Troublesome dental problems can create a mouthful of pain and discomfort for anyone dealing with a toothache. One of the biggest difficulty dental patients have regarding their dental health is how to treat and cure toothaches. Dental pain, regardless of its origin, can be so disruptive to everyday life, that millions of people each year are unable to cope effectively when the mouth pain occurs.

Toothache discomfort may range from a mild ache to excruciating throbbing pain. Whether the sufferer is experiencing pain great or small, the search for remedies to stop dental pain takes many individuals straight to their computers with the hopes of seeking out some sort of relief from the toothache.

Causes Of Tooth Discomfort

In relation to tooth discomfort, causes may range from excessive tooth decay or cavities, abscesses, broken or damaged teeth, sinus infections, and gum disease. Tooth decay is one of the most prevalent causes of illness throughout the world, especially in locations that do not promote preventative dental hygiene. Lack of brushing, flossing, and poor nutrition are also suspect in creating an environment ripe for potential dental problems.

With tooth decay, the rotten portion of the tooth tends to progress into the pulp and root of the tooth, causing pain.

If a decaying tooth is left untreated by a dental professional, the resulting damage may ultimately lead to infection and possibly the loss of the tooth. Pain and discomfort in and around the affected tooth can be quite severe.

When teeth have an excess of plaque and tartar, there is a greater risk of tooth decay and dental pain due to the increase in of digestive acids that tend to further aggravate toothache pain.

Toothache Symptoms

Quite often a toothache may appear to arise with little or no warning. However, the majority of tooth pain can be traced back to small clues that progressively worsened over time. Taking special notice to the visual condition of the tooth may give the individual an indication of why the toothache has presented itself. Important things to take notice of when experiencing a toothache:

• Broken or chipped teeth
• Pits or dark spots on tooth surface
• Small holes or crevices
• Red or swollen gum tissue
• Puss-filled bump around the base of the tooth
• Other important warning signs to look for when a toothache begins to take hold are:
• A bad taste in the mouth
• Bleeding gums
• Bad breath
• Tooth sensitivity
• Pain when chewing
• Discomfort when brushing or flossing
• Facial swelling or puffiness
• Risk Factors And Toothaches

Common risk factors and health choices that may adversely affect dental health and wellness are eating disorders such as anorexia and/or bulimia, dry mouth, poor oral hygiene habits, lack of flossing, heartburn (high levels of stomach acid may erode tooth enamel), smoking, chewing tobacco, and underlying health problems such as medications and cancer treatments. As individuals age, teeth naturally will weaken and become more susceptible to decay and sensitivity. Continuation of proper oral hygiene can help extend the health and life of teeth in older individuals.

Toothache Complications

While most people can overlook minor aches and pains associated with intermittent toothaches, ignoring serious signs of dental distress may lead to severe oral infections and tooth loss. It is essential to overall health for anyone suffering from a toothache to take immediate steps to discover the underlying cause of the tooth pain in order to avoid dangerous complications down the road.

The real threat of serious infection from toothaches must not be underestimated. Abscesses and infection can lead to sinus and blood infections which may be potentially life threatening. It is imperative to seek out medical assistance when there is the presence of infection.

Home Remedies For Toothaches

In the event that visiting the dentist for treatment must be put off briefly, finding a home remedies that can lessen toothache pain in the interim can help bring the tooth discomfort to a tolerable level. Popular and proven remedies made from natural ingredients found in most homes that may improve the pain level of a toothache are effective enough to take a closer look at.

Garlic and rock salt placed on the affected tooth, or a garlic clove positioned directly on the painful site can alleviate discomfort. Consuming raw onion, usually one per day, can improve the overall health of the teeth. Lime is well-known remedy for toothaches and oral health. The vitamin C found in lime improves tooth health. Another common home remedy for toothaches is vinegar and bayberry. The mixture of the two natural ingredients has been known to relieve mouth pain when applied to the teeth and gums.

Clove Oil

One of the most identifiable natural toothache remedies that has been in use for thousands of years is clove oil. The antiseptic properties found in cloves acts as a numbing agent when applied to the teeth and gums. Clove oil is very strong, so a little goes a long way.

Butternut Bark

In the Native American culture, the use of butternut bark for the alleviation of tooth pain has been used for many years. Another natural cure for toothache pain is asafoetida, which when applied directly to the cavity-filled tooth, will relieve even the most gnawing discomfort.

Gum Massaging

Gum massaging is an old tried-and-true natural remedy for oral pain. By gently manipulating the gums, increased blood flow occurs and effectively allows more oxygen to the affected area in order to generate healing. The use of calendula petals for toothache pain has been in use in native communities to treat dental disorders. Another effective method of treating toothaches is yarrow root. Yarrow is known for stopping a toothache that is in the beginning throws of irritation.

A largely overlooked herbal remedy that can be used as a mouthwash and antiseptic is slippery elm powder. The powder is dissolved in water and is a safe alternative to standard mouthwashes. Tarragon leaves are also an excellent choice in natural toothache prevention. Tarragon is commonly utilized as an herbal anesthetic when applied to the affected tooth.

Eastern Herbal Remedies

Eastern ayurvedic cures and remedies for toothaches employ similar herbal and mineral applications for eliminating the dental discomfort. Babool tree bark is an excellent ayurvedic herbal remedy that helps to arrest the bleeding and pain of an injured or infected tooth. The use of marjoram, which has a mint-like aroma may also be used in the natural curing of a toothache. The use of East Indian rosebay root is also an effective means of pain relief as well.

Western Herbal Toothache Remedies

There are several western home remedies available for the treatment of toothache pain. Cayenne is a wonderfully versatile natural remedy for ending the discomfort of dental pain. When used in small amounts, cayenne provides a natural local anesthetic to the painful area. A very effective natural cure for toothaches is the fig.

Figs have natural pain-relieving compounds. When heated, the fig can be placed directly on the tooth to provide immediate relief of painful abscesses and irritated gums. The use of cider vinegar has antiseptic properties that assist the natural bacteria-killing elements that are found naturally in saliva. Used as a mouthwash, cider vinegar promotes healing and germ-ridding agents.

Applied topically as a poultice, fennel helps to alleviate inflammation that so commonly aggravates the nerves of the teeth, creating pain. Sage and myrrh both provide an essential numbing effect when applied as a tincture to an irritated tooth. The antiseptic properties of both of these herbs will ease the pain of a toothache seconds after its application.

Safety And Precautions Of Herbal Toothache Cures

Most herbal remedies are completely safe and effective to use as a cure for toothaches.However, a misconception that many toothache pain sufferers fail to remember when using alternative natural toothache remedies is assuming that because it is a natural element, it must be safe to use. Caution must be maintained when ingesting or absorbing any herbal or natural remedy into the body. Natural does not always mean safe. Proper research and precautions to avoid possible toxicity and side effects must be done before attempting to use any natural toothache remedy.

Emergency Pain Relief For Nighttime Flareups

A toothache always seems to surface at the least convenient of times. The middle of the night is the most frequent time of day for mouth pain to erupt. One reason for tooth discomfort to occur at night is the position of the head when sleeping. Being in a horizontal lying position causes blood flow to be more centered around the head and mouth area. This increases the likelihood of a sensitive tooth to flare up. When late night dental pain interrupts sleep, some of the quickest methods of relieving the discomfort in order to rest throughout the night can be found in the kitchen and bathroom cupboards.

The application of an ice pack may lessen the intensity of the toothache. Alternating twenty minutes on with twenty minutes off for maximum effect. If the cold happens to worsen the discomfort, applying a warm washcloth to the cheeks may be used instead. Heat and cold both have pain relieving properties. Some people react better to one or the other.

Salt and Pepper Shakers

A strange, yet rather effective method of curbing a midnight toothache can be found in your salt and pepper shakers. Mixing the two flavor enhancers together and applying the mixture to the affected tooth can bring immediate pain relief. The use of turmeric powder in conjunction with mustard oil work well together as an antiseptic for dental pain. By applying a mixture of the two directly to the teeth, a numbing of the tooth will occur.

Using a Potato

An old remedy to stop toothache pain in its tracks can be found in a sack of potatoes. Cut a small wedge out of a raw potato and place the wedge on the affected tooth for approximately fifteen minutes. This should halt the discomfort and allow for a more restful night.

Vanilla Extract

Vanilla extract has been used for years as a home remedy for emergency toothache relief. Apply a few drops of the extract to the affected area. The toothache pain will vanish instantly. This method can be repeated as often as painful flareups occur.

Dietary And Traditional Toothache Remedies And Prevention

While the use of herbal remedies are excellent alternatives to conventional treatment options for toothaches, there are a number of traditional remedies that work very well at controlling and relieving the pain and discomfort of dental problems that can be used alternately or in conjunction with each other. Tylenol, Ibuprofen, and aspirin work well to stave off a moderately painful toothache. Rinsing the mouth with salt water can decrease mouth irritation as well.

In the unfortunate event of an excruciating toothache, the employment of any of the effective natural treatments can lessen the discomfort until a dental professional can be seen. Proper oral hygiene is always the best preventative defense against oral pain.

When a person feels that fluttering feeling in the heart or feels rapid or pounding heartbeats, they are experiencing what is known as heart palpitations. When a person experiences heart palpitations, it may be due to a number of triggers, such as medication, exercise, stress or, much less commonly, a medical condition that is underlying.

Even though it is a worrisome experience to feel heart palpitations, it is usually a harmless occurrence since the heart is still effectively pumping blood. A person can usually prevent the heart palpitations from recurring by avoiding whatever the cause of the trigger is.

In rare cases, experiencing heart palpitations may actually be a symptom of a heart condition that is much more serious, such as arrhythmia, which is an irregular heartbeat, and this may require treatment.

Symptoms of Heart Palpitations

• The symptoms of heart palpitations generally feel like:
• Skipping a heartbeat;
• Fluttering heartbeats;
• A heartbeat that is going too quickly; or
• A heartbeat that is pumping harder than normal.

Heart palpitations can be felt in the neck or in the throat, or they may also be felt in the chest. The feeling of heart palpitations may occur whether a person is at rest, active, and it can happen whether they are seated, laying down or standing.

When to See a Doctor

If the occurrence of heart palpitations is ultimate a concerning one, it is recommended to go see a doctor. He or she may wish to conduct tests to monitor the heart in order to determine whether or not the heart palpitations are due to a much more serious underlying heart problem. It is highly recommended that a person seek emergency medical attention in the event that the heart palpitations come accompanied with:

• Chest pain or discomfort;
• Dizziness;
• Fainting; or
• Shortness of breath.

Causes of Heart Palpitations

It is often the case that the true cause of what triggers heart palpitations cannot be determined. There are a few common causes that are believed to be responsible for instances of heart palpitations, such as:

• Stress, anxiety or any other similar strong emotional responses;
• Strenuous exercise;
• Nicotine;
• Fever;
• Caffeine;
• Hormone changes related to pregnancy, menstruation or menopause;
• Taking cough or cold medications that have the stimulant ingredient pseudoephedrine; or
• Taking any kind of asthma medication inhaler that has a stimulant in it.

However, it is possible, though uncommon, for a heart palpitation to be the symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as an abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia, or hyperthyroidism, which is an overactive thyroid gland. Arrhythmias might include unusually slow heart rates (bradycardia), very fast heart rates (tachycardia) or simply a heart rhythm that is irregular (atrial fibrillation).

Risk Factors for Heart Palpitations

Those are at risk for developing heart palpitations are those who:

• are very stressed;
• have a present anxiety disorder or otherwise regularly undergo panic attacks;
• are pregnant;
• have an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism);
• take medications that have stimulants in them, such as certain asthma or cold medications; and
• have other similar heart problems, such as a heart defect, an arrhythmia or have previously had a heart attack.

