Vitamins

Vitamin E – Tocopherol (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta)

Tocopherols are a group of four chemical compounds discovered in 1922 by anatomist and embryologist Herbert McLean Evans. Evans was conducting feeding experiments on rats using vitamins B and C. During these experiments, Evans concluded that despite the rats being feed every known nutrient, they were still infertile.

Upon feeding them wheat germ, the rats were able to become pregnant. After years of experiments and studies attempting to isolate the unknown compound in wheat germ that allowed the rats to become fertile, Evans found the formula C29H50O2 and concluded that it reacted like an alcohol, making it part of a hydroxyl group. Evans named the compound after the Greek words “tokos” (birth) and “pherein” (to bear or carry) meaning, “to bear young”, adding the –ol to indicate the alcohol property of the compound. The structure of Tocopherols was later determined in 1938, over twenty years after the initial experiments.

Types

Tocopherols are a lipid-soluble (fat-soluble) antioxidant that, when combined with corresponding tocotrienols, make up the common dietary supplement Vitamin E. However, almost all Tocopherols and tocotrienols have Vitamin E activity and properties, and can be correctly referred to as Vitamin E on their own. The four forms of Tocopherols are alpha, beta, gamma and delta.

Alpha

Tocopherol is the form of vitamin E most easily absorbed by the human body, and found in the largest quantities in human blood serum. It is believed to be responsible for protecting cell membranes and reducing the risk of cardiovascular problems. It is the most found tocopherol in vitamin E supplements and in European diets.

Beta

Beta-tocopherol has lower vitamin E activity than the other three tocopherols and amounts found in human blood serum are lower than with alpha, gamma and delta tocopherols. While technically providing the same benefits of the other three tocopherols, it is not as easily absorbed by the human body and therefore is used only in small amounts in vitamin E supplements.

Gamma

Tocopherol is second only to alpha-tocopherol in its vitamin E activity, and is the most common tocopherol found in the American diet. While it is higher in concentration than alpha-tocopherol in food sources, the liver removes it from human blood serum, causing it to be found in lesser amounts in the human body than alpha-tocopherol. Because of this, it is not an effective lipid antioxidant.

Delta

Tocopherol has a lower concentration in food sources than alpha-tocopherol or gamma-tocopherol, yet is more easily absorbed by the human body than gamma-tocopherol. Therefore, it is primarily used with alpha-tocopherol in vitamin E supplements, and it is believed that when delta tocopherol is combined with other tocopherols in a vitamin E supplement, the supplement is more easily absorbed by the human body.

Sources and Dosage

Doctors recommend that a 25-year-old male ingest 15 milligrams a day of vitamin E. Due to the fact that high amounts of vitamin E can act as an anticoagulant (preventing the clotting of blood), it is recommended that vitamin E intake not exceed 1,000 milligrams per day. Two American surveys in 1991 and 1994 indicated that most Americans do not consume the recommended amount of vitamin E, though a study by the Institute of Medicine in 2000 suggested that the surveys could be flawed because added fat during cooking is often under-reported. They believe that most Americans actually do receive the recommended amount of vitamin E from their normal diets, though caution those who consume low-fat diets to take a vitamin E supplement due to the lack of vegetable oils, a main source of vitamin E.

Besides vegetable oils, vitamin E is also found in high concentrations in nuts, seeds and whole grains. However, most Americans receive the bulk of their vitamin E from breakfast cereal and tomato sauce. Vitamin E is found in these sources, listed from highest to lowest: Wheat germ oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, walnut oil, peanut oil, olive oil, poppy seed oil, peanuts, pollard, maize, poppy seeds, asparagus, oats, chestnuts, coconuts, tomatoes, walnuts, carrots and goat’s milk. While wheat germ oil contains 215.4 milligrams of vitamin E per 100 grams, goat’s milk only has .1 milligrams of vitamin E per 100 grams.

Synthetic Types & Supplements

Synthetic vitamin E is also added to packaged foods, especially cereals. Most fortified breakfast cereals can contain upwards of 24 milligrams of vitamin E per serving, which is well above the recommended intake of 15 milligrams per day.

For those consuming a low fat diet, vitamin E supplements are recommended. Natural supplements usually derive vitamin E from soybean oil, while synthetic supplements usually use straight alpha-tocopherols or a combination of alpha-tocopherols and one or two of the other tocopherols. Natural vitamin E supplements, while often more expensive, are recommended over synthetics as they are absorbed by the human body in larger quantities and more efficiently than synthetic vitamin E. Some supplements contain both natural and synthetic tocopherols, and are usually priced between the all natural and all synthetic versions of vitamin E.

Medical Usage and Health Benefits

The proper intake of vitamin E can help prevent and theoretically treat a host of common health concerns.

Alzheimer’s disease, a progressive form of dementia, is believed to be partially caused by oxidative stress. Studies suggest that high intake of vitamin E can prevent cell membranes from oxidizing, and therefore can be used as both a preventative measure and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. However, studies are mixed as to whether vitamin E actually helps, with some trials indicating it does and others that it does not. Nonetheless, vitamin E has not been found to speed up the progression or onset of this disease.

Antioxidants such as vitamin E have been proven to help prevent the effect of free radicals on the human body, which are known to contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer. Studies indicate that vitamin E may block carcinogens, a known cancer causing substance, from accumulating in the body, thereby preventing the development of certain cancers.

Vitamin E is also known to boost immune function, protecting those already with cancer from additional threats to their already weakened immune system. Most studies suggest that vitamin E primarily protects against prostate cancer and breast cancer, though it has not been shown to decrease the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. On the contrary, recent studies have indicated that high intake of vitamin E by smokers can actually increase the risk of lung cancer by seven percent for each 100 IU of vitamin E taken daily.

Protect Your Eyes

Vitamin E has been found to protect the human eye from a host of diseases. When combined with other antioxidants, has been found to slow the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is an eye disease that usually develops after the age of 60 and the leading cause of vision problems and blindness among the elderly. However, vitamin E by itself has not been found to have any effect on the development of AMD.

Observational studies have indicated that regular use of vitamin E supplements in those that already consume the recommended amount of vitamin E in their diets reduces the risk of developing cataracts. In 2007, a study found that when vitamin E supplementation was added to other treatments for glaucoma, a disease damaging the optic nerve of the eye, it helped protect the spread of glaucomatous damage to the retina. Those treated with additional vitamin E showed significantly less vision impairment than those who were not.

Preventing Parkinson’s

In 2005, a study was published suggesting that vitamin E could help prevent the onset of Parkinson’s disease, a degeneration of the central nervous system that progressively impairs motor skills and speech. People who consumed foods high in vitamin E were found to have a lower risk of developing this devastating disease, though consuming these foods after the onset of Parkinson’s disease has not been shown to have any effect on the progression of the disease. In addition, use of supplemental vitamin E had no effect on either the onset of the disease or the progression.

