Colitis refers to several different maladies that adversely affect the colon and an individuals ability to absorb adequate nutrition and effectively eliminate waste. Colitis may refer to one, or more, irritable bowel diseases. In some cases, a diagnosis refers to a temporary infliction, while others are only the beginning of a lifelong struggle to stay healthy. Thus, its important to understand the health options available for the most effective cures and remedies for colitis.

What’s in the Name “Colitis”?

Although the symptoms may be similar, one diagnosis of colitis may not be the same as another. Therefore, it’s extremely important to listen to the doctor, ask questions, and understand what is going on inside the body, in order to make the appropriate treatment decisions for a particular type of colitis.

Colitis is usually the result of some other health problem. When the symptoms get too severe a diagnosis is made. Generally, the doctor will want to determine type and initial cause of the colitis and the extent of the treatment necessary, in order to get the symptoms under control. A patient may have:

• ulcerative colitis (ulcers)
• Pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic)
• collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis (microscopic)
• Ischemic colitis (injuries)

Only a careful examination by a physician can determine a correct colitis diagnosis. However, its important to understand that colitis may not be a temporary condition. Flare ups can occur at any time, because colitis is often a result of chronic conditions. When the main health problem becomes more active, the bowel becomes inflamed.

Will the Real Colitis Please Stand Up?

Actually, colitis is not a diagnosis to be taken lightly. In this case, ignorance is not bliss. It’s important to become educated in treatment options, what may cause flare-ups, and how to get the symptoms under control, before they get out of control.

For example, ulcerative colitis is pretty much as nasty as it sounds. Something has irritated the colon, to the point of creating one or more ulcers. Unfortunately, the first symptom may be diarrhea, or bloody diarrhea, because the colon doesn’t have the nerve endings that let a person know when he/she should be in a lot of pain.

Although the symptoms may be the same, Pseudomembranous colitis is generally caused by antibiotics that the patient is taking for a totally different problem. It sounds weird. But, after understanding how the colon works, it makes sense.

The colon is loaded with bacteria that is necessary to break down food, send it through the body as nutrition, or make sure it gets œflushed as waste. Unfortunately, antibiotics often target more than the intended illness. Sometimes, it kills the necessary bacteria, and lets bad bacteria run rampant, causing colitis.

C-Difficile

C-Difficile is a classic example. Patients or health care workers in hospitals or rest-homes are probably the group most susceptible to this type of colitis. Oddly enough, the only way to get rid of antibiotic caused colitis is more antibiotics. But, since its so resistant to medication, the new prescription of antibiotics is very strong. If the colitis doesn’t respond, hospitalization may be necessary.

Collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are definitively diagnosed with the help of a microscope. Oftentimes, the doctor will refer to these types of colitis together, because one often leads to the other.

Ischemic colitis manifests as bloody diarrhea, after the colon has been injured in some way. Pain in the lower left abdomen is common. Although it sounds scary, in most cases the colon will heal within a few days, and the symptoms resolve naturally.

Recognizing the Symptoms of Colitis

Regardless of the specific colitis diagnosis, many of the symptoms are the same. Colitis can manifest itself in one or more different ways. However, don’t try self -diagnosing or assuming anything. Should any of the symptoms last more than a day, two at the most, it’s extremely important to consult with a physician. If you have one or more of the following symptoms, don’t hesitate to seek medical care:

• Diarrhea
• Bloody Diarrhea
• Abdominal Pain, usually in the Lower Left Quadrant
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Unintentional Weight Loss
• Low-Grade Fever
• Rectal Pain
• Rectal Bleeding

What Causes Colitis?

Presented with one or more of these symptoms, some people may rush to the doctor in a panic. After all, one of these problems is not pleasant. Combining two or more of the maladies, and it can be pretty scary. However, it’s important to stay calm and understand what causes colitis to occur.

For example, ulcerative colitis is usually the result of a compromised immune system. Unfortunately, it’s also linked to heredity. In other words, if “Aunt Jane” has ulcerative colitis and her niece has some of the same symptoms, the doctor will want to run tests to confirm/deny a similar diagnosis.

On the other hand, pseudomembranous colitis is directly attributed to antibiotic treatments. Although the medication is intended to target a particular illness, it can also adversely affect the colon. Without the necessary bacteria to adequately control the digestive process, the colon basically gets out of whack. Then, colitis runs rampant, because it’s already resistant to antibiotics.

Collangenous Colitis

Collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis are usually another malady caused by a pre-existing condition. It’s simply not fair! People already suffering from diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and other health problems that affect the immune system may also fall prey to colitis.

In fact, Ischemic colitis may actually be a symptom of a much bigger health problem like colon cancer, a circulatory system malfunction, or a hernia that is cutting off the blood supply to the colon.

Understanding the symptoms and causes of different types of colitis aid in helping the doctor make a proper diagnosis, and enable him/her to recommend the proper treatment for healing, or at least controlling, colitis.

Who Is at Risk for Colitis?

Thousands, if not millions, of people suffer from one type of colitis or another. While for some it’s a temporary condition, others live with a chronic disease. Especially when a family member has already been diagnosed with this devastating bowel disorder, individuals want to know if they are at risk of developing this ongoing health problem.

Ulcerative colitis (ulcers)-individuals that develop ulcers in their colons may also have a relative with the same disease. Although the reason is unclear, the irritable bowel disease (IBS) tends to run in families

The other major risk for this particular form of colitis is a compromised immune system. Individuals with other chronic illnesses that make them susceptible to getting sick easily are more likely to develop sores in their colons.