Complications Arising From Heart Palpitations

Unless the heart palpitations are a sign or a symptom of an underlying, more serious heart condition, there is very little risk of developing any complications. If the heart palpitations are a sign or a symptom of an underlying, more serious heart condition, some of the more possible complications arising from heart palpitations include:

Fainting

When a heart beats quicker than it normally does, it is possible for the blood pressure to drop dramatically, which causes a person to faint. The likelihood of fainting is higher for those who have a certain kind of heart problem, such as some valve problems or problems with congenital heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest

Though this is a very rare occurrence, it is possible for palpitations, which are caused by a life threatening type of arrhythmia, to suddenly cause the heart to stop beating in an efficient manner (cardiac arrest).

Stroke

Should the palpitations further worsen to the point where the heart does not properly beat but instead quivers, it may cause blood to begin pooling. When blood pools, it may cause the formation of blood clot. Should a blood clot break loose, it may lead to a brain artery and it may obstruct it, which causes a stroke. Complications from this may include damaging a portion of the brain or it may even lead to death.

Heart Failure

When the heart is not effectively pumping for a prolonged period of time, and when the heart palpitations is caused by arrhythmia, such as atrial fibrillation, this may be a complication. Sometimes, in order to improve the way the heart functions, it is possible to control the rate of arrhythmia that is beginning to cause heart failure.

Preparing For an Appointment with the Doctor

If a person is experiencing heart palpitations along with a severe shortness of breath, fainting or chest paint, it is extremely important to immediately seek emergency medical attention. However, if the heart palpitations are brief and no other worrisome symptoms or signs seem to be present, it is recommended to make an appointment to see a doctor. The doctor may be able to determine whether the heart palpitations are a harmless occurrence or if they are the symptom of something much more serious, such as a heart condition.

Because an appointment with the doctor is usually limited in time and can be brief, and because it is important to cover a large amount of ground with the doctor, it is recommended that a person get fully prepared for an appointment before attending one. This section is provided in order to offer some insight with regards to the best way to prepare for an appointment for a doctor, as well as what to expect when attending the appointment.

What Can Be Done

Know all of the pre-appointment restrictions, if any. When calling to make the appointment, be sure to ask if any exist, as well as whether or not there is anything that should be done in advance, such as restricting the diet.

Take a notepad and write down what other symptoms, including heart palpitations, that may be present, even if they do not appear to have any direct correlation to the heart palpitations in the first place.

Take a notepad and write down any personal information that may be key to diagnosis, including any family history of arrhythmias, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke or diabetes, in addition to any recent life changes or major stresses. Write down all medications that are currently being taken, since heart palpitations are a possible side effect, including any supplements or vitamins.

If it is possible, take a friend or a family member along for the ride so that they can recall or remember information that may have otherwise been missed or forgotten. It can often be a difficult process to remember every detail that the doctor discussed during an appointment, since there is plenty of ground to cover in a short period of time.

Be ready to talk about habits with regards to exercise and diet. If no diet or exercise routine is currently strictly followed, be prepared for the possibilities of discussing with the doctor about any challenges that may be faced with regards to getting started on a routine.

Write down any questions to ask the doctor.

Because the time spent with the doctor is usually limited, it can be beneficial coming up with a list of questions so that the time that would otherwise be spent thinking up questions can be reserved for going over other points in greater detail.

List the questions from the ones that are more important to the ones that are least important in case time runs out. Some basic questions to ask about heart palpitations may include:

• What is the most likely cause of the heart palpitations?
• What are some other likely causes for the heart palpitations?
• What should be done if the heart palpitations recur?
• What kinds of tests are necessary to determine the cause?
• What is likely the best course of action?
• How much activity is an appropriate level?
• What are some of the other alternatives to the primary approach that is being suggested?
• These other health conditions are also present. What is the best way to effectively manage them together?
• Should any certain restrictions be followed?
• Should a specialist be seen?
• Does there exist a generic alternative to the medication that is being prescribed?
• Are there any printed materials, such as brochures, that may be taken home to read or any Web sites that may be recommended?

Feel free to ask any other questions that arise if there is time or to ask more questions to go over points that are not fully understood the first time around.

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor will probably have a list of questions to ask as well, and being ready to answer these questions will reserve even more time for clarifying other points later on. The doctor may wish to ask:

• When did the first onset of heart palpitations occur?
• Have the symptoms been occasional or continuous?
• Do these heart palpitations suddenly start and stop?
• Does it appear as if though the palpitations come with some kind of pattern, such as always occurring during a certain activity or during the same time of each day?
• During the heart palpitations, does the heart still continue to beat steadily?
• If anything, what seems to improve the heart palpitations?
• If anything, what seems to worsen the heart palpitations?
• Are there any other symptoms present during these heart palpitations, such as dizziness, fainting, chest paint or shortness of breath?
• Have there ever been heart rhythm problems experienced before, such as atrial fibrillation?

What Can Be Done in the Meantime

Prior to attending the appointment, it is possible to attempt improving the symptoms by avoiding the usual stresses or activities that may trigger heart palpitations. Some of the more common triggers include drinking too much caffeine or alcohol, anxiety or panic attacks, or taking any kind of medication or supplements that have stimulants in them, such as some cold medicines or energy drinks.

Tests and Diagnosis

If the doctor feels that there are heart palpitations, he or she will wish to listen to the heart using a stethoscope to check whether or not the heart is beating either irregularly or too rapidly. He or she will also probably search for any symptoms of medical conditions that are known to cause heart palpitations, such as an overactive thyroid gland.

Some other tests that the doctor may wish to conduct include:

Electrocardiogram, or ECG. This is a noninvasive test in which a technician takes probes and places them on the chest so that it can monitor the electrical pulses that are responsible for making the heart beat. The device will record the electronic signals and the results should help a doctor figure out whether or not there are any irregularities within the rhythm of the heart and its structure, which may cause the palpitations. It is possible to have an electrocardiogram while exercising (stress electrocardiogram) or while at rest.

Holter monitoring. This is similar to an ECG exam, except it is a portable device that is worn to record the electrical pulses for up to three days. This device is used when heart palpitations cannot be found by way of a standard ECG.

Treatments and Drugs

Unless the doctor finds that there is some kind of underlying medical condition, an onset of heart palpitations rarely requires any kind of medication or surgery. The doctor will likely recommend staying away from the common triggers. If an underlying condition is present and is the cause of the heart palpitations, then he or she will likely recommend ways to treat the underlying condition in question.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

The best way to handle heart palpitations at home is to simply avoid the common triggers, such as:

• Reducing stress or anxiety;
• Avoiding stimulants; and
• Avoiding illegal drugs.

Gastritis refers to a group of different conditions that have a single thing in common, and that is the lining of the stomach being inflamed. The inflammation that gastritis causes is usually due to an infection that is responsible to the majority of stomach ulcers. However, there are several other factors that can contribute to the development of gastritis, such as traumatic injury, regularly taking in some pain relievers or drinking much more alcohol than necessary.

Gastritis may be a sudden occurrence (acute gastritis) or it can be a problem that happens over time (chronic gastritis). In some instances, this condition may lead to ulcers and have an increased risk towards developing stomach cancer. However, for most people, it is not a serious condition and it gets better with treatment.

Symptoms

Symptoms of gastritis may include:

Indigestion, which is a burning or a gnawing ache or pain in the upper abdomen, which can become either better or worse with eating;

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Bloating
• Belching
• Fullness in the upper abdomen after eating
• Weight loss

Acute gastritis occurs on a sudden basis and is the more likely of the two to bring on nausea and a discomfort in the upper abdomen. Its chronic counterpart develops over time and is the more likely of the two to cause fullness and a lack of appetite after only a few bites of food. However, many people do not experience symptoms who have chronic gastritis.

Sometimes, gastritis may cause the stomach to bleed, though it is rare for this to be severe. Keep in mind that any bleeding in the stomach that results in vomiting blood or stools to be black and tarry will require immediate medical assistance.

When to See a Doctor

Almost everybody has dealt with some form of indigestion and stomach irritation. Most instances of such are short lived and do not need any kind of medical attention. However, if the symptoms are present and consistent for over a week, a doctor should be called. A doctor should also be told if there are any stomach problems after taking any kind of over the counter or prescription drugs, especially if they are pain relievers such as aspiring.

See the doctor immediately if there is blood in the vomit or in the stools.

Causes

Many factors may contribute to the development of gastritis, such as:

Bacterial infection. People who are infected with Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, may suffer gastritis, and most likely, it is chronic. It is believed that half of the people in the world are infected with H. pylori and that it is passed from person to person. However, most people who are infected do not suffer any complications. Some people may experience H. pylori breaking down to protective lining of the stomach, which can causes changes to it. However, it is not known why some people do not experience problems with H. pylori while some others do. Doctors feel it may be due to lifestyle choices or inherited vulnerability.

Regularly using pain relievers. NSAIDS, or nonsteroisal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), aspirin and naproxen (Aleve), might cause both kinds of gastritis. By using these drugs on a regular basis or by taking too many of them, it is possible to lose a key substance within the body that is supposed to preserve the protective lining within the stomach. Occasional usage of these substances should not result in stomach issues.

Excessive alcohol use. Alcohol is known to erode the lining of the stomach, making the stomach much more vulnerable to digestive juices.

Stress. Severe stress related to traumatic injury, major surgery, severe infections or burns are known to cause acute gastritis.

Bile reflux disease

Body cells attacking stomach cells. Autoimmune gastritis is a rare instance in which a person’s own body cells are responsible for the condition, attacking the cells within the stomach lining. This causes the immune system to pick away at the protective barrier. This is more common with those who have other autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s disease or Addison’s disease. This may also be connected with vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Other conditions. Other medical conditions may be to blame for the gastritis, such as Crohn’s disease, HIV, AIDS, parasitic infections, liver failure, connective tissue disorders or kidney failure.

Risk Factors

Some factors which may increase the risk of developing gastritis include:

• Infection of H. pylori;
• Regularly using aspirin; or
• Old age.

Complications

When left untreated, gastritis may lead to stomach bleeding and stomach ulcers. There is also the risk of stomach cancer in some forms of chronic gastritis, especially when the lining of the stomach is extensively thinned and there are changes to cells thereof.

Tests and Diagnosis

The doctor will likely be able to diagnose gastritis after discussing medical history and undergoing an examination, though there may still be some tests performed to figure out the true cause. Some tests include:

Blood tests. The doctor may require that a blood test be ordered in order to determine whether or not there are any antibodies for H. pylori present. If the test comes back positive, it only confirms that, at some point in life, H. pylori has visited the body, but it does not necessary mean that the person is currently infected. The blood tests may also check for instances of anemia, which can be caused by stomach bleeding, which is caused by gastritis.

Breath test. This is a test that can easily tell if someone is infected with H. pylori.

Stool tests. Checking a sample of stool will allow a doctor to check for H. pylori. A positive test usually suggests a person is currently infected and usually prompts a doctor to check the stool for blood, which is a sign of stomach bleeding.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Upper gastrointestinal X-ray. This will require taking X-rays of the stomach and of the small intestine so that the doctor can monitor them for signs of gastritis and any other digestive problems which may be present. This is usually taken only after having swallowed barium, which is a liquid that is supposed to coat the lining present in the digestive tract, which allows the tract to appear more clearly when taking an X-ray.

Treatments and Drugs

Treating gastritis depends on what is causing it to develop. If a person is experiencing acute gastritis due to alcohol or pain relievers, the treatment would be to cease usage of the substances. When the gastritis is chronic and due to H. pylori, the treatment would involve eradicating traces of the bacteria. Most of the treatment plans also include having to take medicine which is meant to treat stomach acid, so that healing within the stomach may also be promoted.