Preventing Heart Disease

Vitamin E is widely believed to prevent or delay coronary heart disease, though this has only been found in small studies and disputed in larger studies. Vitamin E has been shown to reduce LDL-cholesterol (also known as “bad” cholesterol) and the formation of blood clots. LDL-cholesterol increases the risk of blockages in coronary arteries, which leads to atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Observational studies have indicated that those with a higher than usual intake of vitamin E were thirty to forty percent less likely to develop heart disease.

Despite this, clinical trials do not show the same outcome, though research is ongoing. Some studies indicate alpha-tocopherol only vitamin E supplements actually increase the risk of heart failure. When alpha-tocopherol was combined with gamma-tocopherol, this was not the case. The most promising use of vitamin E in regards to heart problems was found by the American Heart Association in 2007, when they stated that women taking regular doses of a vitamin E supplement were 21% less likely to suffer a blood clot than those who were not, though continuation of blood thinners was recommended for treatment.

Other Uses

Tocopherols are often used as a preservative in foods to prevent oils from going rancid, especially in dry pet food. A mix of all four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) has been found to be most effective for this application. Vitamin E is also widely used in cosmetics and as an additive in packaged foods. It is believed to be good for the skin, and is found in most moisturizers and foundations. Its predominance in these products, while possibly beneficial, is primarily because vitamin E is inexpensive. While marketing often preaches the benefits of vitamin E when applied topically, the research behind this claim is shady at best. Recent studies have indicated that 90% of study participants noticed no improvements in their appearance when vitamin E was added to a product and a third of these actually developed rashes from synthetic versions of vitamin E.

While vitamin E, when consumed according to guidelines, can be beneficial to one’s overall health, it can also increase morbidity rates when taken in excess. As with all things regarding one’s health, it is best to discuss vitamin E supplementation with one’s doctor.

Sources:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol#Sources
• 
  http://www.benbest.com/nutrceut/VitaminE.html
• http://www.rxlist.com/vitamin_e/supplements.htm
• 
  http://www.e-healthcaresolutions.com/AMA/levi-jama-0310-inter.php?url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/2008.600/DC1

B9 (Folic acid, Dihydrofolic acid, Folinic acid)

Vitamin B9 is commonly referred to as folic acid. Most individuals who have conceived are familiar with vitamin B9. Physicians often recommend vitamin B9 to females who are trying to conceive and who are pregnant. Studies have shown that vitamin B9 reduces the risks of birth defects in infants if consumed by the mother before and during pregnancy. Since neural tube development occurs during the first month, women should consume a considerable amount of folate during conception.

Vitamin B9 is water soluble. The body utilizes folate to synthesize and repair DNA. Therefore, it plays a vital role in the cell division process. The vitamin also aids in the production of red blood cells and white blood cells. Vitamin B9 deficiencies may prompt a reduced production of white and red blood cells. A low blood cell count is referred to as anemia. Anemia manifests in the body as fatigue, weakness and inability to concentrate.

Recommended Daily Allowances

The recommended daily allowances for folic acid are 400 micrograms for men and women who are not pregnant or trying to conceive. Experts recommend 600 micrograms of folic acid for pregnant women.

Sources of Vitamin B9

While most pregnant mothers will receive folic acid through a supplement, individuals may also find vitamin B9 in a host of natural foods. Many experts recommend natural sources of vitamin B9 because it is easier for the body to absorb. Synthetic vitamins are more difficult to absorb.

Vitamin B9 is most commonly found in the following sources:

• Leafy Green Vegetables
• Spinach
• Asparagus
• Romaine Lettuce
• Dried or Fresh Beans
• Peas
• Beer
• Pasta
• Cereal
• Bread
• Sunflower Seeds
• Orange Juice
• Pineapple Juice
• Cantaloupe
• Honeydew melon
• Grapefruit Juice
• Banana
• Raspberry
• Grapefruit
• Strawberry
• Beets
• Broccoli
• Corn
• Tomato Juice
• Bok Choy
• Liver
• Baker’s Yeast
• Dried Cereals

History of the Vitamin

Scientists, in the early 1900s, noticed that a deficiency of folate presented itself in the form of anemia. Dr. Lucy Wills demonstrated that anemia could be alleviated through the consumption of brewer’s yeast. She sought to prove this finding to eliminate anemia during pregnancy. In the 1940s, folate was isolated and extracted from spinach leaves. In the mid 1940s, folate was isolated in crystal form by scientist, Bob Stokstad, under the supervision of Dr. Yellapragada Subbarao. This research occurred at the Lederley Lab in Pearl River, NY.

This research later led to the production of the anti-cancer drug known as antifolate Aminopterin. This research was conducted under the guidance of Dr. S. Farber in 1948. Scientists discovered the role of folate in neural tube development in the 1960s. In the 1990s, scientists pushed for inclusion of the vitamins in foods to assist individuals in meeting their daily allowances for defects. They accomplished this goal through the folic acid fortification program. Most of the fortification in the United States and other countries occurred through breads and cereals.

Health Benefits

• Vitamin B9 plays a significant role in the neural tube development of an unborn fetus. The neural tube forms during the first 4 to 6 weeks of pregnancy. Pregnant mothers are recommended to consume between 600 to 800 micrograms to avoid neural damage and birth defects.
• Studies have shown that a diet consisting of 5 to 27 micrograms of folic acid per week will assist in the fight against rheumatoid arthritis.
• Patients suffering from diabetes mellitus typically have lower levels of folic acid present in the blood. These individuals may also benefit from folic acid supplements or foods fortified with folic acid.
• Folic acid may prove beneficial in fighting some cancers. Studies have shown benefits of folic acid in fighting colorectal cancers and breast cancers. The findings are inconclusive. More studies must be conducted to prove the findings conclusively.
• Vitamin B9 is also beneficial in fighting certain heart disease. Folic acid has been known to lower homocysteine levels. Elevated homocysteine levels indicate low vitamin B9 levels. Elevated levels may encourage blood cells to stick together and form clots. A blocked artery may cause a heart attack or stroke.

Ailments from Vitamin B9 Deficiencies

Several problems may occur if the body does not receive the daily allowance of vitamin B9. Deficiencies in Vitamin B9 can lead to the following health problems:

Birth Defects

Pregnant women who do not consume between 600 and 800 micrograms of folic acid per day put their unborn fetus at risk for improper development of the brain, skull, and spinal cord. Risk also increases for low infant birth rate, retardation of fetal growth, and pre-term delivery.

Additionally, when homocysteine levels rise in the blood due to low folate levels, pregnant women are more at risk for spontaneous abortion, placental abruption and preeclampsia. During the first four weeks of pregnancy, most women do not even realize that they are pregnant.

Therefore, it is important to maintain a diet rich in folate if there is a possibility of conception. Neural tube defects will ultimately manifest as a spine defect in an infant. Spine defects are often referred to as spina bifida. Brain defects may also occur. The brain defects are referred to as anencephaly. Folic acid supplements also have been shown to reduce the risk of cleft lip, limb defects, urinary tract anomalies, and congenital heart defects. Women who take folic acid supplements reduce the risk of birth defects by 3.9 times.