Pseudomembranous colitis (antibiotic) – patients recently on a course of antibiotics for another illness are susceptible to this type of colitis. The antibiotics have also destroyed the good bacteria needed by the colon for functioning properly.

Collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis (microscopic) – medication may also be responsible for this type of bowel disorder. Certain types of over-the-counter medications can adversely affect colon function. For example, aspirin may be prescribed to help prevent aches and pains, or even heart attacks, but it can also be pretty hard on the digestive system. In addition, drugs like Zantac, for controlling heartburn or the symptoms of a hiatal hernia can also leave the colon susceptible to microscopic invasions.

Ischemic colitis (injuries) – people with circulatory problems may also be at risk for this major digestive disorder. Age, heart disease, and other illnesses can adversely affect the proper blood flow throughout the body. If interrupted for two long, the lack of blood flow to the colon can cause irritable bowel disease and also result in the death of colon tissue.

Is Colitis Preventable?

For individuals with colitis hereditary factors, or after experiencing an episode of the disease, the natural question to ask is whether colitis is preventable. No one wants to discuss an irritable bowel disorder; and, oftentimes, a sufferer feels like the only person on the planet suffering from such a nasty illness.

But, if more people were willing to talk about it, maybe a means of preventing the disorder would be forthcoming. Fortunately, there are some prevention tips that might keep symptoms at bay.

In an effort to prevent colitis:

• Eat well
• Exercise
• Don’t get run down
• Avoid overmedicating
• Stay as healthy as possible

Eating will doesn’t mean consuming a lot of food. It means eating a diet rich in all the nutrients required by the body. In doing so, the consumption of fiber will also increase. Most individuals don’t get enough of this vital element to adequately sustain a healthy colon. But, a healthy colon is less likely to develop any type of colitis.

Although it may seem unrelated, exercise is also essential to a healthy digestive system. Good circulation throughout the body, especially with increasing age, will also be beneficial in preventing Ischemic colitis.

Also, get plenty of rest. Give the body a chance to regenerate. An exhausted body is less likely to fight off disease, if it comes knocking. People that are run down will be more susceptible to a compromised immune system.

Pseudomembranous colitis is known to manifest itself after a patient has been/is on antibiotics for some other illness. Therefore, its important not to overmedicate. Some people tend to go to the doctor for every sniffle, ache, or pain. In fact, they insist the doctor give them something œnow to affect a cure or control the symptoms. Unfortunately, this is not always the best idea. In reality, the more a person is on antibiotics, the more resistant the medication becomes to illness.

Another problem is not taking medications properly. If a doctor prescribes an antibiotic, dont quit in the middle, when the symptoms abate. Too often, the illness or infection will come back with a vengeance, and more medication will be necessary to get it under control. As a result, the colon is left to further attack on the necessary bacteria in the colon. In addition, people are too quick to down an aspirin regularly, not knowing that it can irritate the bowel and cause disorder.

In short, the best prevention tip is to stay as healthy as possible. If a visit to the doctor is necessary, or preexisting conditions need to be managed, follow the expert advice given to maintain the body as well as possible. As Mama used to say, œAn ounce of prevention is worth more than a pound of cure.

Testing and Diagnosis of Colitis

‘Unfortunately, there is no way to sugarcoat it. The testing and diagnosis of colitis may seem worse, at the time, than the disease itself. If irritable bowel disease exists, the only way to confirm the illness, and prescribe the right treatment, is to get a look at the bowel, possibly take biopsies, and see what is going amuck in the digestive system.

Probably the most common diagnostic test for colitis is a colonoscopy or endoscopy. The doctor will literally stick a small camera up inside the colon to have a look around. The same device also has a means to take a biopsy, if necessary, for further testing.

Since x-rays of internal organs are difficult to see, the patient may also be required to down some goop that will be visible during an x-ray. Radioactive die may also be injected into the blood stream, so the digestive tract is visible in a CT scan.

Unfortunately for every test of the colon, the organ must be free of all waste, so a clean out is ordered for the night before. In short, the patient drinks about a half gallon of medication mixed with water that is necessary to induce massive diarrhea. Once the elimination runs totally clear of any waste, the individual must not consume anything other than clear liquids prescribe by the doctor, until the next day, after the doctor takes a look at the walls of the colon.

Treating Colitis

Of course, the treatment of colitis depends on the type and severity of the disease. In many cases, the doctor will prescribe medications to keep the symptoms at bay, until the colon has a chance to heal. A special diet may also be necessary to keep from irritating the bowel again. In a worst case scenario, surgery to remove a section of the colon may be required to facilitate healing and keep the symptoms from causing other potentially life-threatening health problems.

Home Remedies for Colitis

Persons with chronic colitis will have to learn to live with disease. On good days, it might even be hard to remember that colitis is going to always be a concern. However, on the bad days, when a flare up makes life totally miserable, its good to know several home remedies for getting the symptoms back under control. When colitis rears its ugly head, some home remedies include:

• Bland foods
• Anti-diarrheal medication
• Tea, water, soda
• Rest

During a flare-up, its best to eat bland foods. Of course, eating at this point is a matter of survival, not desire. Starchy foods seem to work best. White rice is one of the easier foods to digest. Toast, crackers, potatoes, and plain pasta are some other good ideas.

Its important to stay away from the foods that will only aggravate the colon. Greasy or spicy foods are not a good idea. Dairy products usually exacerbate diarrhea. However, some hard cheeses are tolerable.

Tea, water and clear sodas seem to be okay. However, if the diarrhea lasts more than a day, its a good idea to have a favorite flavor of Gatorade available. It helps replace the electrolytes that get out of whack, when the bowels won’t allow retention of any nutrients.