Medicines That Can Treat Stomach Acid

Stomach acid further irritates the already irritated and inflamed tissue within the stomach, which causes it to be even more inflamed and results in pain. This is why it is recommended to neutralize stomach acid, including:

Antacids. Maalox and Mylanta are two examples of over the counter antacids, which can come in tablet or liquid form, which can be a common kind of treatment for a mild case of gastritis. These are useful in neutralizing the acid within the stomach and can usually provide pain relief quickly.

Acid blockers. When the antacids are not helping on their own, another medication may be recommended by the doctor, such as ranitidine (Zantac, cimedtidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid) or nizatidine (Axid), so that the stomach does not produce as much acid as usual.

Shutting down acid pumps. There are some medications that are called proton pump inhibitiors, which aim to reduce acid by blocking off the little pumps that are located in the cells of the stomach where the acid secretes. These kinds of medications include rabeprazole (Aciphex), lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium) and omeprazole (Prilosec).

Medicines That Can Treat H. Pylori

There are several different regimens that serve to treat infections of H. pylori. Most doctors will simply use a combination of a couple of antibiotics in addition to using a proton pump inhibitor. On some occasions, bismuth, more commonly known as Pepto-Bismol, might be included in the mixture. The antibiotics serve to destroy the bacteria and the proton pump inhibitor is present to relieve nausea and pain, increase the effectiveness of the given antibiotics and to heal the present inflammation.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

There are many reasons that digestive problems can develop for many different reasons, which include several lifestyle choices that can be controlled. It is recommended to:

Eat well. Not only is what is consumed important, but it is important to eat it well. Only eat a moderate amount at once, eat at normal times and try to relax while eating.

Maintain a healthy weight. Digestive problems are likely to occur in any weight class, but it is more common in those who are overweight, as are bloating, heartburn and constipation.

Make sure to get plenty of exercise. Aerobic exercise can stimulate the intestinal muscles, as can increased breathing and heart rate. This will allow the food to pass through more quickly. Try to perform at least half an hour of aerobic activity as often throughout the week as possible.

Manage stress.

Prevention

Even though it is not always possible to prevent being infected with H. pylori, there are a few ways to reduce the risk of developing gastritis:

Eat smart. Those who experience indigestion frequently should attempt having more frequent, but smaller meals that can ease stomach acid effects. For that matter, it is wise to avoid the foods that are most irritating, include those that are acidic, spicy, fatty or fried. Though this step lowers the risk, it will not always prevent the occurrence.

Limit alcohol or avoid it completely. Excessively drinking alcohol has a tendency to erode the lining or mucous in the stomach, which results in bleeding and inflammation.

Do not smoke. Like alcohol, smoking has a habit of interfering with the lining present in the stomach, which makes the stomach not only more susceptible to developing gastritis, but also for developing ulcers. Additionally, smoking increases stomach acid, which delays stomach healing and it is one of the leading risk factors with regards to stomach cancer.

Use different pain relievers. Whenever possible do not take aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen. If pain relievers are needed, stick with the ones that have acetaminophen.

The kidneys play a huge role in the body. Not only do the kidneys remove waste from the body, but they also maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, and are able to respond to different body needs by either concentration or diluting urine. The kidneys also secrete hormones that are important to many different physiological functions of the body, such as rennin, which regulates blood pressure. The kidneys are vital to the human body and each body must have at least one good kidney in order to function.

Nephritis is general inflammation of one or both of the kidneys. It is not a disease itself but rather a symptom of a bigger problem. It can affect both young and old alike. The inflammation can be caused by many different things.

There are two classifications of nephritis; acute and chronic. If symptoms appear very quickly, the nephritis is classified as acute. If symptoms develop very slowly over a long period of time, the nephritis is called chronic.

In addition to the two different classifications of nephritis, there are also many different types of nephritis. These include:

• Glomerulonephritis – This is characterized by inflammation of the glomerulus, which is a tuft of capillaries that carries out the first steps of filtering the blood. This is usually caused by an autoimmune disease or an infection.
• Lupus nephritis – This is inflammation of the kidney caused by systemic lupus erthematosus, which is an immune system disease.
• Pyelonephritis – This is a kidney infection from bacteria that usually spreads to the kidneys from the bladder.
• Interstitial Nephritis – This is an inflammation of kidney cells that are non fluid-collecting.

In about 60 per cent of adults and 90 per cent of children, nephritis will completely resolve. It can come and go many times in any individual’s life and cause only mild or no pain.

Symptoms of Nephritis

Chronic nephritis can fail to show symptoms for up to thirty years. When symptoms are present, they commonly appear as:

• Feeling the need to urinate often
• Cloudy or bloody urine
• A buildup of fluid in the tissues which causes swelling. This is a symptom known as edema.
• Loin pain
• Feeling lethargic
• Losing weight without effort
• Trouble sleeping
• Headaches or problems thinking
• Protein in the urine

Causes of Nephritis

Acute nephritis is most commonly caused by an allergy to drug therapy. Usually, the drugs involved are analgesics, immunosuppressant used in transplantation and when treating autoimmune disorders, depressive disease drugs, and anti cancer drugs. Acute nephritis can also be caused by Streptococcus, viral infections, Legionella, and Sarcoidosis.

Both kinds of nephritis are caused by some sort of kidney damage. Things that can damage the kidneys are:

• High blood pressure.
• High blood sugar.
• Kidney infections or diseases.
• Inherited kidney problems.
• Narrowed or closed off renal artery. This can reduce the amount of blood that the kidney receives and needs.
• Long term use of certain medications.
• Allergic reactions to medications.
• Streptococcal infections that are left untreated.

Risk Factors of Developing Nephritis

People who are at higher risk for nephritis can often do something to lower their risk. Some of the risks of nephritis are:

• Diabetes
• Chronic high blood pressure
• Blockages
• Overuse of certain medications such as painkillers
• Drug abuse
• Untreated streptococcal infections
• Having a family history of nephritis
• Premature birth
• Age
• Trauma
• Certain diseases, such as AIDS, cancer, sickle cell anemia, systemic lupus erthematosus, hepatitis C, and congestive heart failure.
• Bacterial infection

Preventing Nephritis

There are many different ways to prevent or reduce the risk of most kinds of nephritis. Even if a person has a disease which makes nephritis more likely, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the chances of developing it.

• If you have diabetes, keep a very good watch on your blood sugar.
• If you have high blood pressure, there are certain medications that can be prescribed to keep it lower. Follow the doctor’s orders about how often and how much of the pills to take, even if your blood pressure seems to be under control. Some of these medications actually work to protect the kidney as well as lower blood pressure.
• If you suspect you may have a blocked renal artery, see a doctor. Sometimes, blockages can be opened or repaired, or kidney stones removed if they are the cause of the blockage.
• Cut back on the amount of painkillers you take. The painkillers that are bad for the kidneys include ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetaminophen.
• Don’t use illegal drugs.
• If your family has a history of kidney problems, have regular checkups to hopefully catch any issues early on.
• If you contract strep throat, get proper treatment so it doesn’t develop into nephritis.
• If you have any signs of kidney damage, see a doctor quickly. It is much easier to treat kidney damage in early stages of the disease than it is in the later stages.

Diagnosing Nephritis

If a patient has the symptoms of nephritis, a doctor will order a couple different lab tests. The purpose of the tests is to find out why the kidney are be swollen. Kidneys don’t just swell up on by themselves; there is a cause, it may just be hard to find. The doctor will test the urine for an infection or for protein. He or she will also test the blood. The blood test will measure how much urea and creatinine are in the blood. This will tell the doctor if the kidneys are filtering well or not.

A physical exam can be done to determine if the either of the kidneys are in fact inflamed. Ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs can all be done to look at the kidney and see how big the kidneys actually are. These tests also allow the doctor to estimate how much blood is getting to the kidneys and see any blockages. Another test that may be done is a kidney biopsy. In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of kidney tissue and tests it to figure out what is causing the swelling. The doctor may do other tests if he or she suspects something different then a kidney disease.

Treating Nephritis

Since nephritis is caused by some other condition besides the actually inflammation itself, the main course of treatment is to fix the underlying problem. Diabetes and hypertension (high blood pressure) are the two most common causes for nephritis. If either of these are the problems, there are a couple things that can be done. If the person is overweight, the doctor may suggest losing weight to help manage the blood pressure or diabetes. Also, the doctor will suggest that the patient watches his or her blood pressure or blood sugar very closely. It is important for both of them to stay in the right ranges.

Regular exercise and a good diet are important parts of slowing down or treating a kidney disease. Abstaining from tobacco, smoking, and alcohol are also good ideas.

There are many ways to treat nephritis at home. These methods are pretty cheap and consist of going to the local grocery store and shopping around the produce section. Here is a list of some of the suggested methods:

• Carrot juice: mix a glass of carrot juice with a tablespoon of honey and a bit of fresh lime juice. Drink this first thing in the morning. This is said to be one of the most effect ways to treat nephritis at home.
• Banana: since bananas are low in protein and salt and high in carbohydrates, they are good for treating nephritis.
• Avocado: Avocados have a lot of minerals and not much protein, so they are also helpful for treating nephritis.
• Grapes: Grapes have low albumin and low sodium chloride, so they are good to eat during any kind of kidney disease process.
• Coconut Water: The water of one green coconut, taken twice a day, is a very safe diuretic.
• It is also suggested that a person with nephritis go on a fruit juice only diet for around 9 days. After the fruit juice diet, there should be six days of a fruit and fruit juice diet, followed by 4 days of a juice only diet.

Herbal Remedies for Nephritis

• Wild Yam Root is a good way to naturally treat nephritis. It is available in supplement form for about $6 a bottle. Some people do have mild side effects from the root, including nausea, and it is not tested for pregnant women. It has been proven to interact with some hormone therapies, so contact a doctor before starting a Wild Yam Root supplement if you are on any type of hormone medication.
• Nettle seed tincture is another herb that can be used to treat nephritis.
• Astragalus root and cooked rehmannia root mixed together seem to be an effect way to improve a diseased kidney. There are many supplements available with the two ingredients, among other things. The supplements are available for about $15 a bottle.
• Salvia root has been proven to help with nephritis. Some people experience dry mouth, dizziness, weakness, edema in the hands and feet, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal problems, nausea, a fast heart beat, vomiting, and anxiety. The symptoms are usually very temporary. One hundred grams of salvia costs about $12.

Medicine used to treat nephritis

Generally, medicine prescribed when a patient has nephritis is to treat the cause of the inflammation. For example if a person has high blood pressure, they will be given pills to lower the blood pressure. The pills usually prescribed for blood pressure control when nephritis is a symptom are thaizide diuretics and beta blockers. Other medications prescribed are diuretic or anti-inflammatory medications. Diuretics work to get rid of excess fluid. If nephritis is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics will be used to treat the cause.

If the disease gets to the point where one or both kidneys are not functioning, dialysis may be needed. Dialysis is a process where toxins are cleansed from a person’s blood. Normally, the kidney does this job, but if the kidney is diseased, it may not be able to perform this task. Dialysis normally takes three to four hours, and usually is done in a hospital. Treatments cost around $44,000 per year.

If a kidney’s efficiency drops down to 15 per cent or less, a transplant may be needed. To be a candidate for a transplant, the heart and lung should be working well, the patient must be willing to follow a strict regiment before and after surgery, and the infection must be gone. Transplants can cost as much as $38,000.

Acne General overview

Blemishes, also known as acne, zits and pimples, are a skin condition that form as a result of excess oil and skin cells that have become clogged inside your pores. Blemishes can occur almost anywhere on the body, but are most commonly observed on the face, neck, back, shoulders and chest. However, you may notice acne on the upper arms, buttocks and areas of the body where you sweat.

Blemishes look like raised bumps on the surface of the skin that can vary in size and may have a white, red or even black appearance. These blemishes can become infected, causing pain, inflammation and even scarring once the acne has healed.

