet, particularly the soles, or onto the area that aches when one may suffer from gallstones. The essential oils can help with eczema, circulatory problems, hay fever and viral infections.

Other Uses & Preparation

Additionally, those who have undergone face lifts might use a few drops of extracted hyssop oil, transferred onto a cold compress, in order to clear bruises on the facial skin.

A few other methods include taking ten drops of the extracted essential hyssop oil and combining it with 2 ml of either sunflower oil or almond oil and applying it to the chest to relieve colds and bronchitis.

Eucalyptus or thyme might be included for added benefits. Finally, those who are nervously exhausted or simply under the weather can drop five to ten drops of the essential hyssop oil into the bathwater.

Preparing Tea With Hyssop Included and Other Pain Relieving Uses

Hyssop is regularly employed to treat laryngitis, sore throats and lung inflammation, making it an essential tool to those who are required to employ their voice for their jobs, such as public speakers, lecturers or singers.

This is also because it has the ability to soothe a tired set of vocal cords. When used in this purpose, a tea is one way that hyssop may be used for treatment.

To make a tea, make a combination of 500 ml of hot, boiling water and include about two tablespoons of fresh hyssop herb leaves, letting the two stand and mix for about half an hour. If necessary, the tea can be reheated so that the tea retains its warmth.

Alternatively, rather than for treating a tired set of vocal chords, it is possible to use the tea in order to alleviate any bruises. Simply take a cotton ball and dab it into the tea, applying the liquid onto the bruising until the swelling and discoloration have ceased and subsided.

Treating a Black Eye

Hyssop can treat a black eye when it is placed into a muslin bag and dipped into boiling water to soak for about sixty seconds. After it cools to a point where one can easily touch the bag and deal with the temperature, it should then be applied to the black eye, reheating and cooling as necessary, continually applying until the bruising and the swelling both diminish.

For a quick toothache remedy, it is possible to boil two teaspoons of hyssop leaves into half a cup of vinegar, which should only take about five minutes when simmer. The mixture is strained and swilled around in the affected mouth, ending with spitting out the mixture.

Active Ingredients and Why Hyssop Works

The volatile oil found in hyssop contains a few different ingredients, including boryl acetate, thujione, camphor, linalool, isopinocamphone, as well as a-terpinene. The volatile oil found in hyssop, as well as its ingredients are founded to alleviate indigestion, have a purgative action and to soothe the colon, and it also contains different flavonoids, such as diosmin and hesperidin, which are known to aid in health.

Recommended Dosages and Safety Precautions

There has never been any officially proven effective or safe dosage for using hyssop in adults. However, it is known that adults have been tested to remain safe after employing about two grams of the dried herb while infused in hot, boiling water for three times a day.

However, avoid using extracted hyssop oil for too long – adults are recommended to have ten to thirty drops or less per day – because it is a known convulsant, meaning that there is a slight risk of seizures occurring.

This risk of seizures is the same reason why children should avoid taking hyssop excessively, if at all. It also goes without saying that those who are suffering epilepsy. Additionally, diabetics should refrain from taking the hyssop herb internally; they may still use it externally, aromatically or use the essential oils.

Limited Information

There are several complementary techniques that are regularly employed by professionals in healthcare who have had formal training in accordance with any and all standards that are required of their national organizations. However, this is neither always nor universally the situation, meaning that adverse effects may occur. Because there may be limited research, there may be instances of only limited information for safety available.

Allergies

Those who are known to have either an allergy or a hypersensitivity to hyssop, any related plants within the Lamiaceae family or any of the constituents found in hyssop should refrain from ever using hyssop, either internally or externally, aromatically or from using any of its extracted essential oils.

Side Effects and Warnings

Instances of seizures and vomiting have been known to occur and have previously been reported, especially when hyssop is taken at high dosages. Convulsions are known to occur because of the ketone pino-camphone that is present in the essential oil. For this reason, it is highly recommended to avoid using hyssop in any way in patients who have epilepsy or pregnancy.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Due to a lack of scientific evidence currently available in research, women who are either pregnant or breastfeeding should not take hyssop unless absolutely necessary.

Known and Possible Drug Interactions

Because hyssop is thought to lower the threshold of seizures, it may theoretically interact with antiepileptic medicines. It may interact additively when taking an anti-hyperglycemic drug for altering blood sugar. For this reason, those with diabetes or hypoglycemia are advised to proceed with caution and in any others who may be taking supplements, drugs or herbs in order to affect their blood sugar.

A qualified professional in healthcare may also monitor the serum glucose levels and adjust the medication as necessary. A pharmacist may also perform this task.

Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, which are constituents of the hyssop herb, are known to contain recognized cholesterol lowering, or anti-hyperlipidemic, properties, meaning that they may additively interact with other drugs for anti-hyperlipidemia.

Other Serious Interactions

Early studies that tested various usages of crude extracts produced from hyssop have shown that there was antiviral activity against both HIV-1 and herpes simplex. One may then conclude that hyssop, theoretically, may additively interaction with other antiviral medications.

Hyssop is found in a decoction of qingre huoxue, leading scientists to believe is may additively interact with glucocorticoids. Hyssop is thought to possess activity with regards to immunomodulatory activity, proposing the thought that it may additively interact with immunosuppressant medicines.

Purchasing Hyssop

Hyssop may be found in local garden shops or online. Discounts may be found when buying in bulk, but remember not to purchase more than is necessary to use in a few weeks when keeping alive or for a year and a half when keeping dry. The average price is about $4 to $5 per pound.

Feverfew Herb

The botanical name for feverfew is tanacetum parthenium, belonging to the family Compositae. Parthenium is a derivative from the Greek “pur”, meaning “fire”, which is testament to the spicy hot taste of the root of the plant, and also to the blisters which form if the leaves are chewed.

This herb is a preeminent member of the Chrysanthemum flower group. The word feverfew is a derivative of the Latin term febrifugia, which means “fever reducer”.

Feverfew grows abundantly in gardens as well as other open spaces, and has become acclimatized all through a large portion of Europe.

Since feverfew has been introduced into the United States it has become a popular plant for herbalists and gardeners alike, being grown both as a traditional medicinal herb and also as an ornamental garden plant. Feverfew spreads quickly, covering an extensive area in just a few years if left unattended.

Plant Description

A short perennial, feverfew will grow into a small, aromatic bush up to approximately 20 inches tall. It gives off a strong, bitter, citrusy odor from the leaves when touched. The bright yellowish-green, chrysanthemum-like leaves grow alternately on both sides of the stem, turning downward and having short hairs. If chewed, the leaves have a spicy hot flavor.