Alternatively, a recent study by University of Adelaide showed that pregnant mothers who consumed excessive amounts of folic acid during the last trimester of pregnancy may increase the chances of the child developing childhood asthma by 30 percent.

Cancer

A deficiency in Vitamin B9 may lead to problems during DNA synthesis. These problems may cause the DNA to accelerate the growth of cancerous cells instead of normal cells. Colon cancer or colorectal cancer is most often associated with folate intake. Folic acid intake appears to decrease the development of colorectal cancer.

Folate accelerated prostate cancer by 67 percent in those individuals who had a progressive case of cancer. These findings were a result of a European study with 520,000 men participating. Another study showed that 1 mg of folic acid was found to increase the risks associated with prostate cancer. Scientists speculate that this phenomenon occurred because of folic acid’s role in nucleotide synthesis and promotion of cell growth and division.

When cancer is present, folic acid may promote the division and growth of those cells as well. Folate receptors increase during cancer. Folic acid also plays a role in “DNA methylation” in cancer development. Folic acid deficiency inhibits the production of cytosine methylation in DNA. When the production ceases, proto-oncogenes become active and malignant cells begin to form in the body and more specifically, the prostate. The entire process increases the risk for cancer. More studies should be conducted before these findings are conclusive.

Other studies show that diets high in folate also increased the risk for leukemia in children. More studies should be conducted to conclusively prove this finding.

The findings for the effects of folic acid intake on breast cancer reduction are inconclusive. One Swedish study suggests that diets high in folate result in a decreased development of breast cancer. Other studies refute this finding. More studies must be conducted to prove the findings conclusively.

Heart Disease

Studies indicate that homocysteine levels are an indicator or risk factor of heart disease. Experts speculate that high levels of homocysteine may damage arteries or form blood clots that contribute to heart related problems. The data is not conclusive that vitamin B9 will lower homocysteine production and thus, reduce the risk of heart disease. However, the risks of heart disease decreased by 15 percent since the new folate regulations were introduced in the 1990s. Scientists estimate that 13,500 coronary-related deaths are associated with folate deficiencies.

Folate Deficiencies

Deficiencies in folic acid may lead to diarrhea, confusion, anemia, depression, and glossitis. Scientists suggest that increase homocysteine levels may indicate an anemia or decreased folic acid consumption. Individuals who have problems absorbing the vitamin may choose to take a supplement to replenish the presence of vitamin B9 in the body. Patients with celiac disease often have a problem with absorption and may develop a folate deficiency. Obese people who have a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 50 or more may also develop a folate deficiency.

Elderly Population

The results from studies regarding elderly populations and folic acid are mixed. One major concern is the ability of the vitamin B9 to mask a deficiency in vitamin B12 levels. Experts recommend consuming vitamin B9 in conjunction with vitamin B12 to avoid such masking issues. In a study of 747 elderly subjects, experts found that vitamin B9 reduced the risk of heart disease and lowered the homocysteine levels. Each of the subjects consumed 140 micrograms of folic acid per 100 grams of grain product.

The subjects ranged in age from 67 to 96. Because of this study and similar studies, Canada fortifies its food supply with 150 micrograms of folic acid per 100 grams of grain. Much of their elderly population also consumes 400 micrograms. Experts recommend not consuming over the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA).

Folic Acid Supplements and Vitamin B12 Masking

Experts are often concerned about the consumption of vitamin B9 without vitamin B12. The concern arises because vitamin B9 can alleviate anemia symptoms that are a result of a vitamin B12 deficiency. However, vitamin B9 does not address the deficiencies in the nervous system that result from a vitamin B12 deficiency. Experts grow concerned because although the patient may feel better after taking folic acid, they still may experience nerve damage from a vitamin B12 deficiency.

Patients should not exceed 1000 micrograms or 1 mg of folic acid per day to avoid masking the symptoms associated with a vitamin B12 deficiency. Canadian studies show that no conclusive evidence indicates that high folic acid levels mask vitamin B9. However, more studies must be conducted to determine the effectiveness. In the elderly population, studies have shown that high folic acid levels in conjunction with low vitamin B12 levels promoted “significant cognitive impairment.” The elderly should consult with a physician prior to beginning a vitamin B9 or B12 regimen.

Bone Health

Elevated homocysteine levels related to a folic acid deficiency may lead to osteoporosis, reduction in Bone Mass Density (BMD) and bone fractures. The results are not conclusive and more studies must be done to prove the findings conclusively.

Menopause

Postmenopausal women who consume folic acid supplements may find relief from related symptoms, such as hot flashes. Folic acid is thought to interact with neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically norepinephrine and serotonin, to reduce the effects of hot flashes.

Infectious Disease

Folic acid deficiencies are linked to Plasmodium flaciparum malaria. This type of malaria is linked to anemia. Areas where malaria is endemic, such as Columbia, could benefit from folic acid consumption.

Depression

Some studies link folic acid to a reduction in depression. Studies are not conclusive. More data must be collected to prove this assumption.

Memory

In a study of over 800 people, scientists measured short term memory, mental agility and verbal fluency. During this study, scientists found improved concentration and memory in those individuals over the age of 50 who consumed 800 micrograms or more of folic acid daily. Folic acid is important for cells to divide. Cancer cells divide rapidly. Those who want to curb cancer growth should not consume high amounts of folic acid.

Obesity

Obese patients who consume folic acid may increase the presence of lipolysis in adipocytes. This process may prevent obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Folic acid may also play a role in lowering the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and in the blood by increasing bile production.

Stroke

Studies have shown that patients at risk for a stroke have decreased their chances of having a stroke by consuming folic acid. Experts found that a folic acid supplement of 5 micrograms per day significantly reduced pulse pressure. Pulse pressure is an indicator of stroke risk.

Parkinson’s Disease

Patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease may benefit from a folic acid supplement. Studies have shown that folic acid lowers homocysteine levels. Elevated homocysteine levels contribute to bone loss and a host of other problems. Additionally, patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease may take a drug known as levodopa. Levodopa is a psychoactive drug taken to treat Parkinson’s disease. The drug may also decrease Bone Mass Density (BMD). Experts have cited improvements in femur bones and lumbar spine as a result of increased Vitamin B9 intake.

Renal Disease

Folic acid supplements have been found to reduce the risk of developing renal diseases in children. Microalbuminuria is a common childhood renal disease associated with a folic acid deficiency.

Macular Degeneration

Several studies have been conducted and documented in a journal article entitled, “Women’s Antioxident and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study” regarding folic acid and the developmental risks of age-related macular degeneration. These studies found that patients who consumed a folic acid supplement, along with pyridoxine and cyanocobalmin, reduced their risk of developing macular degeneration by 34 percent.

Antifolates

Experts recommend folic acid to promote cell growth and division. Cancer cells characteristically grow fast and divide rapidly. Cancer patients are given drugs to counteract folate metabolism. Antifolate methotrexate is a drug used to treat cancer. It is given to the patient to inhibit the production of the active for of THF from dihydrofolate.