Severe Acne

Acne is often dictated by genes and the hormonal changes that come with the surging hormones and increase oil production of puberty, pregnancy and even adulthood. Many people think that eating greasy foods causes acne, but this is a common misconception. Most teens will develop at least mild acne, though some may never have a problem with it, and others may develop a severe case.

Severe acne can have a negative affect on your quality of life and self-esteem, and can even contribute to anxiety and depression. Some people, particularly teens, may become shy or embarrassed and may start to avoid social situations or having their photo taken.

Adults who develop acne later in life are usually unprepared and may find the appearance of blemishes stressful and humiliating. However, with the technology and medications available today, there are ways to treat and prevent virtually any type of acne.

Types

Whiteheads

Whiteheads form as the result of excess oil and dead skin cells which clog the pores. The pores are closed off by these materials and the surface of the pore appears white. This is the form of acne that most people are tempted to ‘pop’ or squeeze, but this should be avoided.

Blackheads

Blackheads are the result of pores that have become clogged with sebum and dead skin cells. In the case of blackheads, the pore surface remains open, allowing you to see into the pore which appears black.

Cysts

Excess oil can become a breeding ground for bacteria, and as the bacteria multiply inside the pore, the pore can become inflamed and appear red, swollen and become very painful and even warm to the touch. This type of severe inflammation can form cysts, which is the most severe kind of acne. Cysts often leave permanent scarring once healed.

Common irritants or behaviors that can cause or worsen acne include:

• Wearing restrictive clothing or equipment that can rub against the skin and cause irritation. Straps or other tight-fitting items that are often associated with sporting equipment, as well as bra straps and even turtleneck shirts can irritate acne. If you are on the phone a lot, or perform any activity where something is pressed against your skin or face (such as playing a violin), this can also lead to acne.
• Over-washing, using harsh skin care products, or not following directions for each specific product property can irritate acne.
• Stress. Stress can cause an inflammation response in the body as well as an increase in androgens, or male hormones, in both men and women. Both inflammation and higher levels of androgens can increase the production of oil and may increase the occurrence and severity of acne.
• Touching your face. Your hands and fingers contain oils that can irritate and contribute to the formation of acne.
• Sweat. Be sure to remove clothing after any physical activity that induces sweating, and if possible, shower to remove sweat from the skin.
• Hair also contains oils and if you have a style where the hair touches the face a lot (like bangs), you may experience an increase in acne in those areas.
• Medications. Some medications that can cause acne include corticosteroids, hormones, Dilantin (an anti-seizure medication), lithium and some birth control pills. Most medication related acne will disappear once you stop taking the drug.
• You have a job that involves handling harsh chemicals and oils.

At-Home Treatment

If your acne is mild or has not yet reached a point where you feel a trip to the doctor is necessary, there are a variety of effective products on the market for you to try. You should also follow a regular cleansing routine to keep bacteria and oil at bay.

Skin Care Tips:

• Wash the affected skin up to two times per day, and be sure to rinse well. Use warm or room temperature water as opposed to hot to avoid irritation.
• Use only water-based cleansers and avoid any products that contain oils or perfumes.
• To avoid infection, increased acne and scarring, resist the temptation to squeeze your pimples.

Use Over-the-Counter Products with these key ingredients:

• To unplug pores use Benzoyl Peroxide.
• To dry up blemishes use Alpha-Hydroxy Acid or Salicylic Acid. These ingredients also cause the top layer of skin to peel.
• To kill bacteria, use products containing Tea Tree Oil.
• You may find strips that were designed to unclog pores very effective. These strips are typically applied to wet skin on the face (usually the nose, chin and cheeks) and when dried, you pull them off. The sticky side of the strips pull blackheads and dirt as well as leftover make-up out of your pores.
• You can also find several over-the-counter kits that contain a series of products that are meant to be used as a treatment package. Some kits include heat activated products while others provide a gentle at-home alternative to microdermabrasion.
• There is a large market for products that are only available through the internet or telephone orders that you may have noticed on television. Skin care lines designed to combat and prevent acne such as Proactiv, ANSR Acne Care, Murad Acne Complex and Curactin all claim to be the most effect acne fighting skin care lines available and have been found to be effective. As a consumer, you need to research the ingredients, side effects and consumer reviews associated with each product, and consider the costs involved (typically around $20 for the basic starter package) before ordering.

Effectiveness

While this list of products as a whole are often effective for the treatment of acne, they may not work for everyone. The success of these products depends on your individual skin and may take some trial and error to find the product, or combination of products that treat and prevent your acne. It is very important to only use products as directed.

Cost

Over-the-Counter products found at your local retailer typically cost anywhere from $5.00 for a basic cleanser, and up to $50.00 for a kit that contains a series of products.

Tests and Diagnosis

When acne becomes a burden and you are unable to find any over-the-counter products that alleviate the problem, you may choose to schedule an appointment with your doctor. During your visit, she will perform a physical exam and will ask a series of questions pertaining to your medical history, including any medications you are taking. Women may be asked about their menstrual cycle to determine if fluctuating hormones are contributing to the problem.

Typically, your doctor will not need to do any special tests unless she feels that the acne is an indicator of high testosterone levels (in women).

Clinical Treatment Options – Acne

Your doctor may use one or a combination of any of these medications to help banish your mild to severe acne.

• Benzoyl Peroxide to unclog pores.
• Salicylic Acid to dry out the acne.
• Azelaic Acid, which unclog pores and promotes healing.
• Isotretinoin, which is a potent oral retinoid used to treat cystic acne and acne that is not responding to other medications. Side effects for this man-made drug can be serious and include severe headaches, chest pain, and severe birth defects. Women who are pregnant, nursing, or plan on becoming pregnant should not take this medication.
• Tretinoin, which is a topical retinoid.
• Oral or topical antibiotics like sulfacetamide or erythromycin.
• Women may be prescribed low-dose birth control pills such as Ortho Tri-Cyclen or Yaz. These medications are typically prescribed for women with mild acne, or acne related to their menstrual cycles.
• Medications known as androgen blocks which decrease the amount of oil production, such as spironolactone.

Note: Common side effects associated with these medications include yeast infections in women, and diarrhea.

Cost

These prescription medications can cost anywhere from $15.00 to $140 per tube or bottle. Be sure to check with your insurance provide for any potential coverage.

If you are experiencing severe acne, your treatment may also include one of the following procedures:

• Interlesional Corticosteroid Injection, which is injected directly into cysts that have become inflamed. The corticosteroid decreases inflammation and encourages healing.
• Drainage and Surgical Excision, typically used on large cysts. Your dermatologist will drain the cyst under sterile conditions. Never attempt this type of procedure at home as it can cause infection and scarring.

Clinical Treatment Options – Scarring

Your doctor may be able to lessen the appearance of acne scarring using one or more of the following procedures:

• Chemabrasion, dermabrasion and microdermabrasion, are all procedures remove surface scars through either a buffing type process or a chemical peel.
• Laser resurfacing which removes the top layer of skin.
• Gelatin implants or collagen injections which can improve the appearance of scars.

Note: These treatments often require aftercare instructions to reduce pain and swelling, like applying cold compresses and avoiding sunlight, so be sure to ask your doctor about these instructions and follow them as directed.

Most acne treatments, whether it is for the acne itself or scarring, take time to show noticeable improvement. You may wait 6 to 8 weeks before seeing changes and acne may in fact get worse before it begins to decrease.

Cost

Clinical treatments can be quite expensive, especially those used to treat scarring. While costs vary greatly between procedures and individual doctors, procedures are typically priced from $100 to $3000 per treatment. Be sure to check with your insurance provider for potential coverage.

General care for acne prone skin:

• – Avoid picking at or ‘popping’ blemishes. If done incorrectly or by using hands or instruments that have not been sterilized, popping blemishes can not only spread bacteria but may also increase blemishes and cause scarring.
• – Avoid skin products that contain oil or pore clogging ingredients.
• – Avoid products that contain harsh chemicals or perfumes as these may also irritate the skin.
• – Many hair products contain oils which could trigger acne. When showering, use any shampoos, conditioners or other hair treatments before washing any affected or acne-prone areas with a wash that contains ingredients like benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid.

Schizophrenia, also known as Paranoid Schizophrenia, Disorganized Schizophrenia and Catatonic Schizophrenia, is a brain disorder that causes those affected to interpret reality in an abnormal fashion. It is the most chronic and disabling of all mental disorders, and while this disorder can often be managed, there is no cure. It hinders the ability of those suffering from it to care for themselves, becoming gradually worse over their lifetime.

The term Schizophrenia, while meaning “split mind”, is often confused with split or multiple personality disorders. In reality, the term “split mind” refers to the way Schizophrenia distorts a person’s ability to express emotion, think, behave in social settings and their perception of the world around them. Those suffering from Schizophrenia cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is imagined. Without treatment, they are stuck in a frightening and confusing world.

The severity of schizophrenia varies from person to person. There are several subtypes of this mental disorder, with the main ones being Paranoid, Disorganized and Catatonic Schizophrenia. Paranoid Schizophrenics believe that either certain people or all people are attempting to harm them, whether for punishment or revenge.

Variations of the Disease

They are usually fairly in control of their emotions, speech and actions, yet go out of their way to avoid being found or harmed by imaginary villains. Disorganized Schizophrenics often have trouble performing normal activities such as showering, dressing or preparing a meal. They are highly confused, incoherent and childish.

They may come across as emotionless and respond inappropriately to everyday situations. A Catatonic Schizophrenic is generally unable to move or speak. A few assume odd postures and stay in these positions, and may repeat everything said to them. They are at an increased risk of malnutrition or inflicting injury upon themselves.

Symptoms

The first signs of schizophrenia are sudden and severe changes in ability to perform tasks and in a patient’s personality. Symptoms typically begin in the teens or 20s in men, and in the 20s or 30s in women. It is highly uncommon for a child to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, and even rarer for those over 40 years old to develop symptoms. Signs and symptoms of this disorder or usually divided into four categories: positive, negative, cognitive and affective.

Positive symptoms include anything that distorts a person’s ability to function normally. Delusions, which cause a person to misinterpret an experience, are one of the most common symptoms. Hallucinations cause someone to see or hear things that do not exist. The most common hallucination is hearing voices, though hallucinations can affect any number of the five senses, even smell and touch. Thought disorders and disorganized behavior cause someone to mix words together and excessively lose their train of thought, as well as experience unpredictable anger or silliness.

Negative Symptoms

Negative symptoms are often harder to detect, and includes losing the ability to function at a “normal” level (normal being the way a schizophrenic functioned before the onset of symptoms). Negative symptoms can be a withdrawal from society, loss of interest in usual activities, apparent lack in emotion, and an inability to make or stick to plans, neglect of hygiene and loss of motivation.

Cognitive Symptoms

Cognitive symptoms affect a person’s way of thinking. These symptoms are usually the most apparent to others and the most disabling for the person suffering from them, because they affect one’s ability to go about their daily life. It is thought that those with schizophrenia are born with these symptoms, but they usually do not have a major impact until the disorder itself actually starts. Cognitive symptoms include a lapse or absence of memory, difficulty or inability to pay attention and issues making sense of spoken, written or implied information.

Affective Symptoms

Affective symptoms cause the person to come across as odd, resulting in others avoiding or ignoring them. This leads to isolation, which contributes to a schizophrenic’s severe mood swings and/or depression. It is also common that those suffering from schizophrenia often entertain or act upon suicidal thoughts. Due to the nature of schizophrenia causing one to lose grasp of reality, it is often up to family or friends to find help for a loved one suffering because they are unable to see the problem them self.

