Ringworm of the body is one of many forms of the fungal infection known as ringworm, which is known to develop on the outermost layer of the skin. Its main characterization is a red rash that is itchy and shaped like a circle, with a patch of normal looking skin within it.

It is this characteristic and classic ring that may appear that provides ringworm with its name, though this has nothing to do with anything involving any real worms beneath the skin.

Also known as tinea corporis, ringworm of the body is in close relations with other similar fungal infections that also have names in a similar vein, such as:

• Athlete’s foot, or tinea pedis. This fungal infection is found between the toes when moist and occasionally may be found on the foot, as well.
• Jock itch, or tinea cruris. This fungal infection is found on the genitals, the buttocks and the inner upper thighs.
• Ringworm of the scalp, or tinea capitis. This fungal infection is usually found in children and is characterized by itchy red patches on the head, which leave bald patches.

Symptoms of Ringworm of the Body

The symptoms and signs of ringworm include:

• A flat, round patch of skin that is also itchy;
• A circular shaped rash on the skin that is inflamed around the edge and red, with a healthy, normal looking patch of skin in the middle of the rash; and
• A slightly raised and expanding ring of red and scaly skin that is on the trunk or the face.

It is possible to have more than one patch of ringworm show up on the skin, and it is equally possible for the red rings or the patches to overlap one another. Also, a person is capable of being infected with tinea without displaying any commonly known red rings of ringworm.

When to See a Doctor

A doctor should be notified if there are any rashes on the skin that does not appear to be improving after two weeks have passed. This may mean that prescription medication is needed. If there is excessive swelling, redness, drainage or fever, then the doctor should be notified immediately.

Causes of Ringworm in the Body

With ringworm, in the same fashion as all other fungal infections, it is easy to contract the condition from microorganisms which act as parasites onto the body. This mold like fungi, or these dermatophytes, live on the outermost layer of the skin, on top of the cells.

Ringworm is a contagious condition and is capable of being spread in several ways, including:

• Human to human; it is possible to, and it is the most common to, spread ringworm by coming in direct skin to skin contact with a person who is infected with ringworm.
• Animal to human; animals may spread ringworm when infected if they are touched directly, meaning it is possible to spread the disease when the animal is being pet or being groomed. It is possible for humans to contract ringworm from dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, pigs, goats and horses.
• Object to human; like the two previously mentioned methods, ringworm can be spread when touching objects or surfaces that have recently been touched or rubbed against by either an infected person or an infected animal, such as towels, clothing, bedding and linens, brushes or combs.
• Soil to human; it is very rare that a person would contract ringworm from infected soil, but the case is not unheard of. Most likely, infection would only occur when a person has prolonged contact with soil that is very much and very highly infected.

Risk Factors For Ringworm of the Body

Those who are at a higher risk of developing ringworm on their body are those who:

• have had close contact with infected animals or infected people;
• live in a humid, damp or a crowded place;
• share clothing, towels or bedding with a person who is suffering from a fungal infection;
• sweats excessively and profusely;
• wears restrictive or tight clothing;
• regularly participates in a contact sport, such as rugby, football or wrestling; or
• have a weakened immune system for any reason.

Complications of Ringworm on the Body

A fungal infection very rarely ever spreads beneath the surface of the skin, meaning that it very rarely is likely to cause any kind of serious illness. However, people who suffer from a weak immune system, such as those who have HIV, AIDS or have undergone chemotherapy, may not find it very easy to be completely rid of the fungal infection.

Preparing for the Appointment with a Doctor

A family doctor or a dermatologist, who specializes in skin, is capable of diagnosing the condition of ringworm of the body. However, there is plenty of ground to cover and time is limited due to the brief nature of appointments, it is recommended to be well prepared before actually going to the office. This section aims to cover a few tips in order to help a person be ready for their appointment with their doctor as well as what they may expect when they check in.

What Can Be Done

The time that will be spent with the doctor is limited, which means that it is ideal to first prepare a list of different question that should be asked so that a person can make the most out of their appointment. In case time ends up running out, it is recommended to order the questions so that they are listed from the most important to those that are not as important. To ask about ringworm, these questions may be beneficial to ask the doctor at the appointment:

• What might be the cause of these symptoms and signs?
• Are there any tests that need to be done to confirm the diagnosis?
• What is the best method of action to treat this condition?
• Is this particular condition a temporary one or a chronic one?
• Is there any generic alterative to the medication that is being prescribed?
• Is there any way that time will make the illness go away on its own?
• What measures can be taken to ensure that this infection does not spread to anybody else?
• What are some routines for skin care that come recommended while this infection heals itself?