In Summary

Understanding the disease and the most effective cures and remedies for colitis is vital, especially for those people dealing with reoccurring flare-ups. However, this information is no substitute for seeking the proper diagnosis and treatment of colitis. Anyone suspecting they might have colitis, or experiencing a flare-up that is not responding to home remedies within a day or two, should see his/her doctor as soon as possible.

Resources

National Institute of Health

Cdc.Gov

MayoClinic.Com

GERD: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is also known as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), gastric reflux disease, or simply acid reflux disease. It is caused by the chronic backwash or reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus. Most people experience acid reflux occasionally, but if reflux happens more than twice weekly or disrupts the patient’s daily life, doctors generally diagnose GERD.

Symptoms

The most commonly reported symptom of GERD is heartburn, also termed acid indigestion. Heartburn can range from an uncomfortable warmth to a painful burning sensation in the chest or upper central abdomen. It sometimes spreads all the way up to the throat. Heartburn results when stomach acid and juices flow upward from the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal lining. A sour taste of stomach acid or bile in the mouth may accompany heartburn. Regurgitation of half-digested stomach contents may occur. Heartburn should not be confused with steady and severe chest pain, which can be a symptom of heart disease or another problem.

Sufferers of GERD may report the sensation of a lump of the throat. This symptom is termed globus pharyngeus. It occurs when the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle attached to the esophagus near the voice box tightens in order to prevent stomach from backwashing into the voice box and mouth.

Another symptom of GERD is difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia. The chronic irritation of acid reflux can result in severe esophageal inflammation and injury, creating narrowed sections of esophagus called strictures. These strictures physically interfere with swallowing and may block food on its way to the stomach.

GERD can also cause other injuries to the esophagus, such as ulcers, esophageal cancer, and a condition known as Barrett’s esophagus. In Barrett’s esophagus, the cells at the lower end of the esophageal lining are altered. This cell alteration is associated with a higher risk of esophageal cancer.

Other symptoms are not as commonly associated with GERD, but may still be caused by it. They include sore throat, dry cough, and laryngitis. Asthma, tooth enamel erosion, tooth sensitivity, sinusitis, and damaged teeth may also be related to GERD.

Causes

The lower esophageal muscle (LES) is a round band of muscle between the bottom of the esophagus and entrance to the stomach. It serves as a valve for the stomach. When swallowing occurs, the LES relaxes, allowing food and liquids to enter. Then it tightens, closing the stomach again. When the LES fails to close properly after swallowing, or otherwise weakens and does not hold the stomach properly closed, stomach acid and contents can backwash up into the the esophagus. Chronic malfunction of the LES and subsequent acid reflux results in GERD.

Risk Factors

One direct cause of LES malfunction is a hiatal hernia. In a hiatal hernia, the top portion of the stomach herniates, or protrudes, through the diaphragm muscle and into the upper abdomen. This places additional pressure on the LES and makes it difficult for it to stay fully closed. Obesity, pregnancy, overeating, and chronic coughing may also play excessive pressure on the LES and result in its malfunction.

Smoking is a major risk factor for GERD. Smoking weakens the LES, making it less able to function properly. Smoking also reduces the mouth’s production of saliva, which otherwise helps dissolve stomach acid, thereby decreasing the body’s protection against acid reflux.

Other possible causes of GERD are less understood. A growing number of alternative health practictioners believe that the LES tends to malfunction when there is too little acid present in the stomach. This view is discussed further in the alternative treatments section.

Prevention Tips

There are a number of lifestyle modifications that can help prevent heartburn.

Avoid trigger foods. These are different for every individual. Fried or greasy foods, alcohol, sugary foods, chocolate, peppermint, coffee, garlic, and onions are some foods that may weaken the LES and cause acid reflux. Highly acidic foods such as tomatoes and citrus fruits may not cause reflux, but can worsen any heartburn irritation already present.

If overweight, lose weight. Excess weight puts extra pressure on the abdomen, pushes the stomach upward and can cause acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Do not wear clothing that puts pressure on the abdomen. Clothing that fits tightly on the waist, such as tight belts or waistbands, puts extra pressure on the LES and may contribute to reflux.

Eat at least three hours before lying down. Lying down contributes to pressure on the LES and allows refluxed acid to travel further up the esophagus.

Sleep with the head of the bed elevated. Placing six to nine inch blocks under the head portion of the bed allows gravity to minimize acid reflux. If the bed cannot be raised, it is possible to place a wedge (available from drugstores and medical supply stores) between the mattress and box spring. This raises the body from the waist up.

Don’t overeat. Eating small meals several times a day puts less pressure on the LES and may prevent acid reflux.

Testing and Diagnosis

Many doctors diagnosis GERD based only on symptoms reported by the patient and response to prescribed medication. However, a number of tests can help determine if reflux is actually occurring. Any patient with doubts about their symptoms should request testing from their doctor.

Esophageal pH monitoring

Esophageal pH monitoring is considered the most accurate diagnostic test for GERD. It involves inserting a pH sensor or sensors into the esophagus of a patient and monitoring acid levels for 24 to 48 hours. During this time, the patient carries out his or her daily routine. The test shows if and when acid reflux is occurring.

In older versions of this test, the sensor or sensors were attached to a catheter extending through the throat and out of the nostrils and attached to a small monitor worn outside the body. However, wireless pH monitoring is now possible through use of the Bravo pH capsule. The capsule must be placed on the esophagus during an endoscopy, but it is then completely invisible and generally not felt at all by the patient. The capsule spontaneously detaches and passes harmlessly through the digestive system within several days.