The small, daisy-like, bright white flowers are arranged in a tight, level cluster. The white flowers have flat yellow centers, not unlike those of a daisy. This perennial blooms between late spring to the first frosts (June to October), depending on location.

The cut flowers make a nice spring arrangement and will last for over a week if kept in water and out of the sun. The leaves can be mixed with dried wormwood to make a potent defense against moths.

Alternative Names

Feverfew is known in medical journals and encyclopedias by the botanical synonyms Pyrethrum parthenium and Chrysanthemum parthenium. Its common name is believed to have risen from the earlier name of featherfew, which referred to the feather-like leaves of the plant. Because of the plant’s efficacy in treating fevers, it became more commonly known as feverfew.

Other common names for feverfew include altamisa, bachelor’s button, bride’s button, chamomile grande, featherfoil, febrifuge plant, midsummer daisy, mutterkraut, nosebleed, wild chamomile, and wild quinine. The many common names of this plant attest to the many cultures and centuries of effective use.

History

The ancient papers of Greek physicians contain many references to feverfew. It has been used for hundreds of years by European folk healers to reduce or eliminate symptoms of headache, fevers, and reportedly arthritis. Early physicians also used the herb to treat menstrual disorders, stomachaches, toothaches, and even mundane insect bites. The many folk names of feverfew are proof that it has been known and used for centuries. It was also believed that the plant could act as an air purifier and ward off disease.

More recently, within the last 20 years or so, feverfew has been used by some herbalists and homeopathic doctors to treat migraine headaches. Secondary use is for arthritis and/or inflammatory symptoms or illnesses such as psoriasis.

Myths: True and False

A legend exists that feverfew saved the life of someone who fell from the Parthenon, a famous temple in ancient Greece. This is why parthenium is believed to be part of the botanical name.

A superstition reports that if feverfew is planted around homes it will purify the air and ward off disease. Since the pungent odor is offensive to bees, people used to carry branches to ward the bees off.

According to one very old text, feverfew should be “pulled from the ground with the left hand, and the fevered patient’s name must be spoken forth, and the herbalist must not look behind him.”

People Who Have Used It

Dioscorides, a Greek herbalist, treated arthritis with feverfew. Nicholas Culpepper, a famous English pharmacist, prescribed the plant for “all pains in the head”. Another celebrated herbalist, John Hill, used it to “cure the worst headaches”.

Habitat: Where and How It Grows

Feverfew is native to Eurasia, more specifically the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus, but has been transplanted to all of Europe, North America, the Mediterranean, Chile, and Australia. This perennial likes full sun, though it will grow in partial shade, and should be planted 15 to 18 inches apart. It can grow as high as 2 feet in ideal conditions. Feverfew is hardy to USDA zone 5 (-22 degrees Fahrenheit).

This perennial likes well-drained, manure-enriched soil, but will grow even in poor soil. The best time to plant is toward the end of April, after danger of frost has passed, but it can also be planted in the autumn. It may be propagated by seed (started in February, planted in April), by division (best accomplished in March, roots should be divided in 3 or 5 pieces), or by cuttings (cut the shoots, then put in a bed of slightly sandy soil; plant through the winter, October to May).

Seeding

While the plants are young, watch for snails and slugs. Spray the plant with a cayenne pepper wash if slugs are a problem.

Feverfew seeds itself easily, and will grow outside the garden borders if left to itself. If planted in partial shade, the leaves will be darker than in full sun. If planted in a sheltered location, it will survive a mild winter uncovered and untended. After the first blooming, cut it back and a second blooming will occur late in the summer. In the fall it should be cut down to the ground.

It grows easily and quickly, making it ideal for filling in border and pathway gaps or to edge the driveway. It is a very pretty ornamental, and mixes well with other flower garden plants.

Parts to Use

The stems, leaves, and flowers can be used. Do not use the roots of this plant. The leaves can be eaten fresh to relieve headaches, but blisters in the mouth are a common side effect of utilizing feverfew in this way. Stems, leaves, and petals can be chopped and infused into a tea by steeping in water.

Chopped and mixed with alcohol, a tincture can be made, stored, and added by dropper as needed. A poultice can be made by sautéing the chopped herb in a little oil, then placing the sautéed contents into a clean towel, muslin, or cheesecloth for placement on the body.

Typical Uses

Headaches

The most common current day use for feverfew is to reduce or eliminate headaches. Herbalists familiar with this plant have been known to remove a leaf from the plant and immediately chew it to get rid of a headache, though this isn’t recommended since it can cause blisters in the mouth.

Migraine headaches

A more violent form of headache, migraines have been successfully treated using feverfew. This is particularly helpful for people who do not react well to the prescription medications typically prescribed for migraines. Some ardent proponents tout the benefits of feverfew to prevent migraines, but the efficacy of this treatment has not been scientifically proven and so at this time is merely anecdotal.

Arthritis

Centuries-old annotations about the efficacy of feverfew on arthritis have been found in physicians’ texts. Feverfew’s anti-inflammatory properties have been used with good effect on arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis.

Fever reducer

This was a common use for feverfew until the last century or so, when the use of aspirin became widespread. Passionate traditional herbalists still prefer feverfew over aspirin. Homeopaths use this as a hot infusion to help sweat out the fever.

Menstrual cramps

This is a well-documented use for feverfew, as it soothes cramps and promotes regular menstrual flow. For this reason, it should not be used by any woman who suspects she may be pregnant.

Laxative

This can be used for either a mild or a strong laxative, depending on how you use it.
Gas – The herb can be used to relieve gas and bloating, but too much will have the opposite effect.

Vermifuge

Feverfew can be used to expel parasitic worms from the intestines.

A study in 2005 found that feverfew induces cell death in the stem cells of leukemia. Further studies on the efficacy of feverfew on cancer in general have not been released. Feverfew contains a goodly amount of melatonin, used for natural sleep. It also has GABAergic effect, and so is a mild depressant.

Most Common Forms

Feverfew can be home grown or purchased commercially. Popular supplement forms are available in fresh, freeze-dried, or dried regularly. It is available in capsule, tablet, fresh dried leaves (for tea) or in liquid extract forms.

Most of the supplements have a standardized dose of parthenolide, which is believed to be the active compound in feverfew. A standard dose of parthenolide is between 0.2% and 0.4%. In extract form, a standardized parthenolide dose is 250 micrograms (mcg).