Methotrexate may become toxic to a person’s body and produce undesirable side effects. Some of the most common side effects include inflammation of the colon, bone marrow depression and renal failure. Inflammation of the colon often makes it difficult to eat properly.

While antifolates are designed to eliminate cancer dividing cells, folate intake will not counteract the drug. The folate supplement will be depleted rapidly by the cancerous cells. Methotrexate is used to treat lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, schleroderma, psoriasis, sarcoidosis, asthma, polymyositis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Precautions when taking Vitamin B9

Consuming excessive amounts of folic acid daily may pose some serious side effects. The Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) is 400 micrograms per day for non-pregnant individuals. Pregnant women should consume between 600 and 800 micrograms per day. An excessive amount translates between 5,000 to 10,000 micrograms per day.

Consuming excessive amounts of B9 may mask a B12 deficiency. For this reason, some experts suggest consuming vitamin B12 in conjunction with vitamin B9. In 2007, scientists proved that vitamin B9 in excess makes the effects of a vitamin B12 deficiency worse by inhibiting its absorption rates. The excessive consumption may lead to nerve damage. These instances are rare. In most cases, the side effects are minimal. Consult a physician or go to an emergency room if the patient experiences negative side effects.

Vitamin B9 is water soluble; therefore, the vitamin is regularly excreted from the body through urine. Some research also suggests that folic acid consumed in excess may also interfere with anti-malarial treatments.

Allergic Reactions

Some individuals experience allergic reactions from folic acid intake. Individuals who are prone to allergic reactions should consult their physician prior to consuming folic acid.

Some of the symptoms may include the following:

• Breathing difficulties
• Rash
• Itching
• Swelling
• Dizziness

Individuals who experience these symptoms should seek the guidance of a physician if the problems become severe. One study involving 8083 subjects found that atopy, wheezing, and asthma were related to the dosage levels given to the patients.

Folic acid taken after in vitro fertilization may improve chances of producing twins.

Role in Biological Processes

Biologically, the folic acid process in the body begins by forming tetrahydrofolate from folate. Folate reduces to dihydrofolate, which then forms tetrahydrofolate (THF). This process is catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase. NADPH also assists in the synthesis. Methylene-Tetrahydrofolate (CH2FH4) is formed from THF by adding a methylene from a carbon donor. The carbon donor may be serine, glycine or formaldehyde. Vitamin B12 is the only acceptor of methyl-THF. Additionally, homocysteine is the only acceptor for methyl-B12. Since Vitamin B12 defiencies are often masked by vitamin B9, it is important to understand how homocysteine plays a role in the biological process of these vitamins.

Folic Acid Use Around the World

Australia

Australia and New Zealand have decided to fortify foods with folic acid. Folic acid has been included in the flour since 2009. The Food Standards Australia New Zealand regulates the process. The countries have agreed to add 0.135 mg of folic acid per 100 g of bread. The two countries debated over its inclusion before adding the beneficial vitamin.

Canada

Canada has fortified their food supply since 1998 with a synthetic form of folic acid called pteroylmonoglutamate. Canada includes 150 micrograms of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour or cereal. In 2003, the University of Toronto released a study indicating that the fortification movement has dramatically decrease neuroblastoma and congenital heart defects. After a study conducted by McGill University in 2009, experts noticed a 6.2 percent decrease per year in infants born with congenital heart defects.

New Zealand

Though New Zealand and Australia agreed jointly to include folic acid in a fortification plan in 2009, the country has since decided to wait until more research is conducted. New Zealand is against fortification citing it as mass medication. The country is afraid of overconsumption of folic acid and its effects.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom is currently debating the inclusion of folic acid in bread and flour. The Food Standards Agency recommended the fortification, but the inclusion has not been mandated to date.

United States

According to the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, GA, the number of neural tube defects has decrease 25 percent since the mandatory introduction of folic acid into the diet. Because the results remain positive, the United States Public Health Service is urging people to consume an extra 0.4 mg per day in supplement form. Since most of pregnancies are unplanned, this will reduce the risk of defects in infants.

Walk into any pharmacy or beauty department and you will find products with retinol. It is praised for its anti-aging abilities, and the positive benefits it has to offer your skin. Here is everything you need to know to understand retinol, its benefits and its uses.

What is Retinol?

Retinol is the animal form of vitamin A. It is fat-soluble and helps keep vision sharp and bones strong. Other forms of vitamin A include retinal, retinoic acid and retinyl esters, but retinol is the most usable. All version of vitamin A together are known as retinoids.
Retinol represents the vitamin A molecule in its complete state.

More on Fat-Soluble

Fat-soluble vitamins will be absorbed into the body through the intestinal tract. They are absorbed in the same manner as fats, so any condition or medication that interferes with the absorption of fats will also interfere with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. These vitamins are stored in the body, most often in the liver.

Where it’s Found

Retinol can be produced synthetically. It is typically ingested through natural sources including liver, eggs, kidney, and dairy produce. Vitamin A is also found in plants with high levels of beta-carotene like dark or yellow vegetables and in carrots.

Specifically; cod liver oil, butter, margarine, eggs, cheese and milk all contain retinoids. The level is typically 0.15 mg of retinoids for every 1.75 to 7 ounces.

How it’s Measured

Retinol is measured in International Units (IU). These refer to biological activity and so each compound will have a slightly different IU measurement. One IU of retinol will be equal to roughly 0.3 microgram, or 300 nanograms.

What it Does

Retinol helps epithelial cells function properly. Glycoprotein synthesis requires certain levels of vitamin A to take place. Vitamin A is also an important ingredient that is needed by our immune systems.

Most notably, the positive effects of vitamin A are seen in vision, night vision, tooth and bone development and strength, reproduction and healthy skin.

How it Affects Skin

Retinol is most commonly known for playing an important role in successful skin care. Retinol is used to help slow the effects of aging that are shown in the skin. Retinol helps to resurface and rejuvenate the skin, leaving users with skin that is more vibrant, clear and youthful.

Retinol has an extremely small molecular structure. This tiny structure is what enables retinol to penetrate deep into skin and go to work smoothing wrinkles and improving skin. Vitamin A in this form has the ability to improve the elasticity of the skin, smooth wrinkles and lines and increase moisture. The complexion is left, smooth, glowing and the damage that is done from age and the environment is greatly minimized and even reduced.

As the body ages, skin cells can gradually take on a misshapen and altered shape. However, these same cells have receptor sites that will quickly accept retinoic acid. As the retinoic acid is absorbed, the cell begins to function normally and will resume cell generation that is normal. Retinol contains this necessary and highly beneficial retinoic acid.

Controlling Acne

Retinol has also been used to help control acne and keratosis pilaris by adding it to topical creams. Not only does vitamin A help the skin regenerate and look more youthful, it also has an exfoliating feature that can help unclog pores and clear acne.

Research also shows that retinol can stimulate the production of new collagen, another critical ingredient in maintaining youthful, healthy skin.

People with very dry skin may find that they initially see some light flaking when they first begin using products with retinol. This stage, known as the retinoid effect, is nothing more than the skin acclimating to the vitamin. It will typically pass quickly and with no ill side effects.