Endoscopy

In endoscopy, a doctor inserts a very thin and flexible tube with a tiny light and camera, called an endoscope, through the mouth and down the esophagus of the patient. The patient’s mouth and throat are generally numbed with a topical anaesthetic beforehand to minimize discomfort. Sedation and general anaesthesia are also options before the procedure. Doctors may observe the state of the esophagus, LES, and stomach, including any signs of acid reflux. A tissue sample may be collected from the esophagus for further analysis.

Endoscopy is useful for revealing signs and damage caused by GERD. However, it cannot observe acid reflux while it is occurring, unlike esophageal pH monitoring.

Esophageal manometry

Esophageal manometry, also known as esophageal impedance or an esophageal motility test, involves inserting a small catheter through the nose, down the esophagus and through the LES into the stomach. The catheter is then slowly pulled back out. The patient will be asked to take deep breaths and swallow several times. On the way out, the catheter records pressure changes and other data which is used to assess the functioning of the esophagus and LES. There is minimal discomfort to the patient during the procedure, which lasts about 45 minutes. This test is useful to help determine if a malfunctioning LES is contributing to acid reflux.

Barium swallow X-ray

This test involves a patient swallowing a liquid solution containing barium sulfate. The barium sulfate covers the surfaces of the digestive tract and acts as a radiocontrast agent, showing up white on X-rays. Doctors can observe the shape of the esophagus, LES, stomach and upper intestine, to see if there is a hiatal hernia or if the LES appears to be functional. They may also assess any visible damage from acid reflux.

Due to its use of radiation and the availability of more accurate tests, a barium swallow X-ray may not be the top choice for diagnosing GERD, but it remains an option.

Treatment options

Pharmaceuticals

There are a number of pharmaceutical options for the treatment of GERD symptoms. They involve either the neutralization of stomach acid or the blocking of stomach acid production. As with any pharmaceutical treatment, unwanted and harmful side effects are possible, particularly with prolonged use of drugs. Also, pharmaceutical treatments for GERD only treat the symptoms of acid reflux. They do not treat the cause of the acid reflux itself, which is malfunction of the LES.

Antacids

Antacids are composed of bases or basic salts which neutralize acid in the stomach. They are usually taken as chewable tablets upon onset of heartburn. When antacids are digested they buffer the acids in the stomach by raising the pH, offering quick relief from reflux discomfort. Some popular brands include Pepto-Bismol, Alka-Seltzer, Maalox, Tums, and Rolaids, all available over the counter and relatively inexpensive.

Antacids provide only symptomatic relief for the pain associated with acid reflux. They do not treat the cause of acid reflux. Overuse of antacids can have adverse side effects, from the mild, such as constipation and diarrhea, to the severe, including milk-alkali syndrome, kidney stones, and kidney failure. Most doctors recommend that antacids only be used for occasional acid reflux. They generally recommend stronger medications for the chronically recurring reflux associated with GERD.

Acid blocking drugs

Acid blocking drugs reduce or block the stomach’s production of acid. They are very commonly prescribed for GERD and fall into two main groups.

H2 receptor antagonists

This acid blocking drug prevents histamine from acting on the acid-secreting cells in the stomach. Normally, histamine stimulates the production of stomach acid. Therefore, H2 receptor antagonists reduce the stomach’s production of acid. Brand names include Tagamet, Pepcid AC, and Zantac. They are available in relatively low over the counter doses and higher prescription doses. They are moderately expensive.

These drugs are recommended by doctors for mild to moderate GERD. They can be taken before a meal to prevent acid indigestion before it occurs, and are effective in reducing acid production for 6-10 hours. However, they do not treat the cause of acid reflux, which is generally a malfunctioning LES. They only minimize the discomfort and damage associated with acid reflux by reducing the acidity of refluxed stomach juices.

H2 receptor antagonists are believed to be well-tolerated by the body in general. They may be taken as often as twice a day. Still, there are possible adverse effects, including hypotension, headache, tiredness, dizziness, confusion, diarrhea, constipation, and rash. There are also possible long term side effects associated with the reduction of stomach acid, such as poor absorption of nutrients and subsequent deficiencies.

Proton pump inhibitors

Proton pump inhibitors are drugs which block the proton pump, an enzyme system, from acting in the acid-secreting cells of the stomach. The normal action of the proton pump is the last step in stomach acid production. Therefore, the blocking of the proton pump effectively shuts down the acid production of a particular cell. Proton pump inhibitors are much more powerful than H2 receptor antagonists, and can block total stomach acid production up to 99%. The prolonged blocking of stomach acid production allows time for esophageal damage from acid reflux to heal.

Due to their much greater strength, proton pump inhibitors have surpassed H2 receptor antagonists in popularity and become some of the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. Brand names include Nexium, Prevacid, and Prilosec. They are available in over the counter and prescription forms and are generally expensive.

Proton pump inhibitors may be taken as often as twice daily and are thought to be well tolerated. However, possible side effects include headache, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, fatigue, and dizziness, rash, itch, flatulence, constipation, anxiety, and depression. In addition, long term suppression of stomach acid can result in nutrient deficiencies and other serious health problems.

Prokinetic agents

These drugs promote quicker emptying of the stomach and can help tighten the LES. They work by increasing the rate of contraction of the small intestine, speeding the process of digestion. They include the drug Reglan. However, they can frequently cause side effects including nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, dizziness, and anxiety. They are sometimes prescribed for GERD in combination with H2 receptor antagonists. This combination of treatments can be expensive. They are rarely prescribed alone and are considered less safe and effective than proton pump inhibitors for the long term treatment of GERD.

Surgery

If lifestyle modifications and medications do not resolve severe GERD, doctors may recommend surgery to tighten the LES.