Be sure to read the label to verify percentage or micrograms of parthenolide. Although the stems, leaves, and flowers can be used medicinally, commercial versions of feverfew typically use only freeze-dried leaves.

Prepared extract should be stored carefully in the refrigerator. Normal temperatures have been shown to render some ingredients ineffective.

Typical dosage and usage regimen

Pediatric

Do not use feverfew on children under the age of 2. For older children, the adult dose should be adjusted based on the weight of the child. Adult doses are formulated for a person with an average weight of 150 lbs. Accordingly, if the child weighs 50 lbs. the correct dose would be one third of the recommended adult dose.

Adult

Migraine headaches

Use 100-300 mg. with a standardized 0.2-0.4% parthenolide, up to 4 times each day.

Migraine headache preventative

Using freeze-dried capsules, take 200-250 mg. per day. Some literature suggests that it can take several weeks to notice a significant improvement.

Inflammatory conditions

From 5-30 drops of tincture 4 times daily for arthritis or psoriasis.

As with any herb, start with a small dose to see how it affects you. For instance, if the recommended dose is between 100-300 mg. per day, begin with the 100 mg. and monitor for effect. Increase the dose as needed, but don’t just start with the largest dose.

Many people think “if one will do the job, three will do it better or faster”, but that’s not the case. Too much of any herb can cause unpleasant side effects. See below.

Popular brands available on the market

Feverfew is widely available both online and in many supermarkets. Some common brands include GNC and Nature’s Way.

Feverfew is also used by Aveeno, Neutrogena, Dermalogica, and Clean and Clear skincare brands to calm red and irritated skin and in a variety of beauty treatments.

Why It Works

The active ingredient in feverfew is considered to be parthenolide. For migraines, it is believed that feverfew inhibits the release of serotonin and prostaglandins, which are thought to aid migraine onset. This reduces inflammation of the blood vessels in the head, which in turn is believed to stop the blood vessel spasms which contribute to the headache.

Feverfew appears to inhibit the release of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in arthritic joints, which reduces inflammation. The herb’s ability to inhibit production of prostaglandins makes it useful to treat conditions such as psoriasis. It is also considered an anticoagulant, and so will keep blood clots from forming.

A study in 2005 found that feverfew induces cell death in the stem cells of leukemia. Further studies on the efficacy of feverfew on cancer in general have not been released. Feverfew contains a goodly amount of melatonin, used for natural sleep. Some other chemical and nutritional components include B-vitamins, beta-carotene, calcium, flavonoid glycosides, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, selenium, vitamin C, and zinc.

What It Has Been Proven To Do

Many studies and anecdotal evidence have proven that feverfew is effective in treating headaches, dysmenorrhea, poor menstrual flow, inflammation, asthma, and digestive problems. It is also used to good effect for insect and vermin bites, reducing the pain and swelling.

A non-medicinal use includes insect repellent (dilute with water and use as a spray).

Unproven Claims

Although anecdotal evidence and case reports abound, a scientific study of human subjects reported that feverfew was as ineffective as a placebo in treating rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, the efficacy of feverfew in treating osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis has not been scientifically proven yet.

Legal Status

Feverfew is legal everywhere in the United States and around the world.

Potential Side Effects

Using herbs is a time-honored practice which predates modern medicine. Like medicines, however, herbs can cause side effects and can interact or interfere with prescription medications, other herbs, or supplements. All herbs, including feverfew, should be taken with caution and with the supervision or advice of a qualified herbalist.

The most often reported side effects include gastrointestinal distress, ulcers of the mouth, and antiplatelet actions. Other side effects include abdominal pain, indigestion, gas, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. Also, people who have chewed the leaves have reported blisters of the mouth and temporary loss of taste. Swelling of the lips, tongue, or mouth have been reported.

Prior to Surgery

Because of the anticoagulant properties of feverfew, it should not be taken prior to surgery. Also, persons taking blood thinners or anticoagulants or have blood clotting difficulty, should completely avoid feverfew.

Pregnant Women & Children

It should not be used by pregnant women or women who are thought to be pregnant. Feverfew should also not be used by breastfeeding women, as it can transmit through breast milk to the infant.

Infants and children under the age of 2 should never be given feverfew.

Continuos Use & Allergy Information

If feverfew has been taken continually for a period of time, sudden discontinuation can cause withdrawal. Symptoms of withdrawal include headache, irritability, restlessness and difficulty sleeping, and joint pain.

Persons who have demonstrated an allergy to ragweed, chamomile, or yarrow are likely to have an allergy to feverfew as well and should avoid taking it.

Possible Interactions

Feverfew can alter or negate the effects of some prescription and/or over the counter medications. You should not use feverfew if you are taking any of the following medications: blood thinners such as aspirin, warfarin or coumadin, or NSAID medications. Some reports have indicated that feverfew can make NSAID medications ineffective. The reverse is also true.

Cost

Feverfew is relatively inexpensive. A bottle of 300mg. capsules, with 100 capsules in the bottle, can be found for as little as $4.00 or as much as $21.00, depending on where you purchase it.

Where You Can Find It

Feverfew may be purchased online at locations such as drugstore.com or puritan.com, at vitamin stores such as GNC, or in supermarkets such as Publix or Walmart.

Goldenseal: The magical over harvested herb

We’ve all heard about alternative remedies that come and go like dust in the wind. There are many choices out there for the consumer that wants to try these alternatives, but since science rarely backs up herbal solutions, there is not much stone cold proof available to us. However, there is one herb which has done a fantastic job of creating buzz in the herbal remedy world by curing all kinds of ailments and problems. That herb is called Goldenseal, and here is a little information on it.

Where Goldenseal Comes From

Goldenseal is an herb that grows mostly in Canada and the United States. It can be easily identified by its rootstock, which is yellow in color and very thick. It is most often found in it’s processed form, the most common of which is a powder, but it can also be found in tablet, salve, and tincture form.

This means that there is a variety of ways to buy it, which can be very convenient for a customer looking for it for different uses.

Origin and History

Goldenseal was being used quite a lot by the Native Americans at the time when Europe was trying to invade the Americas. They used it for its medicinal qualities as well as a coloring agent. There were several different medicinal uses for it, such as: treatment for cancer, treatment for swelling of the breasts, a topical antibiotic, and many more.

It was quickly put to use for many treatments of the Colonists, and was used to treat just about anything that went wrong with them, including: congestion, gallstones, constipation, etc. This caused the plant to grow in popularity very quickly. There are also myths of it being able to help drug users pass a urinalysis test, but those were struck down in lab tests.