Causes

While the exact cause of schizophrenia is currently unknown, it is known that it is primarily biological. Current research indicates that a variety of factors contribute to the development of this disorder, most notably genetics and the chemistry of the brain itself. Schizophrenia often runs in families, meaning the possibility of someone developing this disorder increases if one or both of the parents suffer from schizophrenia.

It is also believed that people with schizophrenia have a chemical imbalance in the brain, most often an extreme sensitivity to or overproduction of dopamine and/or glutamate. These chemicals are neurotransmitters that help nerve cells send messages, or “talk”, to one another. An imbalance of dopamine or glutamate interferes with the way a person reacts to certain smells, sounds and sights, and often leads to hallucinations and delusions, two of the primary symptoms of schizophrenia.

Neuroimaging

The newest research in schizophrenia has found, through neuroimaging, that the actual structure and function of the brain in many schizophrenics is abnormal. Abnormalities can also be found in the entire central nervous system, even the spine. However, this abnormality can also occur in people without the disease, though these findings do support the theory that schizophrenia is a brain disease.

Environmental factors can also play a role, more often than not being the cause of the onset of the disorder rather than the disorder itself. Viral infections, traumatic social experiences and continuous and large amounts of stress can trigger schizophrenia in those already predisposed to the disorder. However, schizophrenia can also become apparent when the body is undergoing hormonal or physical changes, typically puberty (which can last well into the twenties). Interestingly enough, the onset of schizophrenia is not typical in older adults, even women experiencing menopause.

Current Research

Current research is focused on finding one organic or neurobiological cause of schizophrenia, though as of now nothing has been found. Therefore, there is a debate among scientists and doctors as to whether schizophrenia is one disorder or a host of discrete syndromes not yet named. Because schizophrenics can present with one, a few or all of the current recognized symptoms, this theory of more than one disorder is not out of the realm of possibility.

Risk Factors

Among mental disorders, schizophrenia is relatively common. Almost 2.2 million Americans over the age of 18 will develop schizophrenia, and it is diagnosed worldwide in all races and cultures. It is most often developed during or closely after the onset of puberty, though children as young as five have been diagnosed.

Researchers have also identified certain risk factors that either increases the risk of developing schizophrenia or triggering it, including older paternal age, use of psychoactive drugs during young adulthood, stressful life circumstances, a family history of schizophrenia and exposure to toxins, malnutrition and viruses in the womb during the first and second trimesters.

Prevention

Because the exact cause of schizophrenia is unknown and varies from person to person, prevention of this disease is limited. The most effective prevention of schizophrenia is education, and includes public campaigns to provide information on early symptoms and signs. The earlier treatment is begun, the less likely it is to produce permanent damage to the individual.

People who are at a high risk for developing schizophrenia, such as those with a family history of the disease, often begin treatment before any signs of schizophrenia occur. This is highly controversial, as there is a very good chance that even those at increased risk of schizophrenia will never develop it, and the drugs used to treat and manage the disease come with a laundry list of possible debilitating side effects. However, many argue that the effects of late treatment of schizophrenia are more damaging than treating for a disease that may or may not present.

For those already suffering from schizophrenia, continued and thorough treatment is highly recommended. Any lapse in therapy can cause damage to the mental, emotional and physical life of the patient. Schizophrenics should be closely monitored for any lapse in treatment or sudden psychotic episodes even while on treatment.

Tests and Diagnosis

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, three criteria must be met in order for a person to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. Before diagnosis is even begun, all other mental disorders must be ruled out, as well as the use of illegal substances or alcohol. Then the patient must present with at least two of the common symptoms of schizophrenia such as disorganized speech or behavior, catatonic behavior, hallucinations, delusions or the presence of any one of the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia.

The patient must also experience significant to severe impairment in their ability to perform daily tasks or attend school or work. However, if any one of the symptoms is severe enough (an example would be a patient constantly hearing the same or a number of voices for the majority of the day), diagnosis can be made based on the one severe symptom. Lastly, all of these symptoms must be ongoing for at least six months before an official diagnosis is made.

In order to determine if the requirements for a schizophrenic diagnosis are met, doctors perform a number of laboratory and psychological tests. Blood tests are used to rule out other disorders with similar symptoms as well as screen for alcohol or drug use, as abuse of such could produce schizophrenic-like symptoms. MRI and CT scans are also used to look for any possible brain or central nervous system abnormalities. Lastly, a mental health provider will assess the patient, and base their diagnosis on the patient’s appearance as well as their responses to questions regarding their delusions or hallucinations, moods, thoughts of suicide and potential for violence.

Due to the nature of schizophrenia, diagnosis is often largely based on reports from friends, family and onlookers. Because schizophrenia alters the way a person views themselves and the world around them, the reports of family and friends is often the deciding factor in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Treatment

Schizophrenia requires treatment from the onset of the disease until the end of the life of the patient, even if symptoms subside or disappear entirely. Treatment is restricted primarily to medication and psychosocial therapy. During psychotic episodes, hospitalization may be required to ensure the safety and health of the patient.

Treatment is typically administered by a trained psychiatrist, with support from psychologists, social works and psychiatric nurses. In severe cases, a manager may be appointed to coordinate the care of the patient, and the patient may require continued in-hospital treatment, especially in the case of those suffering from catatonic schizophrenia.

Medications

Prescription medications, most typically antipsychotic medications, are the main treatment for schizophrenia. Without medication, no amount of therapy or other natural treatments will be completely effective. However, due to the possible severe side effects of these medications, patients are often reluctant to take them.

Antipsychotic Medications

Antipsychotic medications control symptoms that are caused by an imbalance in the chemical neurotransmitters of the brain. The willingness of the patient to submit to treatment can affect the choice in medication, and may require additional medication such as Lorazepam to calm them enough to submit to treatment.

Atypical antipsychotics are newer medications, and are preferred by doctors for treatment of schizophrenia due to the lower risk of side effects. These medications include Aripiprazole, Ziprasidone, Risperidone, Clozapine, Quetiapine, Olanzapine and Paliperidone. The main side effects of these medications are weight gain, high blood cholesterol and diabetes.

Conventional antipsychotics frequently cause irreversible neurological disorders, such as tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder. They are typically used only when atypical antipsychotics fail to work, and include medications such as Chlorpromazine (also known as Thorazine), Haloperidol, Perphenazine and Fluphenazine.

Considering the fact that treatment of schizophrenia is a lifelong process, these antipsychotics are also considered for use when cost is a factor, as they are often cheaper than atypical antipsychotics.

Medication Timeframe

It can take nearly a month after starting any medication to notice a significant improvement in a schizophrenic patient. The goal of medication is to use the lowest dosage possible, and doctors often try a number of different types of medications, dosages and combinations of the two to control symptoms. Often, antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications are also utilized to treat suicidal thoughts and the stress and fear of patients caused by their hallucinations, delusions and paranoia.

Psychosocial Treatments

Once medications take effect, psychosocial treatments are extremely important to help the patient return to and maintain a normal-functioning lifestyle. These can include social skills training to improve communication skills, family therapy to aid caregivers in supporting their loved ones, vocational rehabilitation to allow those suffering from schizophrenia to acquire and maintain a job, as well as individual therapy to help the patient deal with their illness as well as monitor medications and identify early signs of relapse.

Other Treatments

Electroconclusive therapy is used only when all other medications have failed. It is only recommended for catatonic schizophrenics, and involves using electric shock to induced seizures while the patient is under anesthesia. Typically, there are six to twelve electroconclusive therapy treatments. While highly controversial, this treatment has been proven relatively safe and effective.

The Soteria method of treatment involves patients living in a communal home with little to no medical staffing. Antipsychotic drugs are taken only by choice, and patients participate in excessive social therapies and classes. Recent studies indicate that those suffering from less debilitating cases of schizophrenia do just as well with the Soteria method as they would with the usual treatment of medication and therapy. The Soteria method is used primarily in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Hungary and is considered the more gentle and kinder way to treat the disorder.

Prognosis

The earlier treatment is begun for schizophrenia, the better the outcome. Researchers believe that the first two years of treatment, and continued treatment thereafter, has the most effect on a positive outcome for patients. The goal of treatment is to allow a person suffering from schizophrenia to function properly in society and maintain an independent lifestyle.

Studies indicate that at least 62% of those treated for schizophrenia meet this goal within five years of beginning treatment. Females, those who are older at the onset of symptoms and those in good physical health before symptoms occur are more likely to receive a good prognosis and reach some semblance of remission status, which is not yet clinically defined.

The stigma placed on those suffering from schizophrenia has diminished over the years, though it is still one of the main obstacles in a schizophrenic seeking out treatment. Increased public awareness of this disease, as well as continued research, can increase the rate of a good prognosis for those diagnosed with schizophrenia.

Sore Nipples

Causes, Prevention and Remedies

Though it might seem like an embarrassing problem, many people experience sore nipples from time to time. Sore nipples don’t necessarily indicate that anything is wrong, and thus the issue usually isn’t really considered a medical condition. However, though typically benign, there are some cases in which sore nipples could indicate more serious, underlying medical conditions.

There are several common causes for breast pain of all types, including nipple tenderness; luckily, there are also many soothing remedies for treating sore nipples. Here, those concerned about sore nipples and other types of breast pain can explore different reasons why a person might experience this painful and sometimes embarrassing problem, and what options exist for treating it.

Common Causes of Tender or Sore Nipples

Breastfeeding mothers are likely the group most heavily affected by nipple pain or other types of breast tenderness. Of course, there is the potential the soreness is simply a result of increased hormone levels, but in the case of women who breastfeed their children, there are also many other factors at play.

The very process of lactation, or milk production, increases a woman’s chances of developing an infection of the milk ducts called mastitis. Mastitis is a condition that can result in not just sore nipples, but incredibly painful breasts. If a milk duct becomes clogged, and bacteria begins to breed, a woman may develop fever, hardening of the breasts, and excruciating pain. The often jolting, almost electric pains will sometimes radiate through the affected breast and come in unpredictable waves, often feeling as if they are coming straight through the center of the nipple.

Hormones

In women who are not pregnant, hormones may play the biggest role in sore nipples and breasts. In menstruating women, levels of certain hormones elevate dramatically in the week or so before their periods, especially a hormone called progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone responsible for holding on to things to nourish a baby in the womb, should one be conceived during a given cycle. This retention includes water retention, and this process is carried out heavily in the breasts.

The heavy, full feeling of a woman’s breasts and sore nipples suffered prior to menstruation are often described as bothersome and painful, and not unlike what women in the very early stages of pregnancy experience. However, if a woman is pregnant, she will likely not menstruate and so the heavy, sore feeling will not fade for weeks until hormone levels balance out for a time. Later in pregnancy, the breasts may become painful again due to fluctuating hormone levels and eventually, lactation.

New Mothers & Sore Nipples

Nipple pain, chapped nipples and tenderness of the breasts is extremely common in new mothers who breastfeed, even when no mastitis is present. The painful side effects of breastfeeding can often be caused by the very act of nursing itself. The strong suction the baby’s mouth creates during nursing is necessary for encouraging milk flow and stimulating the “let down” of mother’s milk, but it can sometimes chafe and chap the delicate skin of the mother’s nipple. This can result in painful continued nursing, the stress and pain of which can actually inhibit milk production.

Breastfeeding Concerns

Some women who experience pain while breastfeeding give up and switch to formula far earlier than they intended to. In this way, sore nipples can actually affect the health of the baby and the emotional well-being of the mother. Many nursing mothers feel as if they have failed their child when they decide to stop breastfeeding, and this can lead to an increased risk of the mother developing post-partum issues, including post-partum depression and anxiety. If the nipple or breast pain is so severe that a woman is considering giving up nursing altogether, she should seek the professional guidance and assistance of a certified lactation consultant before deciding to stop.