Nissen fundoplication tightens the LES by wrapping the stomach around the base of the esophagus. Surgery may be open (through a long abdominal incision) or, more frequently, laparoscopic (done by instruments inserted through several tiny abdominal incisions). The surgery has a reported 90% effectiveness rate in eliminating reflux symptoms. However, like any surgery, it has a risk of complications, including gas bloat syndrome, dumping syndrome, trouble swallowing, excessive scarring, and recurrence of symptoms. It can also be expensive and may not be covered by insurance.

Other surgical procedures include the EndoCinch endoluminal gastroplication, which uses stitches in the stomach to create barriers against acid reflux, and the Stretta system, which uses electrode energy to create scar tissue which strengthens the LES. Both procedures are still in experimental stages.

Alternative treatments

Some alternative health practitioners believe that GERD results from too little stomach acid. They propose that a chronic lack of sufficient acid secretion in the stomach may cause the LES to loosen and promote acid reflux. They conclude that conventional pharmaceutical treatments for GERD, which neutralize, reduce, or block stomach acid, actually worsen the root cause of acid reflux and create drug dependence as well as long term health problems.

Some alternative treatments for GERD increase stomach acidity and may keep the LES from opening and allowing reflux to occur.

Apple Cider Vinegar

A spoonful of apple cider vinegar, a highly acidic natural substance, is an inexpensive home remedy for indigestion that increases stomach acidity and may relieve GERD symptoms. Lemon juice may be taken in a similar way.

Digestive Bitters

Digestive bitters include bitter herbs such as gentian root, dandelion, and goldenseal. Bitters have traditionally been used to stimulate the appetite and may increase production of stomach acid and digestive juices. Tinctures of digestive bitters are available in health food stores and are relatively inexpensive. 5-10 drops in a little water–just enough to create a strong taste of bitterness–may be taken 5-10 minutes before eating.

Betaine Hydrochloride (HCl) with Pepsin

Betaine Hydrochloride (HCl), derived from beets, it is a natural substance very similar in content to stomach acid. It usually combined with an enzyme called Pepsin and marketed in health food stores as a digestive aid. It is relatively inexpensive. 1-2 tablets may be taken immediately before a meal to increase stomach acid and may prevent reflux from occurring. They should only be taken just before eating due to the strong increase in stomach acid they create. They should not be taken by anyone using anti-inflammatory medication, including aspirin and ibuprofen. This is due to these drugs’ risk of damaging the stomach lining, which supplemental acid could aggravate.

Other alternative treatments include herbs that may ease GERD symptoms by soothing esophageal irritation, such as slippery elm, chamomile, licorice, and marshmallow. They may be taken in teas and lozenges, or added to foods and drinks as powders.

Acupuncture has been shown to relieve the discomfort of GERD symptoms for some patients. Meditation, relaxation, and reducing stress also reportedly reduce GERD symptoms.

Resources

EMedicineHealth.Com
WebMd.Com
EverydayHealth.Com

The thyroid gland, located at the back of the neck below the Adam’s apple, is a gland that produces thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones regulate our body’s metabolism, as well as helping to regulate energy usage, the use of hormones and vitamins, and the growth and maturation of body tissues. Thyroid disease either creates an overabundance of thyroid hormones, called hyperthyroidism, or too little thyroid hormones, called hypothyroidism. Both of these conditions create unpleasant symptoms, but can be effectively managed after proper diagnosis.

Causes of Thyroid Problems

The “hypothalamus”a part of the brain located just above the brain stem”releases thyrotropin-relasing hormone, or TRH. TRH then travels to the pituitary gland, which is an endocrine gland located at the bottom of the hypothalamus. In response to the presence of TRH, the pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH, into the blood. The TSH then goes to the thyroid gland, resulting in the thyroid producing two thyroid hormones called L-thyroxine and triiodothyronine. In order to produce these thyroid hormones, dietary iodine must be available to the brain.

The pituitary gland regulates the production of thyroid hormone by sensing how much hormone is in the blood and adjusting the production of hormones as needed. When there is too much thyroid hormone in the blood, the pituitary gland senses this and reduces the amount of TRH and TSH produced until the level of thyroid hormones in the blood returns to normal.

When there is too little thyroid hormone in the blood, the pituitary gland senses this and increases the amount of TRH and TSH produced until the level of thyroid hormones in the blood reaches a normal level. If there is a defect in this thyroid hormone regulatory process, for any reason, hypo- or hyperthyroidism may result.

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

Grave’s Disease: an autoimmune disorder resulting in antibodies stimulating the thyroid and causing too much thyroxine to be released. Antibodies, usually used to protect against viruses, bacteria and foreign substances, attack the thyroid and sometimes the tissues behind the eyes and the skin in the lower legs over the shins. A genetic predisposition appears to be a causal factor of Grave’s Disease.