Variations

There are no variations of the Goldenseal herb today, although researchers have considered it because of the herbs rapid rate of disappearance. It is on the CITES list for being one of the most over harvested herbs in the world today.

There are many reasons that Goldenseal is harvested, but there are also instances of it being destroyed without replacements by those who seek to mine where the herb grows. The combination of that and over harvesting is causing the Goldenseal herb to quickly become extinct, and that would be a tremendous loss considering its value as an alternative medicine.

Users and Uses

A lot of herbalists out there today will give the Goldenseal herb as an alternative solution for anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, or laxative purposes, and it works quite well. It is a very bitter herb with a stringent effect, so it will strip mucus off of the intestines as well as increase bile production and increase appetite.

This is good for those that suffer from stomach ailments, or people who are looking for a healthier, more active digestion system. Berberine, one of the most alkaloids found in Goldenseal, is thought to be the most active ingredient because of its ability to kill several fungi and bacteria. This antibiotic activity, although weak, is sometimes strong enough to kill things like Chlamydia.

The unique qualities of the Goldenseal herb enable it to be combined with almost any other drug, and it will have an overall positive effect on the body in general. This is one of the reasons why it is so popularly recommended by herbalists.

Common Uses Today

If you are looking for Goldenseal today, you will more than likely find it in its powder form. However, it is also available in a tincture, a salve, and pill form if you want to do a little more searching. Each different method will have its own different uses, such as the pill form being used to fight infection inside the body, while the salve or powder forms can be used to prevent infection in things like small cuts and scrapes, animal bites, and small wounds.

There is a tonic form that can also be taken internally, and it is very useful for those who don’t want to mix their own from the powder, because some of the chemicals inside Goldenseal are not very water soluble. Several different brands produce Goldenseal or products that contain Goldenseal such as: GNC, Nature Made, Alvita, and Nature’s Herbs. These are definitely some of the more popular brands as well as the most trusted, because of the length of time they’ve been in business.

Claims and Myths

Goldenseal has been proven to help treat literally thousands of ailments both several hundred years ago as well as today. While not many scientific studies have been done, the proof is right there before the eyes of the doctors who prescribe it daily. There are not many urban legends or myths about the herb, the only notable exception being mentioned earlier about it helping to pass drug tests.

This became a popular legend when a novelist wrote a book in the 1890’s in which someone passes a drug test with the use of Goldenseal. This myth has long since been dispelled, and it does not work for that. However, most of the other claims are true, because of the herbs widespread usefulness and medicinal qualities. You can just about bet that if a medical condition exists, someone has tried to treat it with Goldenseal.

Dosing Requirements

The dosage of Goldenseal is widely varied with the affliction that it is prescribed for. In the case of a respiratory issue, the dosage is small than that of an intestinal issue.

Four hundred milligrams four times a day is the recommended dosing amount for someone with an intestinal affliction, while the dosing for someone with chest congestion would be a 1 gram tablet taken three times daily. There is no usage limit, but there are some side effects that will be mentioned later.

Legal Status

Goldenseal is not currently illegal in any country, in fact, it is one of the top three highest selling herbs in the entire world. People from all over realize the health benefits from the herb, and while these health benefits have not been verified by much science, it has still not kept people from using to try to cure themselves a more natural way. There were close to 300,000 pounds of Goldenseal consumed by humans last year.

The herb is currently increasing in popularity, and this means that if we want to continue to avoid high increases in price or limited availability, we must act fast to make sure we are doing everything we can to save this magic herb.

Side Effects

There are a few side effects of Goldenseal that might produce undesirable reactions in some consumers, and so they should be aware of them. While not toxic, too much Goldenseal in the body at one time can make the user feel sick, and so the recommended dosage should be followed at all times.

Some of the side effects, although very rare, include: vomiting, nausea, breathing failure, or a feeling of numbness in extremities. Pregnant women should not use Goldenseal, as it may cause complications. If you are allergic to Berberine, you should not take Goldenseal, and the side effects of that include some of the others, as well as headaches, low blood pressure, and slow heart rate.

If you feel any of these effects while taking Goldenseal, discontinue use immediately and notify a doctor. If you reach toxic levels of Berberine in the body, in can induce seizures or irritation of the esophagus and mouth, so you need to be careful when using Goldenseal to make sure that you do not overdose. These are all things to watch out for, and you should always stick to the dosage amounts listed on the package and never exceed them.

Price and Availability

The price of Goldenseal is not outrageous, and you can find it mixed with other herbs for an even lower price. It is most typically paired with echinacea, and if you buy it that way, you’ll spend around $10 USD a bottle that has around 75 capsules. If you want the tincture, you will pay a little less, and the pill form is going to be about $20 USD for pure Goldenseal in a capsule form.

These are pretty average prices right now, but they will only go up if the Goldenseal herb continues to be over harvested or destroyed. Another thing that will be affected by the continuing abuse of the herb is availability.

Right now, it is fairly easy to find it on the internet or in stores. However, if the over harvesting and the destruction of Goldenseal is allowed to continue, it will be very unfortunate for all in that it will become hard to find, more expensive, and maybe even illegal to use!

In closing, the Goldenseal herb is a powerful alternative remedy for a myriad of ailments and conditions. Its continued use has become one we’ve taken for granted, and its time on Earth may be drawing to a close if we as humans are not careful to preserve it. From an upset stomach to a bite from your cat, the chances are good that you can use Goldenseal to help make you health, and therefore your life, much better. Go try some today!

Dysphania ambrosioides or Chenopodium ambrosioides

Epazote is an herb that is native to South and Central America. It has traditionally been used as an herbal remedy since the time of the Aztecs, and it is also an important herb in Mexican cooking. The flavor and scent of epazote are acquired tastes, however, and can be off-putting to people who are not used to them.

In the US, epazote is sometimes called skunk weed because the odor is considered to be repellent, but in Latin America, many people enjoy both the scent and the taste of this plant. The current scientific name for epazote is Dysphania ambrosioides, but it used to be classified as Chenopodium ambrosioides. It is also known as Mexican tea, wormseed, paico, Jesuit’s tea and Herba Sancti Mariae.

Annual Plant

Epazote is an annual plant that is often found growing on waste ground, in flowerbeds and in dry lakes and rivers. It is native to the South and Central Americas, but is also found as an invasive species in the temperate and tropical regions of the world, in Europe and the southern US.