Women who do decide to stop nursing may initially experience increased pain and sensitivity of the breasts, nipples and areola as the milk supply will continue to build in anticipation of the baby’s needs. If a week or two passes with no nursing and no release of milk, the body’s natural signals to produce more milk will begin to dissipate, and the swollen, tender glands and tissues will eventually respond. Expect full relief from breast and nipple soreness after two weeks of quitting breastfeeding.

Menopause

Menopausal women who experience sore nipples or breast tenderness may be suffering from severe hormone fluctuations, and will often experience other symptoms as well. Other symptoms that may indicate a hormonal imbalance related to menopause include missed or irregular period with no chance of pregnancy, mood swings, fatigue, hot flashes and irritability.

For women who don’t fit in the above categories, and for men who are experiencing sore nipples, it is possible there may exist a skin condition which is affecting the nipples and causing discomfort. Rashes from personal products, dermatological issues or clothing that irritates the skin and rubs across the nipples may cause pain. This type of condition is usually easily reversed by applying a bit of petroleum jelly and wearing loose, soft clothing over the area until healed.

Gynecomastia

Less common than nipple tenderness in women, men may experience sore nipples if they have a condition called gynecomastia. Gynecomastia is a term that describes when breast tissue grows abnormally on a male chest, usually undesired by the patient. This condition can include pain and swelling of the breast tissue, including the nipple.

Finally, in both men and women, sore nipples and other types of breast pain can have serious medical implications if there are also other risk factors for breast cancer present. Lumps in the breast tissue, nipple discharge or bleeding from the nipple and other warning signs may dictate a visit to a medical professional skilled in breast health to determine what these symptoms mean. In cases of nipple and breast pain where breast cancer is a concern, further testing in the form of lumpectomy, biopsy and blood tests may be necessary to rule out the possibility of cancer.

Prevention of Sore Nipples and Painful Breasts

In women, the group most commonly afflicted by this problem, wearing a bra that fits correctly may be the first step in preventing pain. Bras that fit incorrectly may place undue or unbalanced strain on the breasts, causing inflammation and pain.

Reducing friction against clothing can also help relieve nipple soreness. Choosing soft, cotton bras and shirts can significantly help in this arena. Synthetic materials may aggravate sensitive tissues of the areola and nipple, as can ingredients in some body care products. Evaluating environment and lifestyle habits can produce good results from recurring sore nipples.

Since progesterone involves holding onto what is put into the body, and estrogen can increase swelling of breast tissue and glands, limiting the intake of caffeine and other stimulants can help reduce the hormonal impact. Staying well-hydrated and avoiding things that cause the body to naturally hold onto water and bloat, such as salt and caffeine, can considerably affect swelling and pain of the nipples and breasts.

Medical Treatment and Home Remedies for Sore Nipples

In the case of breastfeeding mothers, sore nipples can sometimes be helped with various over-the-counter creams and salves. These creams are specially designed for lactating mothers and can help sooth and protect the delicate and easily-chafed skin of the areola and nipple. These nipple creams are widely available and relatively inexpensive. Nursing creams and nipple salves can be found in many retail stores, especially those geared toward baby care and new mothers.

For breastfeeding women, one avenue to relief from breast and nipple pain may be through an appointment with the lactation consultant at the hospital where they delivered. Incorrect latching of the baby can cause increased nipple chafing and pain, and sometimes all that is required to correct the problem is to correct baby’s positioning during nursing. Learning proper “latch-on” and “latch-off” techniques can help new mothers continue to breastfeed with less pain, which is beneficial to both mother and child.

Lactation Consultants

Certified lactation consultants may be able to recommend a certain cream over another, but recommendations from other mothers can be just as valuable. Petroleum jelly may be used for some cases, but is not generally recommended as highly as creams specifically designed for use by nursing mothers, as the petroleum can block the openings in the nipples and inhibit milk flow. This can cause a blockage in the milk ducts, and can exacerbate the soreness. For those who are not lactating but who are experiencing raw or chapped nipples and areolas, the use of petroleum jelly is perfectly safe.

Home Remedies

A warm shower is an easy home remedy for sore nipples and tender breasts, especially in pregnant or lactating women. However, depending on the severity of the pain, some women may not be able to tolerate the water stream beating down on the swollen and painful breast tissues. In these cases, a warm washcloth applied to the affected breast can help soothe and relieve pain in a more controlled and comfortable manner.

For anyone who is suffering sore or chafed nipples, steeping chamomile tea bags in hot water and then applying the tea bags to the nipple or other sore areas of the breast can help relieve swelling. When using this home remedy for sore nipples, it is imperative to test the warmed tea bags on the wrist or back of the hand before applying to the breasts to avoid burning the sensitive skin on the nipple. Excess water should be squeezed from the tea bags before application, but they should not be well wrung-out as the heat trapped in the moisture is what will help provide relief.

Nipple Shields

Nipple shields are another good option for nursing mothers who are experiencing nipple and areola pain. Various versions of this product are widely available at baby care retailers and drug stores. Nipple shields help protect nipples by reducing friction against clothes and preventing further irritation to the delicate membranes. Nipple shields are usually made of soft fabric, and are designed to adhere to the inner cups of a woman’s bra to prevent shifting. They are an inexpensive and effective tool for new mothers to help provide relief between feedings.

Hormone Replacement Drugs

In men or women for whom a hormonal imbalance has resulted in troublesome nipple or breast pain, oral hormone replacement drugs or medicated creams that help deliver hormones topically may be indicated. Only a physician can make this determination, and will do so through a series of tests and screenings.

For any severe pain of either the nipple, areola or other breast tissue, or in cases where any discharge besides milk is seen coming from the nipple, a doctor’s evaluation is the best course of action for quick relief and to rule out any serious underlying medical conditions. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may help provide relief, but a doctor can prescribe stronger narcotic pain killers which may allow a woman to safely continue to breastfeed without pain. The risks-to-baby and benefits-to-mother ratio will be weighed before the decision to prescribe heavier medications is made.

When a man experiences inflammation of either one or both of his testicles, he is likely experiencing orchitis. Often, this is a problem associated with the same virus that is known to cause mumps. It is a common problem among males who have contracted the mumps, targeting a full third of them after puberty.

It is possible for other triggers to be responsible for causing orchitis, and it is possible for them to be bacterial, such as the presence of sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs. Some sexually transmitted diseases that may be to blame for orchitis include chlamydia or gonorrhea. More often than not, bacterial orchitis is the end result of the inflammation of the epididymis, which is the coiled tube, which is located behind the testicles and stores and transmits sperm. This is known as epididymitis, and when the orchitis is due to this, it is known as epididymo-orchitis.

Symptoms

The most common signs and symptoms of orchitis are swelling and pain. The symptoms for this condition usually are sudden to develop. Some of the symptoms might include:

• Testicular swelling, either on one or both sides
• Tenderness in either one or both testicles this may last for weeks
• Mild to severe pain
• Nausea
• Fever
• Discharge from the penis
• Blood in the ejaculate
• Not having been immunized against the mumps
• Being over the age of 45

Additional Symptoms Include

• Having had several urinary tract infections
• Having been born with a congenital abnormality within the urinary tract and
• Having had surgery that involved the urinary tract or the genitals, due to the risk of infection.

Things to Avoid:

• Several sexual partners
• Sexual encounters without a condom
• Sexual encounters with an infected partner or

Prepping for a Doctor’s Visit

• Write down every symptom that is being experienced, even if there does not appear to be any direct correlation between them and the orchitis.
• Write down any childhood illnesses and all vaccinations.
• Write down whether there have been any recent life changes or certain major stresses in life.
• List all medications, even supplements and vitamins, that are being taken.
• Take a family member to help soak in the information so that no piece of information is left missed or forgotten.

Questions to Ask Yourself

• What is likely the source of the pain?
• What are some other likely causes for this condition?
• What kind of tests will need to be performed?
• Is the orchitis likely to turn chronic?
• What is the best way to handle this?
• How can this be managed with other present conditions?
• Should a specialist be seen?
• Does the prescribed medicine have a generic alternative?
• Do not hesitate to ask any question that may arise throughout the duration of the appointment, such as clarifying certain points.

Questions a Doctor Might Ask

• When did the orchitis begin?
• How severe is the pain?
• What seems to improve the orchitis?
• What seems to worsen the orchitis?
• Any previous sexually transmitted diseases?
• Have the mumps ever been contracted or has there been a mumps vaccine? When?
• Is a condom always worn?

Sometimes, the terms “groin pain” and “testicle pain” are incorrectly interchanged with one another. However, the groin is located at the fold of skin between the abdomen and the thigh, and these are clearly not the testicles. Groin pain causes are different than that which are responsible for testicle pain.

When to See a Doctor

If there is any swelling or pain in the scrotum, especially if the development of the pain is very sudden, see the doctor for an appointment immediately.

There are several conditions that are known to cause pain in the testicles, and some of them do require immediate medical treatment. One example condition would be testicular torsion, in which the spermatic cord has been twisted, and this can cause a pain that feels similar to the one that is caused by orchitis. There are some tests that the doctor can conduct in order to figure out which specific condition is causing the pain in the testicles.

Causes

Orchitis may either be bacterial or viral.

Bacterial Orchitis

More often than not, when bacterial orchitis occurs, it occurs as a result of epididymitis, which is when the coiled tube connecting the testicle to the vas deferens becomes inflamed. The vas deferens is the part that is responsible for carrying the sperm from the testicles. When inflammation the inflammation present in the epididymis spreads all the way to the testicle, the condition that results from the occurrence is called epididymo-orchitis.

More often than not, a case of epididymitis is due to a man having an infection in his bladder or urethra, which ends up spreading out to the epididymis. The most common cause of this kind of infection is due to a sexually transmitted disease, or STD, and the specific disease is usually chlamydia or gonorrhea. There are other possible causes, include those that are in relation to having been born with some abnormalities of the urinary tract, or having had medical instruments or a catheter inserted into the penis.

Viral Orchitis

More often than not, viral orchitis is due to having had the mumps. One out of every three men who have ever had the mumps after puberty end up developing orchitis while they are still infected with the mumps, and this usually occurs within a week after it begins.

Risk Factors

There are several different factors that are thought to contribute to the development of non-sexually transmitted orchitis, such as:

When engaging in high risk sexual behavior, a man may get STDs that also increases the risk of developing sexually transmitted orchitis. Such behaviors include having:

Preparing for an Appointment with the Doctor

Most men will first start by visiting the general practitioner or a family doctor. However, sometimes, when calling up to make an appointment, he may find himself being referred immediately to another doctor whose specialties lie within urinary issues, or a urologist.

In order to get all of the information that is necessary from a doctor, it is helpful to be fully prepared for the appointment.

What Can Be Done

When calling to make the appointment, make sure to ask about whether or not there are any pre-appointment restrictions or if there is anything that might need to be done in advance, such as restricting parts of a diet.

Write down important questions to ask.

Time with the doctor is limited, and preparing questions ahead of time makes the process go quicker. In case time runs out, it is recommended to list the questions from most important to those that are not as important. With orchitis, some of the questions that might want to be asked include:

What to Expect from the Doctor

The doctor will probably have a list of questions to ask as well, so it is recommended to be prepared to answer them so that more time can be reserved for other parts of the appointment. Some questions that the doctor may ask may include:

Tests and Diagnosis

The doctor will probably perform a physical examination to see whether or not there are any swollen lymph nodes in the groin or if the affected testicle is swollen. Both of these parts might be tender when touched. It is also possible that the doctor may wish to perform a rectal examination in order to check whether or not the prostate is enlarged or tender or to perform urine and blood tests to check for infection.

There may be other tests to determine if there is a sexually transmitted disease present and in order to tell whether testicular torsion has occurred, because this requires prompt and immediate treatment. Tests may include:

STD screening, which requires that the discharge from the urethra is obtained. To this, the doctor may need to insert a narrow swab into the head of the penis so that a sample may be obtained. The sample will be looked at beneath a microscope or it might be cultured to check for chlamydia or gonorrhea.