• Hyper functioning thyroid nodules: the presence noncancerous lumps that form when a part of the thyroid gland walls itself off from the rest of the gland”also called an adenoma”that produce excess thyroxine, thus causing hyperthyroidism. The cause of these adenomas that produce excess thyroxine is unknown.
• Thyroiditis: the inflammation of the thyroid gland, causing excess thyroid hormones to leak into the bloodstream. Some types of thyroiditis cause thyroid gland pain, while others are painless and sometimes occur after pregnancy.
• Autoimmune disease (Hashimoto thyroiditis): an autoimmune disorder resulting in antibodies that attack tissues, affecting the thyroid’s ability to produce hormones.
• Treatment for hyperthyroidism: radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications used to treat hyperthyroidism can sometimes result in permanent hypothyroidism.
• Radiation therapy: used to treat cancers of the head and neck, radiation therapy can affect the thyroid gland and lead to hypothyroidism
• Thyroid surgery: the process of removing a large portion or all of the thyroid, resulting in the halting hormone production
• Medications: some, such as lithium, contribute to hypothyroidism
• Congenital disease: birth defect where the thyroid gland did not develop normally in utero
• Pituitary disorder: the failure of the pituitary gland to produce enough TSH, often due to a noncancerous tumor
• Pregnancy: during or after pregnancy some women produce antibodies to their own thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism and putting the pregnancy at risk
• Iodine deficiency: essential for the production of thyroid hormones, the amount of dietary iodine in the body is sometimes too low to assist in the production of thyroid hormones

Symptoms

Many of the symptoms of hyper- and hypothyroidism are uncomfortable and mild. Therefore, thyroid problems are easily overlooked by individuals until they gain in intensity. Symptoms often develop slowly, but as the illness continues untreated the symptoms increase. It is important to know the signs of thyroid problems so medical advice and treatment can be received as soon as possible.

• Sudden weight loss
• Rapid heartbeat (more than 100 beats per minute), irregular heartbeat, or pounding heart
• Increased appetite
• Nervousness, anxiety, irritability
• Tremor, usually in hands and fingers
• Sweating
• Change in menstrual patterns
• Increased sensitivity to heat
• Changes in bowel patterns, especially more frequent occurrence
• Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), which shows as swelling at the base of the neck
• Fatigue and muscle weakness
• Difficulty sleeping

Additional Symptoms Include:

• Fatigue
• Sluggishness
• Increased sensitivity to cold
• Constipation
• Pale, dry skin
• Puffy face
• Hoarse voice
• Elevated cholesterol level
• Unexplained weight gain
• Muscle aches, tenderness, stiffness
• Pain, stiffness, swelling in joints
• Muscle weakness
• Heavier than normal menstrual periods
• Brittle fingernails and hair
• Depression

Close attention to symptoms common of thyroid problems is essential in diagnosing such problems. While hypothyroidism generally occurs in middle-aged and older women, it is possible for infants and children to develop hypothyroidism as well. The following should be watched for in case of hypothyroidism in infant or children:

• Jaundice: yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
• Frequent choking
• Large, protruding tongue
• Puffy face
• Constipation
• Poor muscle tone
• Excessive sleepiness
• Poor growth
• Delayed permanent teeth
• Delayed puberty
• Poor cognitive development

In addition to the various causes of hypothyroidism, there are certain factors that put people at risk of developing the thyroid disorder. These risk factors include:

• A family history of autoimmune disorders
• Having undergone radioactive iodine treatment or taken anti-thyroid medications
• Having undergone radiation treatment to the neck or upper chest
• Having had thyroid surgery

Testing for Thyroid Disease

If concerned about thyroid problems, a medical doctor should be consulted. A comprehensive exam, including a physical exam, medical history, and blood test, can accurately determine if a thyroid disease is present. The blood test is used to determine the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. A low level of thyroxine and a high level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicates hypothyroidism; while high levels of thyroxine and a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicates hyperthyroidism.

If blood tests indicate hyperthyroidism, the medical doctor may request one of the following additional tests to determine the cause of the overactive thyroid:

Radioactive iodine uptake test: a small oral dose of radioactive iodine is taken, which collects in your thyroid gland, and is checked after 2, 6 or 24 hours to determine how much iodine the thyroid gland has absorbed. If a high amount of radioiodine has been absorbed, the thyroid gland is producing too much thyroxine and the cause of the hyperthyroidism is most likely Graves disease or hyper functioning nodules. If the amount of radioiodine absorbed is low, the cause of the hyperthyroidism is likely thyroiditis.

Thyroid scan: radioactive isotope is injected into the side of the elbow or hand, and a special camera produces an image of the thyroid on a computer screen.

It is extremely important that these additional tests be done in order to determine the cause of the hyperthyroidism, and to ensure the proper treatment of the disease.

Thyroid Disease Treatment

Thyroid disease is a serious medical problem that has no cure or ways to prevent it from occurring. However, the good news is that thyroid disease can be effectively managed with the proper treatment.

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

Radioactive Iodine

Taken orally, radioactive iodine is absorbed by the thyroid gland causing it to shrink and symptoms of hyperthyroidism to subside. Side effects include slowing thyroid activity to the point where medication may be needed every day to replace thyroxine.

Anti-thyroid Medications

Medications that gradually reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism by preventing thyroid gland from producing excess hormones. Side effects include liver damage.

Beta Blockers

Drugs common for treatment of high blood pressure that do not reduce thyroid levels, and which reduce rapid heart rates and prevent palpitations. May be prescribed until thyroid levels are in the normal range.

Surgery

Removal of most of the thyroid gland. This is used only in rare cases and when anti-thyroid medications cannot be tolerated. Side effects include damage to the vocal cords and parathyroid glands, the need for lifelong treatment to supply body with normal amounts of thyroid hormones, and the need for medication to keep blood-calcium levels normal.

Treatment for hypothyroidism is the prescription of an oral medication that is a synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine. This treatment is usually lifelong, though the symptoms of hypothyroidism will begin to alleviate after only a few weeks. This treatment requires a blood test 2 -3 months after beginning oral medication in order to determine TSH levels.

There are virtually no side effects associated with the proper dosage of this medication, though some supplements, medications and foods may interfere with the effectiveness of the medication. The doctor should be made aware of a high soy or fiber diet, as well as medications taken such as iron supplements, Cholestyramine, Aluminum hydroxide (found in antacids), and calcium supplements.