Characteristics & Texture

Epazote has long, toothed aromatic leaves that can be up to about three inches in length, with the leaves becoming smaller the higher up the stem they are growing.

The plant can reach heights of several feet under optimum growing conditions. Adult plants produce a number of irregular branches that are held vertically, or near vertically.

The plants have small, green flowers that appear as loose, branching spikes or panicles, which grow out from the reddish colored stem. Epazote usually flowers between July and September, after which it will produce small, round green fruits, each containing a tiny black seed.

Epazote Scent

The scent of an epazote plant is unique and very strong. It is often the easiest way of identifying or locating the plant. In the US, epazote is sometimes referred to as skunk weed because the odor is often considered very objectionable, but in other times and places the scent has been thought of as very attractive.

Some indigenous people wore pieces of epazote for its scent. The odor of the plant bears some similarities to the scents of citrus, camphor, mint, savory and petroleum. Epazote is one of the strongest smelling herbs. The scent of epazote is matched with an equally strong flavor, which is employed in many dishes from Latin America.

Epazote’s Leaves

The leaves of the plant are commonly used as flavoring or are eaten as a vegetable, but an oil may also be derived from epazote and used for medicinal purposes. This oil can be produced from the whole plant, or just from the leaves, the seeds or the fruit alone. Epazote tea is also produced from the leaves. Many traditional herbal remedies require the preparation of a decoction of the leaves of the epazote plant. The leaves are mashed and then boiled in water in order to extract the useful oils.

History

The name Epazote is derived from the word epazotl, which comes from the Nahuatl language. This is an Aztecan language that is found in Central Mexico. The Aztecs used epazote as a natural remedy and as an herb for flavoring food. Many other indigenous American peoples have also used this plant.

Epazote used to be scientifically classified within the genus Chenopodium, along with approximately 150 other species that are commonly known as goosefoots. Epazote has since been reclassified in the closely related genus Dysphania, but there are still many similarities between the plants in these two groups. Members are often used as leaf vegetables or are grown in order to extract oils from them.

Quinoa Oil

Quinoa oil, for example, comes from a plant within the Chenopodium genus. The oil that is derived from epazote or D. ambrosioides is often called oil of chenopodium. This name comes from the old classification of the plant, and is still used today although the plant is technically no longer in the Chenopodium genus.

The goosefoots have been used for food since at least 4000 BC, when different species of this plant were being grown by the ancient peoples of Europe and North America. Epazote also has a long history of use as both a food and a medicine.

Digestive Benefits

Epazote has traditionally been used as a cure for intestinal parasites. This is reflected in some of the names that have been given to the plant, such as wormseed.

Eating the leaves can eliminate worms in the digestive system. It has also been used as an herbal remedy to treat spasms of the muscles, and in order to induce abortion, among other things. Epazote is widespread as a native plant across both South and Central America, and it has been exploited by many different groups of people living in different parts of this region.

Many groups of indigenous people in the Americas have used epazote as an herbal remedy, particularly as a cure for intestinal worms. In the Yucatan, epazote has been traditionally used to get rid of worms, and to treat chorea, asthma and excessive mucus production.

Cultural Uses

In the Amazon, the Tikuna Indians have used epazote to treat worms and for its laxative properties. In South America, the Kofan and Siona Indians have used epazote to kill parasitic worms, by dosing patients with a cup of epazote leaf decoction taken every morning for three days, and the Kofan Indians have worn bracelets made from the plant in order to provide a perfume. The Creoles have used epazote to treat worms in children and to cure colds in adults.

The Wayapi have used a decoction of epazote leaves as a treatment for stomach upsets and internal bleeding caused by falls. In Piura, Peru, people have used an epazote leaf decoction to treat intestinal gas, worms and parasites, gout, cramps, hemorrhoids, and nervous disorders, as well as using it as a laxative and an insecticide. Some tribes treat fevers by bathing in epazote decoction and burn fresh epazote plants to repel insects, including mosquitoes.

Latin America Influence

Many of the traditional uses of epazote remain current in modern Latin America. Epazote is particularly common as an herbal remedy for the treatment of intestinal worms and other parasites of the digestive system, such as amebas. Both the leaves and the seeds are used to treat worms. In Brazil, epazote is also used as a cure for coughs and colds, asthma and other respiratory disorders and infections.

It is also used to treat angina, to improve the digestion, reduce intestinal gas and to encourage healthy sweating. Epazote is put to similar uses in Peru, but in the Peruvian Amazon, the plant is also used as a remedy for arthritis. It is socked for several days in water and then applied to the skin around the affected joints. Some people in South America also use epazote as an herbal remedy for menstrual problems, and apply it to the skin to treat bruises and wounds.

Use

Epazote is used as a flavoring for food and as an herbal remedy and health food. The most frequent reasons for using epazote are as an ingredient in Mexican cookery, usually with beans, and as an herbal remedy that can get rid of parasitic intestinal worms.

The leaves of the epazote herb are used as an herb and eaten as a leaf vegetable. The strong flavor is comparable to fennel, tarragon or anise, in its pungent, medicinal taste. It can be too strong for some people, and it may take some time to get used to the flavor.

As an herb, epazote is commonly used to add some extra taste to black beans. In addition to its flavor, it is also prized for its ability to reduce the formation of gas in the digestive system that is usually common after a meal of beans. This property is also known as a carminative effect.

Mexican Recipes

The epazote herb is also used in a number of other Mexican recipes. It can be added to soups, tamales, mole de olla, enchiladas, chilaquiles, sopes and quesadillas. Epazote is sometimes also used in some Caribbean cookery.

Eating the leaves of the epazote plant is also considered to be very healthy. In addition to reducing flatulence after eating beans, it is believed to be able to treat a number of conditions. Epazote has been used as an herbal remedy for malaria, chorea, catarrh, asthma, hysteria, dysmenorrheal (severe pain during menstruation) and amenorrhea (lack of menstruation in a woman who is of childbearing age).

Essential Oil

In addition to the leaves, an essential oil derived from the epazote plant may also be used. This oil of chenopodium can be used to kill intestinal worms. It is a great deal stronger than the fresh or dried leaves, or a tea made from them. Epazote oil is not usually taken internally now, although it was once a very common treatment.

The essential oil obtained from epazote plants is composed of up to 70 percent ascaridole. This is an unusual chemical to find in an herb or spice, and it is largely responsible for the pungent scent of the plant, as well as its medicinal activities.