Urinalysis. Either collected at home during the morning or at the office, a sample of urine will be taken and sent off to a lab to see if any abnormalities exist in the concentration, appearance or content.

Ultrasound imaging. This makes use of high frequency sound waves that are able to create exact images of the structures found inside the body, and this is done in order to rule out the possibility of testicular torsion.

Treatments and Drugs

The necessary treatment for orchitis is dependent on what its cause is.

Treating Viral Orchitis

The actual treatment involved in handling viral orchitis, which is the kind that is related to the mumps, is to handle symptom relief. The doctor may prescribe pain medication or naproxen, as well as bed rest, which would require elevating the scrotum and also applying cold packs.

Treating Bacterial Orchitis

Aside from the steps required in order to relieve discomfort from the condition, treating epididymo-orchitis and bacterial orchitis will require antibiotics. The sexual partner will also require treatment if the cause is due to a sexually transmitted disease.

The antibiotics that are usually used in order to treat this kind of orchitis include doxycycline (Vibramycin, Doryx), azithromycin (Zithromax), ceftriaxone (Rocephin), trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole combined (Bactrim, Septra), as well as ciprofloxacin (Cipro). Make sure the doctor knows what kind of medications are already being taken, in addition to any allergies. This information along with what kind of sexually transmitted disease is present and whether or not it is causing the orchitis will allow the doctor to find the best treatment option.

Ensure the infection is gone by taking the whole round of antibiotics as recommended, even if the symptoms should disappear before then.

Lifestyle, Home Remedies and Prevention

To relieve some discomfort try to lay in bed in a way that elevates the scrotum. If necessary, apply cold packs to the scrotum as well. Engage in safer sex, such as having a single sexual partner and using a condom this is very helpful towards protecting against sexually transmitted diseases.

As they infect certain parts of the body, Lyme disease bacteria can manifest different symptoms at various times. Also, every patient will not necessarily have all of the symptoms that are attributed to it. If you suspect that you are falling victim to this illness, it is essential for you to contact your physician in order to get a proper diagnosis as quickly as possible.

Signs of Lyme Disease

Often, the first symptom that appears is a circular rash known as “erythema migrans” (EM). It is found in about 70-80% of all those infected by the bacteria and originates from a tick bite after 3 to 30 days have passed.

As it grows larger, the rash may take on a bull’s-eye appearance as the center of the rash becomes clear, and while it might become warm, it seldom becomes painful. In time, some victims develop more EM lesions throughout the body, and they may also show signs of chills, fatigue, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and joint and muscle pain, but there are no other signs of infection.

Failing to go for treatment

If the infection is untreated and continues to spread, new symptoms may begin to appear, such as loss of muscle tone on at least side of the face, which is known as Bell’s palsy. There may also be neck stiffness and severe headaches caused by meningitis, heart palpitations and an irregular heartbeat, pain moving from one joint to another, and shooting pains that cause the victim to lose sleep.

In time, more than half of those who have an untreated bacterial infection will begin to experience periodic bouts of arthritis, accompanied by noticeable joint pain and swelling, especially in the knees.

About 5% of those who remain untreated develop chronic complaints related to neurological disorders—including tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, and problems related to their short-term memory and their ability to concentrate.

Causes of Lyme disease

In the United States, deer ticks are the prime carriers of the bacteria, and since they are brown and quite small, they are virtually impossible to see.

The ticks, which are particularly active during the summer months, will attach themselves to an unsuspecting victim and gorge themselves on that person’s blood until they become quite swollen. (They can infect mice, dogs, cats, and horses as well.)

Since this process may last as long as 48 hours, it is felt that prompt removal of the ticks will obviously help prevent infection.

Some common risk factors for contracting Lyme disease include:

• Frequenting grassy or wooded areas. In America, deer ticks are especially prevalent in the Midwest and Northeast, and in Oregon and Washington state, and children who often play outdoors are particularly vulnerable, along with adults who work outdoors on a daily basis.
• Failing to wear long pants tucked into your socks and long sleeves, when you know there is the possibility of becoming infected with Lyme disease. In this situation, pets should not be allowed to wander freely outdoors as well.
• Failing to remove ticks promptly and thoroughly. Your risk of being infected is very low if you remember to take this step.

Here are some tips for protecting yourself from tick bites:

• Know where black-legged ticks can be found. They thrive in humid and moist environments near grassy or wooded areas. As a precaution, when you walk through shrubs, leaf litter, or other vegetation, try to stay in the center of the path.
• Remember to use a DEET-based insect repellent on your skin if plan to spend some time outdoors. When used properly, it can protect you from being infected for several hours.

Testing for Lyme disease

Since its symptoms can be related to many other medical conditions, this illness can be difficult to diagnose. If you and your physician agree that Lyme disease may be present, the next step will be to do a complete physical examination and bring your medical history up to date. If your case is more complex, other tests may also be required before beginning treatment.

Antibody tests

Note that it may take as long as two months after a patient has become infected to detect antibodies with a blood test, and while it may be conclusive, the test does not pinpoint the exact time when exposure to the disease took place. Prior to having the test, you should discuss any concerns you may have with your doctor, such as its risks, what is involved, and what the results may indicate.

These are three types of antibody tests currently in use:

• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) – a common, reliable test that is used to detect Lyme disease.
• Indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) – another test used for screening Lyme disease antibodies.
• Western blot test – This is used for detecting the presence of Lyme disease, and in confirming the results of previous ELISA and IFA tests. It should be performed on anyone whose results were equivocal or positive in either of those two tests. In general, the Western blot test is especially helpful when determining if a patient has developed chronic Lyme disease.

Other testing methods for Lyme disease

The Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test reveals the Lyme disease bacteria’s DNA (genetic material), and it may be useful in identifying a patient’s active infection if the symptoms have not been relieved with antibiotic drugs. Since a PCR test is costly and requires a high degree of technical skill, it is used less frequently than antibody testing. In addition, the standards for it have not been fully developed, and false-positive results may be produced in some cases. Another option, a skin-culture test, uses a tissue sample from the patient to study the Lyme disease bacteria, and while it may be accurate, the fact that the results may not come back for several weeks is often looked upon as a drawback.

Treating Lyme disease

Most patients can be cured by using antibiotics, especially if they are administered before the disease has actually begun to progress. However, some people develop chronic Lyme disease that is resistant to antibiotics, which may be caused by an autoimmune response, hiding the fact that the infection is no longer present. They often experience arthritis, joint and muscle pain, fatigue, cognitive problems, and sleep disturbance on an ongoing basis.

Using antibiotics

Generally, cefuroxime axetil, doxycycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, or another antibiotic is taken orally for a few weeks, and with more severe cases, the medication is administered intravenously. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding, and children under the age of nine, are usually given penicillin, cefuroxime axetil, or amoxicillin when they contract Lyme disease. In addition, treatment will be based on any neurological, cardiac and arthritic symptoms that develop in the patient.

Note when these medications should be avoided because of dangerous side effects the patient may experience:

• Cefuroxime axetil should not be taken if you are allergic to cephalosporin antibiotics—including cephalexin hydrochloride, cefprozil, or ceflacor—or penicillin.
• Doxyclycline should not be taken if you experience nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting or sensitivity to sunlight.
• Erythromycin should not be taken if you experience nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea or loss of appetite.
• Amoxicillin should not be taken if you experience vomiting, nausea, or diarrhea.

In all cases, consult with your physician before the symptoms become more severe.

Timing of treatment

As a rule, those who are given treatment when the infection has not progressed make a full and speedy recovery, and others also respond well to the antibiotics they are given when the disease is more advanced. In some cases, the disease will reappear, the systems will persist, and the patient will need additional, lengthy treatment. If treatment is delayed until the infection is far advanced, even after the infection is cleared, the patient may experience chronic pain, permanent neurological damage, and arthritis.

Vaccination against the disease

Anyone who at risk for contracting Lyme disease is encouraged to become vaccinated before spring arrives. The vaccine, which has been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) consists of a three-shot series given at least eight weeks part, and costs about $60 for each injection. Most adults are provided with 80% protection with this regimen, and to maintain immunization, additional booster shots may be required.

Dealing with chronic Lyme disease

The topic of “chronic” Lyme disease is actually quite controversial. After receiving recommended treatment for the bacterial infection, some patients experience the return of symptoms that are both chronic and persistent. As a result, their standard of living is lowered, and they also they become unable to work, take care of their children, or participate in various activities they used to enjoy. A few doctors have even reported that their patients experienced a total personality change which resulted in violent, criminal behavior, and that they have even died of the disease.

Both physicians and researchers who feel that chronic Lyme disease actually exists maintain that the bacteria causing the illness has a dormant form, and that it is capable of “hiding” within human cells, which make it difficult them to detect and cure. When these bacteria become active once again, they can cause serious damage in some form.

Neurologists

Neurologists who have done brain scans on Lyme disease patients have found some cases of severe hydrocephalus, known as “water on the brain.” Autopsies that have been performed on patients who may have died from chronic Lyme disease revealed tissue throughout the spinal chord and brain that was seriously deteriorated, and they indicate that the condition often goes untreated during the crucial early stages.

Another group of physicians maintain that the problems occurring after treatment for Lyme disease should be referred to as post-Lyme syndrome and are attributable to one of these factors:

• The symptoms may persist, even if the bacteria is no longer present.
• The symptoms may be produced by a similar bacteria.
• The patient has another condition, such as lupus, ALS, or fibromyalgia, which was misdiagnosed as Lyme disease.
• The patient is actually suffering from some other undetermined chronic condition.
• The patient is over-reacting and not really ill at all.

Many physicians apparently agree that persistent Lyme disease actually exists, but they also feel that some patients fail to benefit from being treated with intravenous antibiotics indefinitely. A study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2001, conducted by Mark S. Klempner, MD et al., claimed that patients with chronic Lyme disease get no benefit from this treatment.

Since then, many insurance companies and doctors have used this report as the basis for rejecting claims and refusing treatment, stating that to do otherwise would be both irresponsible and contra-indicated. Others consider the Klempner study to be flawed and have continued to treat their chronic Lyme disease patients using established methods and medications.

Skin Blemishes

Acne is a common skin problem that develops as a result of a hormonal imbalance. Most individuals develop acne during adolescence. Adolescents most often experience acne during puberty when their bodies begin to change into adults. However, other age groups are also affected. Individuals may also suffer from baby acne and adult acne, as well.

People with oily skin are more apt to develop acne because the pores become clogged with oil, hair or dead skin. When the skin excretes excess oil known as sebum, it may cause a bacterial infection. Sebum is an oily, waxy type substance that is excreted from the sebaceous glands of the skin. Sebum is also responsible for promoting soft, moist and pliable skin. This infection prompts the skin to become inflamed and the acne forms from the inflammation.

Blemish Characteristics

In normal skin, dead cells shed periodically to make room for new cells to form. Some people shed cells rapidly and evenly, other individuals do not. If this process does not happen naturally, some individuals may need an exfoliant to accelerate the process. The process of removing dead cells is often referred to as sloughing.

When the cells do not shed evenly, the dead cells stick together and form a plug. The plug may trap the oil in the skin and keep bacteria lodged in the hair follicle.

The trapped oil will form a lump and sometimes fill with pus. Pus appears when the body’s defense system sends white blood cells to attack the bacteria lodged in the hair follicle. The pimple formation process occurs over the course of 2 to 3 weeks.

Acne problems may afflict all body parts, such as neck, back, shoulders, chest, arms, or most commonly, the face. If the problem is unmanageable with home remedies, many people need to seek the assistance of a dermatologist. The dermatologist may prescribe topical gels or oral medication.