At Home Remedies

There are various at-home remedies believed to assist in the treatment of thyroid disease. However, it is important to note that these herbal and home remedies are not monitored by the FDA and their efficacy cannot be guaranteed. Before choosing these alternatives as treatment, a medical doctor and/or naturopath should be consulted.

• Kelp seaweed: antioxidant containing iodine, which helps in the functioning of the thyroid
• Bladderwack: high in iodine and therefore beneficial for hypothyroidism
• Vitamin B Complex: improves cellular oxygenation and energy, and assists with digestion, immunity and thyroid functioning
• Primrose Oil: essential fatty acid, important for thyroid functioning
• Irish Moss: nourishes the thyroid
• Siberian Ginseng: helps adrenal and thymus glands, which supports thyroid health
• Black walnut: rich in organic iodine and manganese that nourishes and strengthens thyroid function
• Vitamin A rich foods: yellow vegetables, eggs, carrots, and dark green vegetables help in thyroid functioning

In addition to the at-home natural remedies listed above, there are various nutritional supplements available in pill form at organic and naturopathic stores, as well as online. These range in price from $10 – $50 depending on the brand purchased, the store or online retailer purchased from, and the size of the bottle purchased.

As with all issues relating to health, diet and exercise are important factors in the well being of our bodies. Whether pharmaceutical, surgical or at-home remedies are used as treatment for thyroid disorder, a healthy diet and exercise plan can help to increase not only the health of the thyroid, but of the body as whole.

When the sebaceous glands produce too much oil, it can get trapped under the skin, combine with dead skin cells, and clog the pores. When this happens, bacteria can build, and cause inflamed, puss-filled bumps known as pimples, zits, or acne.

Teenagers are prone to pimples because of their overactive hormones during puberty. And women are more likely than men to get pimples because of the hormonal changes that happen during menstruation, and pregnancy. But these unsightly bumps can affect children as young as 10, and adults well into their forties.

There is no single cause for pimples; this skin condition can be the result of many combined factors. Some of these zit-causing reasons include hormones, exposure to oils, stress, using the wrong skincare products, and pressure from wearing helmets or chinstraps. Medications such as those containing lithium, iodides, steroids, and bromides can also contribute to pimples, and worsen existing breakouts.

Pimple breakouts can range in severity, and since everyone’s skin is different there is no one size fits all method for zapping zits. A combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and natural home remedies can be used to clear existing breakouts and prevent new ones from occurring.

Drug Treatments for Pimples

Over the counter creams, cleansers, and gels that contain benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid are the most commonly used topical medicines for treating mild breakouts. Salicylic acid is a beta hydroxyl acid that promotes rapid shedding of the skin cells. This acne-fighting ingredient also neutralizes bacteria, and constricts pore diameter to reduce pore blockage. Salicylic acid can cause irritation, dryness, peeling, burning, and stinging of the skin. Using other acne-fighting ingredients with salicylic acid can increase burning.

Benzoyl peroxide is an organic compound that acts as a peeling agent to increase skin turnover, clear pores, and reduce bacteria count. The most common side effect of benzoyl peroxide is irritation, and drying of the skin. After a week of using products that contain benzoyl peroxide, the skin builds a tolerance and the drying, and irritation will usually subside.

Less common side effects of benzoyl peroxide include burning, swelling, itching, and peeling. This acne-fighting ingredient can bleach hair, and clothes, so it should be applied with care. Although creams, gels, and cleansers that contain salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide are available over the counter, pregnant women, and women who are nursing should consult a doctor before using them on their skin.

Simple Breakouts and Antimicrobials

Unfortunately, severe pimple breakouts are not easy to get rid of with over the counter medicines. These types of breakouts usually require the help of a dermatologist. A dermatologist will evaluate the skin, and determine the best way to heal current breakouts, prevent new ones from forming, and reduce the risk of scarring.

Dermatologists commonly prescribe topical antimicrobials, topical retinoids, or oral antibiotics to treat pimples. These medications can be prescribed alone, or in several combinations to improve their effectiveness.

Topical antimicrobials inhibit the population of the p.acnes bacteria, and promote healing of breakouts. Common types of antimicrobials prescribed by dermatologists include:

Azelaic acid

Azelaic acid occurs naturally in the skin and is used to treat both inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. Side effects of this drug include dryness, and lighting of the skin.

Clindamycin

Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic antibiotic that treats acne. Side effects of this drug include skin dryness, and irritation. Since clindamycin is a topical antibiotic, there is a chance of bacterial resistance if it is not used as directed.

Erythromycin

Topical erythromycin is an antibiotic that is usually combined with benzoyl peroxide to increase effectiveness. Side effects of this drug include drying of the skin, and irritation. Use erythromycin as directed to reduce the risk of bacterial resistance.

Sodium sulfacetamide

Sulfacetamide is usually used to treat inflammatory acne. This drug opens clogged pores, and kills bacteria. The smell, and grittiness of products containing sulfur is strong, and may not appeal to users.

Benzoyl Peroxide

Although benzoyl peroxide can be found in drug stores, dermatologists may find it necessary to prescribe stronger concentrations of this medicine to treat pimples.

Topical retinoids are a derivative of vitamin A. These retinoids work to unclog pores, and prevent pimples from forming. Commonly prescribed topical retinoids include:

Tazarotene

Tazarotene is a synthetic retinoid that should not be used by pregnant women due to the increased risk of birth defects. Side effects of this medication can include skin irritation.

Adapalene

Adapalene is a synthetic retinoid that acts as an anti-inflammatory. Side effects of this drug include skin irritation, and dryness.