Epazote oil also contains limonene, which produces a citrus scent and can repel insects and p-cymene, as well as a selection of other chemicals that are present in lower concentrations: alpha pinene, terpinene, myrcene, camphor, trans isocarveol and thymol).

Many of the chemicals that are present in epazote oil, including ascaridole, belong to a group called monoterpenes. It is often suggested that epazote plants grown in Asia and Europe have lower concentrations of ascaridole than those that are grown in Mexico, but this has never been proven.

Fighting Intestinal Worms

It is the oil of the epazote plant that is believed to be able to kill intestinal worms. This traditional American remedy spread worldwide and was used for several centuries by people around the world. It was brought to Europe from the Americas during the 17th Century, and was then used as an herbal remedy until the 20th Century.

Oil of chenopodium was even listed as a recommended treatment for roundworms, hookworms and amebas in the US Pharmacopoeia, which is the physician’s guide to all of the standard therapeutic drugs and treatments. It was also commonly used to treat domestic animals and livestock suffering from worms. The potential side effects associated with this treatment meant that it was replaced by safer options, however, during the 1940s and it is no longer recommended by doctors.

Epazote is still used in some parts of the world to treat intestinal worm infections in both humans and animals. This use is particularly prevalent in Latin American countries such as Honduras. The treatment is usually prepared by grinding the leaves or the entire epazote plant and adding it to water, rather than extracting the oil, which can be too strong to be safe for the patient.

Scientific Evidence

A number of uses of epazote have been investigated scientifically and found to have some degree of efficacy. Studies have tested the use of epazote against insects, parasites and bacteria, and as a treatment for malaria and cancer. Epazote has traditionally been used as a remedy for many other problems, however, which have not yet been scientifically tested.

These include its use for disorders of the digestive system, in pain relief, and as a treatment for menstrual conditions. The strongest scientific evidence for the efficacy of epazote as an herbal remedy comes from studies of its use as a treatment for intestinal parasites.

There are some reliable investigations that have found fairly strong evidence that it is an effective treatment, both in the lab and in human patients.

Main Ingredient of Epazote

The main active ingredient of epazote oil, ascaridole, was isolated for the first time in 1895 by a scientist living in Brazil. It was the first known naturally occurring organic peroxide, and is the main active ingredient of epazote treatments.

Ascaridole is believed to be responsible for the ability of epazote to kill intestinal worms, and a number of other medicinal properties have also been attributed to it, including the ability to relieve pain and to act as a sedative. It may also be able to work as an antifungal agent.

Evidence from animal and in vitro studies has suggested that ascaridole is effective against intestinal worms and parasites. It has also been demonstrated to work as an insecticide and to have anti malarial properties.

Human Clinical Trials

Clinical trials have also taken place in humans. As recently as 1996, a trial was conducted to test the efficacy of epazote leaf extracts against intestinal worms. The treatment was successful in 56 percent of cases. 72 patients, both children and adults, were included in the study.

The epazote extract was found to be 100 percent effective against two common intestinal parasites, Trichuris and Ancilostoma, but only 50 percent effective against the parasite Ascaris. In 2001, another study was carried out to investigate the use of epazote extract as a treatment for roundworm in children.

Thirty patients were included in this study. It was found that epazote was 100 percent effective against tapeworms, and was able to eliminate the eggs of Ascaris parasites with an efficacy of 86.7 percent, and to decrease parasitic burden by 59.5 percent.

Studies for Fighting Cancer

Studies have also been conducted to evaluate other potential uses of epazote, including possible activity against cancerous cells, inhibition of stomach ulcer formation, and elimination of antibiotic resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.

Some evidence has been found to support these possible uses, but there have not as yet been any clinical trials in humans, and there is no definitive proof that epazote is an effective and practical choice for treatment of any of these conditions.

Dosage

The recommended dose of epazote leaf decoction for the treatment of intestinal parasites is a half cup of standard decoction, to be drunk before breakfast, over three consecutive mornings.

This is generally followed by a dose of a mild laxative on the fourth day, which will help to expel the parasites and their eggs, once they are dead or dying. The treatment is usually repeated after a fortnight in order to get rid of any worms that may have hatched from eggs that were not killed by the first round of treatment.

A decoction of the leaves is also used as an herbal remedy to treat digestive, respiratory and menstrual problems. These conditions are usually treated with half cup doses that are taken as necessary.

Buying and Storage

Epazote leaves can be bought from most Mexican grocery or food stores, in both its fresh and air dried forms. In cookery, a teaspoonful of the dried leaves should be treated as equivalent to approximately seven fresh epazote leaves, or one branch of the fresh plant.

It is possible to leave the fresh leaves to sir dry in order to store them for longer, but when placed inside a plastic bag, the fresh leaves will last for up to a week.

Side Effects

A 10 milligram dose of epazote oil can cause vomiting, sleepiness, weakness, convulsions, and respiratory and cardiac problems. It may even be fatal. It is these adverse effects that resulted in the replacement of epazote oil as a recommended treatment for intestinal parasites in the US Pharmacopoeia.

The essential oil of epazote is not recommended for internal use due to its toxicity, but it is possible to use the leaves of the plant in herbal remedies, since these contain lower levels of the toxic substances than the seeds or oils derived from the whole plant. According to the World Health Organization, a decoction made from 20 grams of epazote leaves, was effective against intestinal parasites without causing any significant side effects.

Pregnant women should never take epazote, due to its toxicity and the possible damage it could do to the unborn baby. Epazote has traditionally been used to induce abortion, and although there is no scientific proof that it is effective in doing this, it is inadvisable to take the risk.

Legal Status

Epazote is not regulated in the US, since it is considered to be a food product rather than a medicine. There are no restrictions against purchasing epazote products.

Cost

Fresh and dried epazote leaves can be purchased from specialist grocery stores, particularly those that are oriented towards Mexican cooking. It is also possible to buy the dried leaves online. A jar of dried leaves for use in food can be bought for well under $2. Much larger packages are available for frequent users.

Epazote seeds are also available from online retailers and gardening supply stores for just a few dollars. These can be used to grow a crop of epazote at home, although in parts of the world where this rapidly reproducing plant grows in the wild, many people will already have a few plants in their gardens.

Health food stores and websites may also have epazote products for sale. It is possible to find epazote pills. A bottle can be bought for under $20.

St John’s Wort is a plant that is also known as Klamath or Tipton’s Weed. The true St John’s Wort is the species Hypericum perforatum but other species in the same genus, Hypericum, may also be referred to as St John’s Wort.