Alternative Names

Acne has many common and medical names associated with the condition. Several of the terms used to describe acne are listed below:

• Acne Vulgaris
• Pimples
• Zits
• Blemishes
• Whiteheads
• Blackheads

Despite what acne is called, it can become an embarrassing problem. Most individuals who have only a few pimples desire to be free of them immediately. The common condition is called “mild acne,” when there are a few pimples present on the body. “Severe acne” describes a major outbreak of 100 pimples or more and could affect any part of the body. When the pimples are red, painful, solid, or larger, they are referred to as zits.

Symptoms

Acne symptoms vary depending upon the condition. There are several types of acne that will be discussed. Each type is listed below:

Acne Vulgaris

This is the most common type of acne. This is the general term used to refer to acne. This term describes acne that is of different shapes, colors, and sizes. This type of acne may be large and deep set. Acne vulgaris may also be painful and inflamed. Scars or cysts may form on the face if not cared for properly. The hair follicle may become clogged and form acne vulgaris. When the pore is clogged, white pus will form inside the raised bump on the skin.

Papules

The papule is red and inflamed. There is no clear head associated with this particular type of acne. The acne is usually small, pink, and tender to the touch. Experts advise papule sufferers not to squeeze them as it exacerbates the problem.

Pustules or Pimples

Pustules usually possess a white or yellow pus filled head with a red circular base. The area is inflamed. Squeezing this type of pimple is often prescribed. Pimples are very similar to whiteheads.

Cysts

Cysts are pus-filled acne that look similar to a nodule in appearance. The cyst may be very painful. However, squeezing the cyst may cause an even greater infection. Experts advise patients not to aggravate a cyst.

Nodules

Nodules are large acne spots that are often painful. Most of the inflammation occurs under the skin. The nodule is hard to the touch. Dermatologists advise patients not to squeeze the nodule.

Whiteheads

Whiteheads occur when a pore becomes blocked by sebum, bacteria, dead skin or hair. When a whitehead forms, the pore is completely blocked with one of the aforementioned. The raised portion will appear white on the surface. Whiteheads typically disappear faster than blackheads.

Blackheads

Blackheads develop when the pore is partially blocked. The blockage may be a result of bacteria, sebum, or dead skin cells. The skin’s pigment or melanin is what causes the blackhead to become black in color. The black color is a result of oxidized keratin.

Causes

• Acne begins to form when oil, dead skin, or hair clogs the skin’s pores. If an infection forms, redness and pus will develop.
• Imbalanced hormones are a primary cause of acne or pimples. Adolescents entering puberty have a hormonal imbalance. The imbalance increases the likelihood that acne will develop.
• Chocolate or greasy foods in moderation will not promote acne. However, an imbalanced diet will exacerbate the situation. Excessive fried food, junk food and saturated food may promote acne if consumed in excess.
• Food with a high glycemic index, such as carbohydrates may promote acne development. Chocolate has a low glycemic index and may not contribute to the formation of acne.
• Individuals with low levels of Vitamin A are more prone to acne than those with high levels of Vitamin A.
• Acne is suspected to be genetic. If a parent has severe acne, the offspring will most likely develop acne as well.
• Females may develop acne before, after, and during their menstrual cycle due to hormonal imbalance.
• Non-comedogenic cosmetics are recommended to reduce the chances of acne break outs. Some cosmetics will clog pores and cause acne.
• Some abrasive exfoliants may cause pimples to form.
• Oily skinned individuals who use oily moisturizers may be exacerbating their skin condition.
• Stress causes imbalances that may trigger a hormonal imbalance. This may cause the skin to break out and develop more pimples.
• Lack of proper hygiene may cause acne to develop.
• Touching the face with dirty hands may cause acne to develop.

Risk Factors

People with acne often suffer from embarrassment due to their condition. The condition may limit one’s social life and cause severe anxiety. The psychological aspect of the disease is often debilitating to those who suffer from it. The condition is not life threatening. However, if acne spreads to undesirable places on the body, such as the face, neck or torso, the individual will be less likely to engage in social gatherings.

Prevention Tips

Because acne is an embarrassing condition, the condition should be treated promptly to avoid social withdrawal that often accompanies the disease. In order to prevent acne, dermatologists recommend nutritional balance and proper skin care. Listed below are tips that will help to prevent acne:

• Moisturize on a daily basis, but only if skin is rough after washing.
• Use an astringent to remove excess oil.
• Water-based products are recommended. These products are preferred to oil-based and petroleum products.
• If your skin is oily apply a honey mask once per week to remove excess oils. Honey is also a disinfectant and will heal minor blemishes. It will also destroy bacteria present on the skin.
• Wash the face twice per day with a sulfer-based soap. Smoothly remove the dead skin. Do not scrub.
• Long hair may contribute to acne. Some experts will advise individuals to cut their hair short. The hair contains oil and the dust particles from the hair may get on the face and exacerbate the condition.
• Wash the hair frequently to avoid breakouts.
• Skin needs nutrition also. Take a multi-vitamin daily.
• Chromium supplements heal the skin quickly. Take chromium daily.
• Vitamin A reduces sebum production. This vitamin will also protect the skin and prevent acne.
• Drink 8 glasses of water each daily. Water clears the body of toxins and hydrates the skin.
• Remove makeup before going to bed. Those who desire to wear makeup should use mineral-based or water-based makeup.
• Some experts advise not to wear cold creams or lotions to bed. However, this is only advisable if the person has oily skin.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Dermatologists will diagnose acne through a visual evaluation, typically. The physician will examine the patient for the amount of inflammation present, the location of the acne, and the severity of the acne.

Most dermatologists classify the acne according to the following grades:

• Grade I

  Grade I acne is a mild form of acne which will usually consist of blackheads, whiteheads or milia. Minor pimples may also be considered as Grade I acne. There is very little inflammation associated with this type of acne. Most Grade I acne can be treated with over-the-counter medication.

• Grade II

  Grade II acne is a moderate form of acne. This level of breakout will consist of a greater number of blackheads and whiteheads. Papules and pustules are present more frequently with this type of acne. While Grade II acne is treatable with over-the-counter medications, it is advisable to seek the help of a physician if the situation has not improved in 6 to 8 weeks.

• Grade III

  Grade III acne describes moderate to severe acne. More inflammation and redness are present in Grade III acne. Additionally, the number of papules and pustules will be greater in number. Nodules may also be present with this type of acne. When diagnosed with this type of acne, a dermatologist will recommend a treatment or regimen to alleviate the problem.

• Grade IV

  Grade IV describes the most severe form of acne. This type of acne may also be referred to as cystic acne. The skin will be consumed by pustules, nodules, blackheads, whiteheads and cysts. The inflammation is the most pronounced in this form of acne development. Most often the acne appears not only in the face, but other parts of the body as well. This severe form of acne must be treated by a dermatologist for favorable results.

Some conditions may look remarkably similar to acne, but will be diagnosed as a different condition. Patients should be aware of these conditions. The treatments will differ dramatically. Some of these conditions are listed below:

Rosacea

The nose and cheek area are red and full of papules and pustules.

Folliculitis

Inflamed hair follicles cause bumps or pustules.

Keratosis Pilaris

Small bumps develop on the upper arms, thighs and buttocks of people who have this condition. The bumps often resemble “goose bumps” and make the skin rough to the touch.

Milaria rubra

Milaria rubra are small red bumps that may develop on the surface of the skin. The condition develops from excessive heat exposure. The condition may be commonly referred to as “heat rash.”

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

Since ancient times, people have used home remedies that help achieve a glowing complexion. Home remedies are inexpensive and easy to prepare.

Several of the most effective home remedies are listed below:

• To cleanse pores and release toxins, try a masque made from baking soda and water
• Use eggs whites for dry skin
• Use honey for oily skin
• Drink plenty of water
• Adopt a healthy diet full of nutrients
• Lemon reduces blemishes and also lightens them. Rub a lemon peel onto the skin along with sugar. Wash it off in 10 minutes.
• Gram flour, turmeric powder, lemon juice and curd may also be a good facial masque. Apply on a regular basis for the best results.
• Mix grated potatoes with lemon juice and honey. Apply the mixture to the face. Allow it to remain on the face for around 20 minutes. Potatoes will act as a bleaching agent on the skin. Rinse with a mild soap and water.
• Apply a clay-based or sandlewood-powder based face pack to the skin. Wash the face with medicated soap and lukewarm water.
• Neem leaves possess antibiotic agents that may cure acne. To promote blemish free skin, boil the leaves in water and strain the leaves. Splash the Neem water onto the face as many times as possible.
• Heat
• Tea Tree Oil
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Detoxification with a lemon, cayenne pepper and honey mixture
• Zinc administered orally

Pharmaceuticals

Dermatologists will recommend treatments for acne patients. The physicians will typically prescribe gels. When using gels, dermatologists will recommend that the patient avoid the sun. The gels have been known to cause irritation or burning sensation on the skin.

Acne creams are available over-the-counter for mild acne. Dermatologists recommend a product with either benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. Follow the directions on the label for the best results. Benzoyl peroxide works by killing the bacteria known as “Propionibacteria.” This product is sold in strengths ranging from 2.5 percent to 10 percent.

Products containing benzoyl peroxide are as follows:

• Proactiv
• Benzaderm Gel
• MD Formulations Benzoyl Peroxide 10
• Glytone 10 percent Benzoyl Peroxide Acne Treatment Gel

Sulfer and Resorcinol are helpful in reducing the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil. Historically, sulfur has been used for a half century to prevent acne breakouts. Each product is available over-the-counter in strengths of 2 percent, 5 percent and up to 8 percent.

Products that contain resorcinol and sulfur are as follows:

• Rezamid Lotion
• Glytone Flesh Tinted Acne Treatment Lotion
• Clearasil Medicated Blemish Cream
• Clearasil Medicated Blemish Stick

Salicylic acid is a natural exfoliant that aids in the sloughing process. The agent allows skin to shed more evenly and naturally. Pores are less likely to become blocked and breakouts are less likely to occur when using this product. Salicylic acid is also effective on whiteheads and blackheads. The product may be found in strengths ranging from 0.5 percent to 2 percent. Salicylic acid is available in cleansing pads, cleansers and lotions.

Some products containing this effective agent are listed below:

• Dermalogica Medicated Clearing Gel
• Oxy Products
• Stridex
• Noxema Products

Alcohol and Acetone

Alcohol and acetone are products used for oily skin types. The products work by removing excess oils from the skin. Alcohol is an antimicrobial agent that reduces bacteria that causes acne.

Both of these products are found in toners, astringents and cleansers.

• Glytone Acne Treatment Toner
• Tyrosum Liquid Acne Skin Cleanser

The products are often found in kits or as a part of a regimen. The most effective regimens include a cleanser, a toner or astringent, a moisturizer and a cleansing mask or exfoliant. Each person is challenged with finding the appropriate regimen for their skin. All skin types are different, and each person must be evaluated prior to selecting an appropriate regimen.

Some of the manufacturers of regimen kits include:

• Mary Kay
• Proactiv
• Acne Free
• L’Oreal’s Acne Response

Prescription Acne Treatments

• Differin
• Aczone
• Erythromycin
• Clindamycin
• Tetracycline
• Cortisone
• Other Oral Medications to balance hormones

Some oral medications include:

• Erythromycin
• Tetracycline Antibiotics
• Oxytetracycline
• Doxycycline
• Lysmecycline
• Trimethoprim

Surgery

Patients who suffer from cystic acne may seek relief from surgical lancing. Surgical lancing includes the process of draining the acne with a needle. Laser surgery treatments, similar to hair removal, may also reduce acne.

Potential Side Effects

• Stay out of the sun when using prescribed gels as they may cause irritation to the skin.
• Do not use more than one acne treatment at a time. Discontinue the use of one product and continue the next for maximum results.