Tretinoin

Tretinoin is a natural retinoid that can effectively unclog pores. This drug is very harsh on the skin. Side effects include dryness, irritation, redness, burning, itching, and scaling. Some of these side effects can be minimized by reducing the amount of medication applied to the skin.

Oral Antibiotics

Oral antibiotics are effective at treating persistent acne. When taken orally, antibiotics reduce the p.acnes population, and reduce inflammation to promote healing of pimples. Antibiotics are not typically prescribed for more than six months; if overused, these drugs can cause resistance to bacteria. Commonly prescribed oral antibiotics include:

Erythromycin

When taken internally, erythromycin can cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Tetracycline, Doxycycline, and Minocycline

These drugs are effective at reducing inflammatory pimples. Tetracycline, and derivative drugs affect the development of bones and teeth, so they should not be used by children under the age of eight, and pregnant or breastfeeding women. Doxycycline is especially effective at treating inflammatory acne. In addition to skeletal damage in children, doxycycline can cause sun sensitivity.

Sometimes pimples can start deep in the skin, and form cystic acne. Cystic acne is the most difficult type of breakouts to treat. If cystic pimples are not treated properly they can become severely inflamed, rupture, and cause permanent scarring of the skin. In cases such as these, dermatologists may need to administer inter-lesional corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Skin doctors can also drain, and extract puss from large cysts to speed healing.

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin is a man-made retinoid used to treat cystic acne that does not respond to other medications. This drug is taken in pill form up to twice a day for 16 to 20 weeks, and the results can last for years. Isotretinoin is used hesitantly due to the long list of serious side effects. One such side effect includes the possibility of severe birth defects in developing fetuses.

Women who use isotretinoin should use two forms of birth control for one month before starting the drug, during the entire treatment, and one month after treatments end. Women should not breastfeed while taking isotretinoin, and they should talk to a doctor to get an all clear before getting pregnant after taking the drug.

Other Side effects of Isotretinoin Include:

• severe chest pain
• severe abdomen pain
• blurred vision
• dizziness
• severe headaches
• bone pain
• joint pain
• nausea and vomiting
• rectal bleeding
• diarrhea
• depression
• skin dryness
• dryness of the eyes
• dryness of the nose
• hair loss

These topical retinoids, topical antimicrobials, and oral antibiotics are approved for use in the United States, and may not be regulated for use on pimples in other countries.

Oral contraceptives regulate hormones, and keep oil glands under control, so they may also be prescribed as a way to reduce breakouts in women. Oral contraceptives may not be appropriate for women over the age of 35, those who have blood clotting disorders, and women who smoke.

Natural Remedies for Pimples

Drug treatments are not the only way to manage pimples; natural treatments can also be used for mild cases. Natural treatments may take longer to work, but they are cheaper than medication, and less likely to cause adverse side effects. Here are some home treatments that can be used to banish pimples from the skin.

Tea tree oil “ tea tree oil has antiseptic properties that can reduce acne-causing bacteria and clear acne blemishes. Tea tree oil should not be used at full strength. Instead, mix 5 percent tea tree oil with 95 percent water. You can also purchase premixed ointments from health food stores, or online vendors.

White vinegar and garlic juice mix “ vinegar regulates PH levels in the skin, and garlic has antibacterial and antimicrobial proprieties that kills infections, and helps repair skin. Use a juicer or cheesecloth to extract the juice from two cloves of garlic, and add two tablespoons of vinegar. Use a cotton ball to apply the mixture to affected areas. Let the vinegar, and garlic sit for 20-minutes, and rinse it off with warm water.

Steam facials “ steaming the face three times a week for 15-minutes per session can unclog pores, and release oil, and dirt form the skin.

Oatmeal facial “ oatmeal tones the skin, soothes irritation, and pulls impurities from the pores. Use a blender to crush oatmeal into a fine powder. Add a little warm water to the oatmeal powder, and mix. Apply the oatmeal to the face, let it dry, and then rinse it off with warm water.

Grapefruit seed extract “ grapefruit seed extract has antiviral and antibacterial properties that can kill bacteria, and heal acne. Mix three drops of grapefruit seed extract with one tablespoon of water. Apply the mixture to pimples with a cotton ball.

Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Pimples:

Although there is no single cause of pimples, lifestyle factors can play a role in breakouts. Here are some things you can do to reduce the likelihood of clogged pores, bacteria, and oil buildup.

Keeping Your Face Clean

Wash your face twice a day with a soft washcloth, and a mild cleanser. Avoid using harsh scrubbing sponges on the face because this can cause irritation, and injury to the skin.

Keep your hands out of your face. Popping or picking at pimples can transfer dirt and bacteria, increase inflammation, and worsen breakouts. On those rare occasions when you have to touch your face with your hands, wash them first.

Washing Pillowcases

Keep pillowcases, and sheets washed regularly to keep dirt, bacteria, and oil from building up, and transferring to your face. Wash hair regularly, and don’t use oily products on the hair.

Exercise

Exercise for at least 30-minutes a day. Regular exercise can decrease breakouts by reducing stress, and regulating hormones. Sweating also slows down the production of oil in the glands, and reduces the likelihood of pimples.

Make Up & Cosmetics

Switch to cosmetic products labeled, Noncomodegenic or Oil-Free. These types of cosmetics reduce the likelihood of allergic reactions, and clogged pores.

Use clean makeup sponges to apply makeup. And wash makeup brushes regularly to prevent the transfer of bacteria.

A face full of pimples can cause you to shy away from social situations. But having zits is not the end of the world. With the wide range of medicines and natural treatments available, embarrassing breakouts can be effectively managed.