There are an estimated 370 different species within this genus, all of which are closely related. H. perforatum is native to Europe, although it has spread to most other parts of the world, where it is often considered a pest and an invasive species.

St. John’s Wort

The H. perforatum species is sometimes called Common St John’s Wort in order to differentiate it from its close relations.

Other species of Hypericum originate in Asia and North America.

Although the Common St John’s Wort is the traditional variety associated with medicinal use, other related species have also been used as herbal remedies in non-European cultures.

St John’s Wort is a perennial herb. It is found growing in meadows and pastures in temperate climates, and thrives in places that experience seasonal rains in either the summer or the winter. Due to its usually rapid growth, St John’s Wort is generally considered to be a weed.

It is an invasive alien species in many countries to which it has been introduced by humans, since without its natural controls, the insects that feed on it in its native habitats, it can spread unchecked. St John’s Wort can reproduce both sexually, through pollination of its flowers and production of seeds, and vegetative, by sending out shoots that will develop into new plants.

Bad for Farmers

St John’s Wort is an unwelcome sight for livestock farmers, since it is toxic to animals and very difficult to get rid of. Even once the adult plants have been eradicated, the seeds may remain dormant in the soil for several years.

The plant produces yellow flowers that are approximately two centimeters in diameter and which have five petals. When the leaves are held up against the light, rows of little dots can be seen in them. These are the origin of the perforatum part of the scientific name, which is derived from the perforated appearance that these spots give to the leaves. The buds, petals and seed pods, when crushed, produce a purple or red liquid.

Using St John’s Wort

It is usually the flowers of the St John’s Wort that are used by people, often in herbal remedies. They are generally used when fresh, but they can also be dried in order to be used at a later date.

The flowers can be prepared as a tea, or an extract can be produced from them and used directly, or converted into a tincture. A concentrated extract can also be manufactured in order to make tablets or capsules. The stems and leaves of the plant are occasionally used in remedies, usually in the form of a lotion that will be applied to the skin.

History

St John’s Wort plays an important role in the tradition of herbal medicine in many different cultures from around the world. It also has cultural significance in some regions, particularly in Europe.

The earliest known medicinal use of St John’s Wort was in Ancient Greece, where it was used as a treatment for disorders relating to the nerves from at least 2400 years ago. Elsewhere in the world, other varieties of the plant were also used by the local peoples.

Native Americans used St John’s Wort as an antiseptic and as a treatment for inflammation, for example. Historically, St John’s Wort has been used to treat a diverse range of conditions, including nerve pain, mental disorders, diarrhea and other digestive symptoms, and malaria. It has also been used as a sedative, and as a balm for insect bites, burns and wounds.

European Usage

In the European traditions, St John’s Wort was believed to be able to heal many different types of problems. It was commonly used to treat a wide range of illnesses, being credited with general healing powers. It was also thought to have the power to repel demons and evil spirits.

This early belief is reflected in the scientific name that has more recently been given to the St John’s Wort genus. The name Hypericum is derived from the two Greek words hyper and eikon, which mean over and apparition.

Pagan Belief

The pagan belief in the power of St John’s Wort was adopted into the Christian culture as it spread throughout Europe. People wore talismans made from St John’s Wort in order to ward off the devil, and it was also the custom in many places for the plant to be added to bonfires.

Burning St John’s Wort was believed to help ensure a good harvest by helping the crops to grow well, to cleanse and purify the air, and to scare away evil spirits. According to the Christian belief system, the golden color of the flower was a sign of its efficacy against evil, since it reflected the ability of light to triumph over darkness.

This idea probably relates to the earlier association of the flower with the sun and the summer solstice, which coincides with the flowering season of the plant in Europe, which is usually at the end of June.

Naming Significance

This date was also significant for the naming of the plant, since John the Baptist’s saint’s day falls on the 24th of June. Since the flowers are usually blooming on this day, it is thought that the saint’s name was taken and given to the plant.

The blossoms were traditionally gathered on Saint John the Baptist’s festival day. There is also another story that relates the origin of this plant to the saint. It is said that the plant sprang from the blood of John the Baptist after he was beheaded. This tale may stem from the fact the petals release a red liquid resin when they are crushed, staining the hands a blood red color.

Many different, and often poetic, names have been given to this plant by different cultures and regions. They often point to the traditional uses of St John’s Wort as an herbal remedy. It has been called amber, balm of warrior’s wound, touch and heal, devil’s scourge, witcher’s herb and Lord God’s wonder plant.

Use of St John’s Wort

The most common use of St John’s Wort in the modern world is as a dietary supplement for the treatment of mild depression.

It is a popular natural remedy in the US, where it is available over the counter, but in some parts of the world, it is a prescribed treatment offered by doctors to patients who are diagnosed with depression.

St John’s Wort is in fact one of the most commonly prescribed treatments for the condition in Germany, where it is often selected as the best treatment for children who have mild depression, or for patients who cannot afford to pay for antidepressants.

Two Main Users

There are therefore two groups of people who may use St John’s Wort: patients with depression to whom it has been recommended or prescribed by a doctor, and people who are interested in the use of traditional and natural remedies.

St John’s Wort is sold in a variety of different forms. It is commonly used in capsules or tablets, but it is also possible to buy St John’s Wort teas and tinctures. The liquid extract of the plant is also available, and it is the form preferred by most herbalists.

Two Active Ingredients

There are two recognized active ingredients in St John’s Wort: hyperforin and hypericin. There are numerous other chemical in the plant too, some of which may also have some antidepressant or medicinal properties.

The clinical trials that have been carried out on this supplement have focused on hyperforin and hypericin, however, and standardized formulations of St John’s Wort are now being produced that contain specified levels of these two active ingredients.

Scientists believe that the activity of St John’s Wort is based upon the inhibition of the uptake of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. These three chemicals are neurotransmitters that are known to play a role in the control of mood and stress.

Working with Neurotransmitters

St John’s Wort may also be able to activate receptors for glutamate and gamma-amino-butyrate, which both also function as neurotransmitters. Although it can inhibit the activity of the enzyme monomase oxidase when it is present in high concentrations, there is no evidence that the hypericin in St John’s Wort can have this effect when it is taken at the recommended dosages.

As well as being used to treat depression, St John’s Wort has been tested for the treatment of a number of other conditions, although without any significant success in clinical trials. Some of the traditional medicinal uses of the plant are still being kept alive today by people who use St John’s Wort as an herbal remedy for bruises, cuts and insect bites, to treat coughs and colds, or as a cure for digestive disorders.