The use of retinol products can make you more sensitive to the sun, so be sure to use a good sunscreen.

Vitamin A Deficiency

Night Blindness is a common symptom of a vitamin A deficiency. If the deficiency persists, other symptoms can include dry eye and Bitot’s spot, where keratin debris can build up in the conjunctiva.

Other symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include a poor ability to adapt to darkness (nyctalopia), dry hair and skin, fingernails that break easily, and corneal perforation. Pruritis, or itching, can occur. Keratomalacia is a condition where the cornea can become very dry. Xerophthalmia is another form of dry eye that can occur when the body is not receiving enough vitamin A.

The immune system can be compromised by a vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A has been used to treat children with measles that have a vitamin A deficiency. Supplementing their diet with vitamin A has been found to shorten the duration and severity of the illness. Side effects to watch for include diarrhea and pneumonia.

When vitamin A levels are too low, the body can not perform glycoprotein synthesis. This inability can lead to corneal ulcers or even liquefaction.

Retinoid Overdose

When too much vitamin A is received in retinoid form, hypervitaminosis A can occur. When levels in excess of 25,000 IU/ day are taken, overdose can occur. Toxic overdose can occur at two different levels: acute and chronic. Acute toxicity can occur within a few hours or a few days of a large overdose. Chronic toxicity takes place when the increased levels are consumed over a longer period of time.

Symptoms to watch for include nausea, blurred vision, fatigue, weight-loss and menstrual abnormalities.

Pregnant women consuming an increased level of vitamin A early in the pregnancy are also at risk for birth defects. The FDA recommends that pregnant women should not consume more than 5,000 IU of preformed vitamin A in any given day. Because vitamin A is carried in fat cells, pregnant women should take care that they are not adding too much vitamin A to their diet.

Retin-A, Renova and Alpha Hydroxy’s

Retin-A and Renova are both derived from a synthetic derivative of vitamin A, are considered pharmaceuticals and are only available with a prescription.

Alpha Hydroxy’s are used to exfoliate the skin, revealing the fresh, clear skin just under the surface. Retinols are used to actually regenerate skin growth on a much deeper level.

Cosmetic Uses for Retinol

Retinol creams – these are used to help moisturize and condition the skin. They are known to improve blemishes, acne, wrinkles and abnormal pigmentations. They are thick without being oily. They are typically used at night as part of a daily skin care routine. Look for Retinol Cream 15 by BioMedic or Time Arrest Cream by Dr. Brandt. The BioMedic cream can be found on Amazon. The cost is roughly $45 for one fluid ounce. Dr. Brandt’s website offers the Time Arrest cream. This product runs about $100 for 1.7 fluid ounces.

Retinol Lotions – these are not as thick as creams, they are a more liquid product. These are used to keep the skin moisturized. They can be used at any time of the day but will prove most beneficial when used after showering or bathing. They can make skin appear more youthful and help to reverse the damages of the sun. It can be carried with you and applied anytime your skin feels dehydrated, itchy or irritated. Afirm 3x BY Afirm can be found at Afirmskincare.com and will cost about $48 for just over one fluid ounce. Retinol Cream 60 by BioMedicare is available at the Dermstore online and will cost about $58 for one fluid ounce.

Retinol Serums – Like creams, they should only be applied once a day, preferably before bedtime. They have a greater ability to penetrate the skin, providing greater benefits to the skin. Serums are recommended for combating deep wrinkles, photo damage and any other signs of premature aging. Retinol Smoothing Serum 2x by Replenix is also available at the Dermstore online. The package size is 1.0 fluid ounce and will cost roughly $50.

Retinol Oils can be used instead of lotions or creams. Oils are a good choice for fighting the damage caused by environmental factors. Timeless Caviar Repair Cream by Pevonia Botanica. This treatment will also help increase oxygenation to your skin. 1.7 fluid ounces of this oil will cost about $171 through shoppevonia.com.

Retinol Eye Treatments – these are designed specifically for use on the sensitive area around the eyes. These treatments will effectively smooth crowsfeet, wrinkles and other fine lines. Skin Rejuvenation Eye Cream by MD Forte will run $60 for ½ fluid ounce through the Dermstore online.

Retinol Hand Treatments – your hands receive rough treatment every single day. They are constantly being washed with soap and water, as well as being exposed to the elements, cleaning detergents and environmental pollutants. The skin can become dry, brittle and even cracked. Using retinol hand treatments will bring healthy, smooth skin back to your hands, as well as strengthening your nails. Multivitamin Hand & Nail Treatment by Dermalogica can be found for as little as $24 for 2.5 fluid ounces through Amazon.

Retinol Lip Treatments – The lips are exposed to extreme air temperatures, and food temperatures, as well as other environmental dangers. The lips can gradually thin out, become drier and crack. A moisturizer that contains retinol can help plump your lips back up, making them healthier and smoother. PlumpLips Lip Plumper and Gloss by Freeze 24/7 can also be found through Amazon for as little $16.00.

Retinol Acne Treatments – Acne occurs when skin’s pores are blocked. The bacteria in the skin release a chemical to unclog the pores, and pimples result. Retinol has been proven to not only heal existing outbreaks, but also to reduce scars from past outbreaks and prevent future outbreaks. Acne Complex Kit by Murad, Exfoliating Acne Treatment Gel and Moisturing Acne Treatment Gel are all products produced by Murad to fight acne. At the Murad website you can get the entire acne treatment system for only $30.

B3 (Niacin, Nicotinamide)

B3 is a vitamin that is made up of nicotinic acid, or niacin, and niacinamide, its amide. Vitamin B3 is typically found in a number of different foods, including fish, meat, eggs, yeast, cereal grains or green vegetables. Niacin can also be converted within the body through dietary tryptophan. Typically, the vitamin B3 can be found in a B complex with other vitamins in its family, such as folic acid, thiamine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin.

Evidence

The following uses as described below have either been tested in humans or in animals. However, neither the safety nor the effectiveness have always been proven. A qualified healthcare professional should make the evaluations for some of these conditions because they are potentially serious.

High Cholesterol (Niacin)

Vitamin B3 is a very well accepted treatment in those who have high levels of cholesterol. Several studies have confirmed that niacin, though not niacinamide, has had benefits of significant levels with regards to HDL, which is good, high density cholesterol.

Though less dramatic, there also seem to be benefits associated with the levels of LDL, which is bad, low density cholesterol.

Including niacin to another drug, such as a statin, may help with increasing the effects that is has on lipoproteins with low density.

Using niacin in order to treat dyslipidemia that has occurred due to type 2 diabetes has always been a controversial issue because it runs the risk of worsening a person’s glyemic control. Before beginning niacin, patients should consult their physician or local pharmacist.

Pellagra (Niacin)

The United States Food and Drug Administration have approved the usage of niacin in those who are deficient in niacin. Pellagra is the nutritional disease that occurs when a person have an insufficient dietary level of the vitamin B3 in their body, or of tryptophan, the chemical from which it is made. Symptoms of pellagra include dementia, depression, skin disease and diarrhea.