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor will probably have a list of questions of his or her own, such as:

• When were these symptoms first noticed?
• When the rash first started, what did it look like?
• Is the rash itchy or painful?
• If anything, what makes the rash feel better?
• If anything, what makes the rash feel worse?
• Are there any pets or family members who already have been diagnosed with ringworm of the body?

Tests and Diagnosis for Ringworm of the Body

The doctor is capable of determining whether or not ringworm is present or if any other skin disorders are present, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. He or she will probably ask whether or not the person has had any exposure to any potentially contaminated areas or come into contact with anybody or any animals who have recently been diagnosed with ringworm.

To test, the doctor may opt to take skin scrapings or to take samples from the area that is infected and proceed to investigate them underneath a microscope. In the event that the sample taken is shown to have fungus, then the treatment will likely include an antifungal medication.

However, if the test fails to show fungus but the doctor still retains suspicions about whether or not ringworm is present, the sample may instead be sent over to the laboratory for further testing. The testing performed will be known as a culture. The doctor may also choose to order a culture in the event that the condition decides not to respond to the provided treatment.

Treatments and Drugs for Ringworm

In the event that the ringworm of the body is severe, covers a significantly large area, or simply refuses to respond to any over the counter medications, then it may become necessary to take topical, prescription strength medications, or an oral medication, such as a pill, tablet or a capsule. Several different options are made available, such as:

• Topical
  • Butenafine (Mentax)
  • Ciclopirox (Loprox)
  • Econazole
  • Miconazole (Monistat-Derm)
  • Oxiconazole (Oxistat)
  • Terbinafine (Lamisil)
• Oral
  • Itraconazole (Sporanox)
  • Fluconazole (Diflucan)
  • Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
  • Terbinafine (Lamisil)

Side effects may occur from the oral medications, such as rash, gastrointestinal upset and abnormal functioning of the liver. Other medications that may be taken, such as an antacid therapy for treating ulcer disease or treating gastroesophageal reflux disease may prove to interfere with how well the ringworm of the body treatment is absorbed.

Additionally, when taking an oral medication for ringworm of the body, it may alter how effective warfarin is, which is an anticoagulant drug used to decrease the ability to clot within the blood.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies For Ringworm

In a mild instance of ringworm of the body, it is possible to apply an antifungal over the counter lotion, ointment or cream. Usually, the majority of fungal infections will respond generally well when these topical agents are applied, which may include:

• Clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF, Mycelex)
• Miconazole (Micatin)
• Terbinafine (Lamisil)
• Tolnaftate (Tinactin)

To apply, first wash and dry the area that is affected. Follow by applying a thin layer of the purchased topic agent either once or twice a day and maintain this treatment for at least two weeks, or follow the directions as indicated on the package. If, after four weeks, there does not appear to be any improvement, notify a doctor.

Prevention of Ringworm

It is difficult to prevent the contraction of ringworm of the body because the fungus that can be blamed for causing it is both common and contagious well before the symptoms for it start to appear. However, it is possible to effectively reduce the risk by following a few simple steps:

• Educate others and know what the risks are of ringworm of the body from infected people or pets. Tell children about this condition, how to avoid the condition and what they should be on the lookout for.
• Always wash the hands often to keep clean and to avoid spreading any kind of infection. Make sure shared or common areas are always kept clean, especially in gyms, schools, locker rooms and child care centers.
• Try to always stay cool and dry. There is no reason to wear such thick clothing for prolonged periods of time when the weather is warm and humid, because this will only promote profuse sweating.
• Do not touch any infected animals.
• Do not share any person items.

Finding out your child has lice is embarrassing, but it shouldn’t be. There are many myths about head lice, and knowing the truth can not only help you deal with the embarrassing feelings, but also help you clean your home of them as quickly as possible.

Getting rid of lice can take time, but with diligence and consistency, your home and children will soon be lice free.

What is Head Lice?

Head lice are tiny, wingless insects that make their homes on a human scalp. Their medical name is Pediculosis humanus capitis.

They are only as large as a sesame seed, and survive by sucking blood like tick and fleas.

Their eggs are the size of a poppy seed, blend easily with hair, and are next to impossible to remove because they are held on with a waterproof substance that can not be washed away.

As the lice eggs hatch, they leave behind nits.

These can appear as dandruff, sand or flakes of hairspray but are very difficult to remove. Children who have been sent home from school due to head lice are often not allowed back to school until the nits are completely gone, as well as the eggs and lice.