There is no scientific evidence to back up the use of St John’s Wort to treat these conditions, although there is a long tradition of doing so. In addition to its medicinal uses, St John’s Wort has also been used to create red and yellow dyes for material and colorings in cosmetics.

Scientific Evidence

There have been many clinical trials that have tested the ability of St John’s Wort to treat various conditions, although most of these experiments have focused on the safety and efficacy of the extract as a treatment for depression.

According to a number of short term studies, St John’s Wort appears to be an effective treatment for mild to moderate depression. It was more effective than a placebo in patients who had these types of major depression, and it matched tricyclic antidepressants in its ability to treat the condition.

There was also a substantial benefit to using St John’s Wort rather than antidepressants, since patients who took the natural extract were less likely to suffer from side effects and adverse events than those who were given the antidepressants. This suggests that St John’s Wort could be a safer alternative treatment in some cases of depression.

Different Results

The same results were not found in all of the trials, however. There were some studies that did not find St John’s Wort to be an effective treatment for depression. Instead, their results suggested that it was no more effective than a placebo.

Questions have been raised about how reliable these negative results are, however, and the consensus among medical professionals is that St John’s Wort is a safe and effective treatment, although it may not be suitable in all cases.

A systematic review of the evidence from clinical trials of St John’s Wort as a treatment for depression was conducted by the Cochrane Library, which produces some of the most respected reviews in the health sector, which are used as sources of evidence by health care professionals and decision makers. The review looked at 29 separate randomly controlled trials, which treated a total of 5489 patients.

Conclusions

The reviewers concluded that there was sufficient evidence from the studies to prove that extracts of St John’s Wort was more effective than a placebo when given to patients suffering from major depression, and was equally as effective as antidepressants. St John’s Wort was also found to be safer than antidepressants, since it resulted in fewer side effects.

One complication to the interpretation of the results was that a stronger effect was found in patients who were taking part in trials in German-speaking countries than in those from elsewhere in the world. This may be due to the stronger tradition of St John’s Wort use in these countries, and particularly to the fact that it is used as a treatment by physicians, which may have increased the confidence of patients in its efficacy.

This could have caused a type of placebo effect, in addition to the medicinal effects of the treatment. Alternatively, the trials in these countries may have been flawed, with results being overly optimistic due to the researcher’s belief in the treatment, or simply a result of differences in the types of depression that were experienced by the patients who were included in the German speaking studies.

Evidence not Concrete

The scientific evidence for St John’s Wort’s efficacy as a treatment for other conditions is less clear, although numerous studies have been conducted.

Some evidence has been gathered that appears to suggest St John’s Wort could be used to treat somatoform disorders, anxiety, atopic dermatitis, ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, nerve pain, obsessive compulsive disorder, pain associated with burning mouth syndrome, premenstrual syndrome, per-menopausal syndrome, seasonal affective disorder, and social phobia.

The results are not enough to prove or disprove the ability of St John’s Wort to help patients with these conditions. There is also only limited evidence of the efficacy of St John’s Wort for the treatment of depression in children.

Trials & Recommendations

Trials have also been conducted to test the use of St John’s Wort in patients with severe depressive disorder and HIV. It was not found to be an effective treatment for either condition, and the adverse reactions of St John’s Wort with many HIV/AIDS drugs means that it is inadvisable for patients with this condition to take St John’s Wort.

St John’s Wort is recommended by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration as a safe and effective treatment for mild to moderate depression, but it is not currently recommended for the treatment of severe depression due to a lack of clinical evidence supporting its use in patients with this type of depression.

Dosage

According to the MedlinePlus National Library of Medicine, the usual dosage for an adult taking St John’s Wort supplements in clinical trials is between 900 and 1800 micrograms of St John’s Wort extract or 0.17 to 2.7 micrograms of hypericin. Both dosages are for oral use on a daily basis. Trials in children have used 150 to 1800 micrograms of St John’s Wort extract daily, by mouth.

The results of clinical trials suggest that a dose of 900 micrograms per day is necessary in order to effectively treat depression. This can be taken as two 450 micrograms doses or three 300 micrograms doses. The effect of treatment with St John’s Wort in patients with depression usually takes between two and four weeks to become apparent.

The standardized formulations of St John’s Wort contain between 0.1 and 0.4 percent hypericin and between 2.0 and 4.0 percent hyperforin. The variation in formulations should be taken into account when choosing a brand of St John’s Wort supplement, and when determining a suitable dosage.

Typical Dosage and Consumption

The usual dose for St John’s Wort tincture is ¼ to 1 full teaspoon, to be taken up to three times a day.

St John’s Wort tea is available in teabags, which are suitable for preparing single cups. It is usually advised to drink up to three cups of this tea a day.

Side Effects

The potential side effects caused by St John’s Wort are mild relative to those, which can result from taking antidepressants. It can, however, cause anxiety, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, dry mouth, rashes, sexual dysfunction or problems with the digestive system.

Occasionally, patients may suffer from photosensitivity, which can result in the eyes becoming more sensitive to light, and the skin being burned, even when the sun is not strong enough to cause sunburn in someone who has not been taking the supplement. Patients taking St John’s Wort should therefore take additional care to protect themselves from the sun, wearing sunscreen and staying in the shade.

St John’s Wort may also interact with certain medications, since it can affect the way that drugs are metabolized. It can increase the side effects of some antidepressants, and it can also interact adversely with the birth control pill, cyclosporine, digoxin, endeavor, irinotecan and warfarin.

Mix with Caution

These drug interactions could have serious health implications, and it is therefore advisable to consult a doctor before beginning to take a St John’s Wort supplement, even in a country such as the US where no prescription is required.

Legal Status

St John’s Wort is not regulated in the US, where it is considered to be a dietary supplement and not a medicine. This means that it is not under the control of the FDA. It is legal in all states and is available over the counter, without a prescription. In some other parts of the world, St John’s Wort is only available on prescription.

Ireland and Germany both require patients to obtain a prescription before they can purchase St John’s Wort. This caution is due to the adverse interactions of St John’s Wort with some medications, which has caused certain governments to issue regulations for its use.

Cost

St John’s Wort is usually fairly cheap. It is sometimes used in Germany as a cheaper alternative to antidepressants. In the US, it can be bought at drug and health food stores. It is also possible to order St John’s Wort online from health food websites.

A months worth of St John’s Wort at the recommended dosage for treatment of depression will usually cost between $10 and $25.