Atherosclerosis (Niacin)

Niacin effectively reduces the levels of lipoprotein and cholesterol in the blood system, which might reduce the risk of the arteries hardening, or atherosclerosis. However, niacin is also known to increase the levels of homocysteine, which might have the opposite effect. Evidence from multiple studies support the usage of niacin, but only in combination with other drugs that serve to decrease cholesterol and to gradually decrease atherosclerosis. Before a firm conclusion may be drawn, it is necessary to first obtain more research.

Prevention of a Second Heart Attack (Niacin)

Because niacin is known to lessen the levels of fibrinogen, lipoprotein and cholesterol, it may be useful in lessening the risk for having a second heart attack. However, because niacin is known to increase levels of homocysteine, it may also increase the risk. Several studies, many of which pertained to studying the effects of the vitamin alone and with other drugs, have been performed to see how well it prevents heart diseases and fatal heart attacks. The research suggests that niacin is beneficial in conjunction with other drugs that lower cholesterol.

Age Related Macular Degeneration

The choroidal blood vessels may benefit from niacin. These blood vessels are beneath the retina, in an area called the macula. When macular degeneration occurs, the blood flow in these vessels may become interrupted, and it is believed that niacin might be able to help treat it. However, more research is necessary.

Alzheimer’s Disease / Cognitive Decline

When a person undergoes a severe deficiency of niacin, dementia may occur. However, it is currently unclear whether niacin in the diet can lead to Alzheimer’s disease or a neurodegenerative decline. More research is necessary.

Diabetes Type 1 / Diabetes Type 2

Niacinamide is thought to be able to delay a person’s need for insulin or to prevent diabetes. However, it is necessary to conduct more research about using niacinamide to prevent or delay the onset of dependence of insulin in those who have developed type 1 diabetes. Niacin has previously been used in order to treat the instance of dyslipidmeia that develops from type 2 diabetes. Patients should seek consultation from a physician prior to beginning any kind of new therapy, including niacin.

Uses Based on Tradition or Theory

The uses as described below are based upon tradition of theories. Often, they have yet to be thoroughly tested within humans, so the effectiveness and the safety have not fully been proven. Consult a physician prior to beginning a new therapy.

• Anemia
• Angina
• Anti-aging
• Antioxidant
• Arrhythmia
• Arthritis
• Bell’s palsy
• Bone marrow suppression
• Brain damage
• Breast cancer
• Bursitis
• Cancer prevention
• Cataract prevention
• Choleric diarrhea
• Chronic diarrhea
• Circulation improvement
• Confusion
• Coronary heart disease
• Cosmetic uses
• Deafness
• Dementia
• Depression
• Dermatitis
• Diagnostic testing purposes for schizophrenia
• Drug overdose causing hallucinations
• Encephalopathy
• Growth
• Hearing loss
• High blood pressure
• HIV prevention
• Hyperactivity
• Hypothyroidism
• Inflammation of the tongue
• Insomnia
• Ischemia reperfusion injury
• Itching
• Leprosy
• Liver cancer
• Liver disease
• Low blood sugar
• Lupus
• Memory enhancement
• Motion sickness
• Multiple sclerosis
• Nutrition supplementation
• Obesity
• Orgasm improvement
• Pain
• Painful menstruation
• Pancreatitis
• Parasites
• Parkinson’s disease
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Platelet aggregation
• Pregnancy problems
• Premenstrual headache
• Premenstrual syndrome
• Prostate cancer
• Psoriasis
• Psychosis
• Scleroderma
• Sedative
• Seizure
• Sleep quality
• Smoking cessation
• Stroke
• Swelling
• Taste disturbances, whether distorted or diminished
• Thyroid disease
• Tinnitus
• Tuberculosis
• Tumor detection
• Ulcer
• Vascular spasm
• Vertigo
• Wound healing

Allergies

Rarely, it has been reported that oral or intravenous niacin therapy has resulted in a severe allergic reaction, or anaphylactic shock.

Side Effects and Warnings

The majority of people who decide to take niacin will likely experience a warm sensation and the flushing of the skin, especially in the area of the neck, ears and face, upon increasing a dose or beginning treatment. This is typically a mild reaction, though some people have experienced enough of an intolerable level, such at up to half of the participants in a study have ceased taking the therapy. It is also common to feel itching and experience dry skin. To reduce the flushing, a person may consider taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin, naproxen, ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil, others) or indomethacin.

Additionally, it may be beneficial to take an antihistamine about fifteen minutes prior to taking a dosage of niacin. When taking niacin products that are slow to release, there may be fewer instances of skin flushing than that of a niacin preparation with regular release schedules, or it may only delay the instance of the flushing appearance. After two weeks of therapy have gone by, the flushing response appears to decrease without any outside interference. When beginning therapy with niacin, patients may experience nausea, vomiting, mild stomach upset and diarrhea, though these symptoms generally seem to resolve themselves with regular, continued usage.

More Serious Side Effects

Some of the more serious side effects that may occur from using niacin include the worsening of stomach ulcers, liver toxicity, and altered insulin levels or blood levels, or uric acid concentrations. There have been numerous reports of increased liver enzymes in the blood, liver toxicity, fluid in the abdomen, jaundice or liver failure. Because of the nature of these side effects, it is recommended that liver blood tests are conducted and that the liver is monitored while taking niacin. Though there may be less skin flushing associated with niacin products that are slow to release, this might worsen the side effect for the stomach and the liver. Low blood pressure may also result from taking high doses of niacin.

Studies have also seen reports of muscle cell damage, lactic acidosis and the increase of creatine kinase, which is a marker damage to the muscles, in the blood.

Other side effects occurring after the use of niacin have included circulatory collapse upon injecting through the veins, abnormal heart rhythms and heart palpitations. There are risks of increased levels of homocysteine in the blood when taking niacin either alone or with colestipol, as proven by certain research in humans. Having a high amount of homocysteine may increase the risk of a person developing heart disease.

When taking sustained release niacin, there have been reports of experiencing problems with blood clotting. Other reports included having a slight increase in blood eosinophils, as well as a low number of white blood cells, or leucopenia.

Side effects that have also been reported, though rare, include tooth or gum pain, dry eye, headache, breathing difficulty, dizziness, increased anxiety, rash, panic attacks, in addition to decreased thyroid function. Other published accounts of side effects, which were temporary, of the eyes exist, including toxic amblyopia, blurred vision and macular swelling. These side effects resolved themselves with the absence of niacin.

Everything you Need to Know About Biotin

Biotin is also known as vitamin B7, but you might hear it referred to as Coenzyme R, D-Biotin, W Factor, and Vitamin H. It is a water soluble B vitamin and is used in many different ways within the body but is essential for all people. For instance, during pregnancy this vitamin is thought to be beneficial in the proper formation of the fetus and to help prevent birth defects.

It is also thought that Biotin can be used to prevent rapid weight loss, as well as to help prevent malnutrition which can often occur with any type of tube feeding. It is most commonly used to help supplement and prevent brittle nails, thinning hair and skin problems and has also been used to treat mild forms of depression.

It is also thought that Biotin can help to reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes and can even help with certain digestive problems, such as Crohn’s disease.

Early Study Results

Preliminary studies have found that Biotin can help to reduce insulin resistance and improve overall glucose tolerance. Some studies suggest that vitamin B7 can be an effective treatment for everything from cancer, to hair loss, to Parkinson’s disease and certain types of dermatitis, to other neurological problems.

It is thought that since a deficiency in Biotin can be a contributing factor in whether a person suffers from these conditions, it can be helpful in treating them.

Like other essential B vitamins, Biotin can help to increase a person’s energy levels and improves the way the body metabolizes the food that people eat. Biotin helps the digestive system to properly break down and use all of the carbohydrates and fats that people consume, whether bad or good, so it is an essential enzyme in the body.

While it is generally easy to get plenty of it in the foods most people eat daily, a lack of it can wreak havoc on the body. There are even some studies which suggest that a person who has a prolonged Biotin deficiency can be at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes, as well as digestive disorders and problems with the nervous system.

How it’s Used

Biotin, or vitamin B7 aids in the proper break down of fats and carbohydrates. It provides the digestive system with essential enzymes and when a person has a Biotin deficiency, it is thought that they cannot properly break down and use the essential benefits that come from fats and carbs, such as energy and the healthy hair, skin and nail benefits that many good fats provide to the body.

The inability to properly break down these nutrients may cause a lack of energy and inhibit the ability for parts of the body such as hair and nails to stay strong. In addition to the hair, nails and skin suffering when a person is deficient in vitamin B7, the nervous system and digestive system can also wind up with problems due to not having enough of this nutrient. Some health care professionals are even suggesting that not having enough Biotin in the body can lead to heart problems, since healthy fats help the cardiovascular system.

Biotin is often used in cases where a person might be suffering from a deficiency of the nutrient, but since there are no tests to definitely determine that a person is lacking in this essential vitamin, usually symptoms are used as a guideline in diagnosing this problem. Symptoms that a person might be lacking Biotin often include hair loss and color of hair, hair breakage, red, scaly rash around the nose and mouth, mild depression, feeling lethargic, brittle nails and sore muscles, as well as intestinal disorders or problems with the nervous system, such as tingling limbs.

How common is Biotin Deficiency?

Diagnosable Biotin deficiency is fairly rare, but that doesn’t mean you couldn’t use a little bit more in your diet. It is thought that an average healthy person who maintains a healthy diet won’t be too at risk of a deficiency, since it is found in a wide variety of foods, however, if a person is dieting to extremes, is on a feeding tube or is pregnant, the need for this nutrient might be greater. High levels of panthothenic acid and certain anti-seizure medications can also affect the levels of Biotin in the body. It is also thought that smoking can deplete a person of Bitoin. These are all factors that can contribut to the body not getting the nutrition it needs from food due to extrenal factors and can contribute to a person’s lack of vitamin B7.

As people age they need more Biotin in their bodies due to the way that more of it is required to help their bodies properly digest the many carbohydrates and fats we consume. This includes good fats, such as Omega-3’s and complex carbohydrates, which have excellent benefits for the whole body. In addition to age, it is thought that if a person eats egg whites for long periods of time, takes oral antibioitcs for extended periods or takes certain other medications might also be at risk for this condition.

How Can People Get Enough of It?

In addition to taking Biotin supplements, a person can ensure that they get enough B7 in their diet by eating less processed foods and focusing on maintaining an overall healthy, well rounded diet. Whole, unprocessed veggies, whole grains and egg yolks are rich sources for this vitamin, as well as foods such as chicken, cheese, fish, nuts, pork, potatoes, spinach and legumes. A good rule of thumb when eating to maintain Biotin levels is to avoid processed foods, as they tend to be lacking in this essential vitamin.

You may also find that a good B vitamin complex which includes Thiamine, B12 and Riboflavin also contains a high amount of vitamin B7 to meet your general needs. It’s a good idea to check for Biotin in your daily multivitamin and if you take a B complex vitamin, it will likely be in there, as well. This can help to ensure that a person is getting plenty of this nutrient, especially if they have any of the risk factors of being deficient in it.

Is it safe?

It is generally thought that Biotin is safe for most people when used as directed. Most often, this supplement is taken orally. In fact, pregnant and breast feeding women might also be able to take this supplement as well, but should check with their health care provider before doing so. It is also thought that people who are recieving kidney dialysis should consider taking this vitamin, as they may be deficient in it. Also, if you feel that you may be in a high risk group for developing a deficiency of B7 or you just want to ensure that you get enough of this essential nutrient, you will likely find that you get plenty of it in your diet and with the use of supplements which you can take.

There is no data to suggest that Biotin will prove toxic when too much is taken, however, it is thought that since this is a water soluble vitamin, there aren’t really negative side effects from taking or consuming too much of this nutrient.

When vitamins are water soluble it means that the unused portions of the vitamin are flushed from the body as waste daily, and this can dramatically increase the overall safety of Biotin.

Despite the safety of this vitamin, it is always recommended that people not exceed the daily recommended dosage by too much unless recommended by a physician.

Other facts

While it is known that the body needs Biotin to properly break down fats and carbohydrates, there really isn’t much known on the subject. It is thought to be generally safe when taken orally and according to the directions, and preliminary studies suggest that this is a nutrient which is very well utilized within the body.

However, there are no studies that clearly find that it will be beneficial in helping to prevent or repair thinning hair and brittle nails, which is one of the more common uses of this nutrient. There is also no research that clearly finds that it is not beneficial in these, or other areas.

Current studies do offer some guidelines on how much people of all ages should have. For instance, infants and small children generally don’t need more than 8 micrograms per day and infants younger than seven months have the lowest need at 5 micrograms daily. Adult men and women who are 70 or older require much more of this nutrient and should have as much as 30 micrograms daily.

Although much of this higher dosage can be obtained from food, it may be necessary to take supplements of some kind to ensure a person is getting enough and some health care professionals will recommend more, depending on your individual needs and symptoms. If you think you might be suffering from a Biotin deficiency, you may want to seek the advice of your health care provider.

Sources:

http://www.webmd.com/

http://health.msn.com/

B12

(Cyanocobalamin, Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, Cobamamide)

Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin that is water soluble. It is also very commonly found in numerous different kinds of foods, such as dairy products, fish, meat and shellfish. Frequently, vitamin B12 is used in conjunction with other vitamin B types in a complex formulation.

The vitamin serves to keep nerve cells healthy, as well as the red blood cells, and it is also needed in order to make DNA, which is the genetic material that is found in every cell. Vitamin B12 is bound to food by way of the protein. During digestion, the stomach releases the B12 from protein using its own hydrochloric acid, and upon its release, it mixes into the intrinsic factor, another substance, prior to being absorbed into the blood.

B12 Deficiency

It is extremely rare to suffer from vitamin B12 deficiency because the human body works to store several years worth of the nutrient. As such, those who are elderly are the ones who are the greatest risk to experiencing deficiency. However, deficiency is also possible when a person is not able to use the vitamin.

Pernicious anemia is an example of a type of disease that makes it impossible for a person to absorb this essential vitamin from their intestinal tract. Furthermore, a vegan or a strict vegetarian may be prone to a state of deficiency if they are not taking in the correct dosages of B12.

A person can easily get a full day’s worth of vitamin B12 simply by eating a cup of milk with a cup of raisin bran, or a chicken breast with a hardboiled egg and a cup of yogurt, plain and low in fat.

Synonyms

Vitamin B-12 is also known as:

• B-12
• B Complex
• B Complex Vitamin
• Bedumil
• Cobalamin
• Cobalamins
• Cobamin
• Cyanocobalamin
• Cyanocobalaminum
• Cycobemin
• Hydroxocobalamin
• Hydroxocobalaminum
• Hydroxocobemine
• Idrossocobalamina
• Methylcobalamin
• Vitadurin and
• Vitamin B-12.

Evidence of Successful Vitamin B12 Therapy

The following uses have been previously tested in animals or humans however, neither the safety nor the effectiveness have always been proven in these studies.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

Previous scientific research have shown that when a person has a deficiency of the vitamin B12, it may lead to complications such as abnormal psychiatric and neurologic symptoms. Some of these such symptoms in question may include:

• Muscle weakness
• Ataxia, which is shaky movement and an unsteady gait
• Hypotension, which is low blood pressure
• Incontinence
• Spasticity
• Mood disturbances
• Vision problems
• Psychoses and
• Dementia.

Researchers say that the previously mentioned symptoms have a tendency to occur even when the levels of the vitamin B12 are only a little bit lower than they are supposed to be, and when they are considerably higher than levels that are considered to be normal for those with anemia.

People who are at risk for developing deficiency of vitamin B12 include those who:

• are strict vegetarians
• are elderly
• are breastfed infants

are people who need more vitamin B12 due to pregnancy, hemolytic anemia, thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, liver disease, malignancy or kidney disease.

Uses Based on Tradition or Theory

The uses as described below are based upon scientific theories and tradition. Caution is warranted because not every supplement or herb has been fully and extensively tested, meaning that the effectiveness and the safety thereof has not yet been proven. It is important to read the labels on the products, as well as to discuss the dosages with a qualified provider of healthcare prior to starting any new therapy.

• Aging
• AIDS
• Allergies
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• Asthma
• Autism
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Cognitive function
• Depression
• Depressive disorder
• Diabetes
• Diabetic peripheral neuropathy
• Energy level enhancement
• Growth disorders
• Hemorrhage
• Immunosuppression
• Improving concentration
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Kidney disease
• Liver disease
• Male infertility
• Malignant tumors
• Memory loss
• Mood
• Mouth and throat inflammation, or atrophic glossitis
• Multiple sclerosis
• Myoclonic disorders, or spinal myoclonus
• Neural tube defects
• Osteoporosis
• Peridontal disease
• Poisoning by cyanide
• Protection from smoke by tobacco
• Psychiatric disorders
• Seborrheic dermatitis
• Seizure disorders by way of West syndrome
• Tendonitis
• Thrombosis
• Thyrotoxicosis
• Thyroid storm, or adjunct iodides
• Tinnitus
• Tremor
• Vitiligo
• Dosing

The below figures are solely based on traditional use, scientific research, expert opinion and publications. Caution is warranted because not every supplement or herb has been fully and extensively tested, meaning that the effectiveness and the safety thereof has not yet been proven. Each brand will probably be made differently, even within its own brand, using a variety of different ingredients. Not all brands may make their products to match the below dosages, so it is important to read the labels on the products, as well as to discuss the dosages with a qualified provider of healthcare prior to starting any new therapy.

Adults (over 18 years old)

The recommended dietary allowance for any adult and adolescent over the age of 13 is 2.4 micrograms on a daily basis. Pregnant females, whether adult or adolescent, should take 2.6 micrograms on a daily basis. Females who are lactating, whether adult or adolescent, should take 2.8 micrograms on a daily basis.

Because, more often than not, 10 – 30 percent of elderly people do not efficiently absorb enough vitamin B12 through food consumption, it is recommended for those over the age of 50 years to meet their recommended dietary allowance by way of eating foods that are fortified with B12 or by way of taking a vitamin B12 supplement.

To maintain the levels of vitamin B12 in elderly people, they should consider taking 25 – 100 micrograms of supplementation per day. Other indications will require the consultation of either a doctor or a pharmacist. Vitamin B12 may be taken by way of the mouth or provided by a qualified professional in health care and by way of intramuscular injection.

Children (under 18 years old)

Not all pediatric age groups have had recommended dietary allowances established for them. For this reason, there are instead Adequate Intake levels used. Infants are between the ages of newborn and six months should only have 0.4 micrograms. Infants between the ages of seven months and twelve months should take 0.5 micrograms.

Children between the ages of one and three years should take 0.9 micrograms. Children between the ages of four and eight years should take 1.2 micrograms. Children between the ages of nine and 13 should take 1.8 micrograms.

Safety

The United States Food and Drug Administration does not typically regulate supplements and herbs. As such, there are no guarantees with regards to the purity, strength or the safety of the products, and the effects will likely vary. Therefore, it is important to read the labels on the products. Consult a doctor if there is a medical condition present or if any other supplements, herbs or drugs are being taken, especially when considering new therapy. Consult a doctor if any side effects occur, especially as described below.

Allergies

Anybody who is sensitive or allergic to colbat, cobalamin or any other kind of product ingredient should avoid taking any vitamin B12 supplements.

Side Effects and Warnings

Patients who are undergoing angioplasty are advised to take caution with vitamin B12. This is because an intravenous loading dose of vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and folic acid on a daily basis after coronary stenting has shown to potentially increase the rate of restenosis. Because of the risk of harm, it is recommended not to take this combination of vitamins for those who are obtaining a coronary stent.

Other side effects have been reported from taking vitamin B12, such as transitory exanthema, itching, rash, diarrhea and urticaria. Cases of rosacea fulminans have been associated with vitamin B12 and pyridoxine, which is hallmarked by erythema with nodules, pustules and papules. These symptoms have the potential to persist upwards of four months once the supplement usage has been stopped, and it may need to be treated using topical therapy and systemic corticosteroids.

Peripheral vascular thrombosis is another side effect to be reported. By treating a deficiency of vitamin B12, it is possible to unmask polycythemia vera, hallmarked by an increase of how many red blood cells there are, and it increases the volume of blood. Attempting to correct megaloblastic anemia using vitamin B12 in susceptible individuals may lead to the onset of fatal hypoklameia or gout. Additionally, it might obscure the folate deficiency of megaloblastic anemia, so caution is warranted.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

It is likely safe to take vitamin B12 orally provided pregnant and breastfeeding women do not exceed the dietary allowance that is recommended for them to take. Currently, there is an insufficient amount of information available with regards to the safety of taking a larger amount of vitamin B12, so it is not recommended.