The life cycle for lice lasts roughly forty to fifty days. During the third stage, the adult stage, they are able to lay between 4 and 10 eggs every day. Lice typically spend 28 days of their lives as egg-laying adults. This clearly shows why it’s so important to remove all nits and eggs that seen, as well as killing all adult lice.

What are the Myths?

One myth is that you only get lice if you have poor personal hygiene. The fact is that lice prefer clean hair.

Lice also have the reputation of being able to hop, or jump from one person to another. The truth is that they can only crawl. Transmission requires head-to-head contact. Sharing personal items such as hats and brushes can also result in the movement of lice from one victim to another.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of lice is itching. If your child is scratching his or her head a great deal, or complaining that they can’t stop itching, you might want to check for lice. This is especially important if the scratching is focused behind their ears or the nape of the neck. Anytime there is a lice outbreak at the school you should do regular checks for lice.

Other symptoms include small, red bumps that appear on the scalp, neck and even shoulders. The bumps may even crust over and seep fluid. You may also notice small white specks that are attached to the ends of the hair. These are their eggs or nits, and will not come off easily.

Causes

Lice take advantage of direct contact to move from host to host. They can crawl from one person to another when they are in direct contact with each other. They can also crawl into hats, scarves and headbands. When another person puts that item on they are more than happy to move onto the next head.

They can also be transferred by sharing clothing, bedding and even stuffed animals.

Being in close, overcrowded environments can increase the risk of getting head lice. The close proximity of other hosts makes it all too easy for them to relocate. They also are commonly found in schools.

Risk factors

Secondary skin infections can occur as a result of the constant scratching. Try to keep your children from scratching excessively. Antihistamines can help control the itching, if necessary.

Unlike most other blood-sucking parasites, lice do not carry any diseases. Infections do not typically lead to any serious medical problems.

Babies younger than six months old, the elderly and people weighing less than 110 pounds can be at risk from the shampoo treatments, especially if the treatments have to be used several times over a few weeks.

The shampoos used have hash chemicals and should not be used with any person who has a pre-existing illness, including those with asthma and people who are taking other medications. Pregnant and nursing mothers should not use the shampoos on themselves or apply them to others.

If you have used a medicated, insecticide shampoo and continue to find live lice then you should assume that the lice are resistant to the shampoo. Do not continue using the shampoo, but consult with your doctor, or try one of the smothering methods described below.

Prevention tips

Stress to your children that they should never share hair brushes, combs, hats or scarves with their friends. When they are visiting someone’s home, have them take their own pillows, towels and clothes as those should not be shared, either.

Talk to your child’s school or daycare about their head lice policy. Ideally, infected children should not be allowed back in the facility until they are completely free of lice, eggs or nits.

Coats and hats should be placed on one individual hook, rather than tossed in a pile with other coats, hats and scarves.

Anything that is in regular contact with your child’s head should be washed or vacuumed on a regular basis. This includes pillows, car seats, and couches.

Check your child for lice regularly. Focus on the nape of the neck and behind the ears, but keep in mind that they can live anywhere in the hair.

Checking for Lice

It’s important to know how to check for lice. They move quickly, and are very small which makes them hard to see. Be sure that the location you choose offers very bright, natural lighting. Wear disposable gloves to prevent becoming infected yourself. You should also move around your child’s scalp during the examination as this can make it easier to detect the eggs. A magnifying glass can be very useful during this process.

Part the hair and examine the scalp closely. Pay particular attention to the nape of the neck and the area directly behind the ears. Eggs and nits will appear as small specks, the size of a poppy seed; that are white or yellow-brown in color. They will be firmly attached to the hair. If you are in the sunlight during this exam, you may see adults running to get away from the light. If the speck brushes away easily, it is not lice.

Areas of red, tender skin could indicate a secondary infection due to itching. You should consider consulting with your doctor if this should happen.

Treatment Options

Shampoo Them Out

The most common treatment for head lice are the products RID or NIX. RID offers the 1-2-3 Lice Elimination System which will give you step-by-step directions for clearing your child and your home of lice. The product is highly effective at removing lice eggs, killing lice and treating the home.

It has been used for decades by countless families. It can be found in the shampoo aisle or first aid section of most drug stores and discount stores. The components of the set can be purchased separately, with the shampoo costing about $14. The entire set will typically cost about $20.

The set includes the lice killing shampoo, a comb-out gel to help you clean nits from the hair and a spray to help keep the home clear of adult lice and their eggs. The spray is very effective for use on mattresses, furniture and other areas that can not be washed.

Permethrin (Nix) as a Key Ingredient

While these are the most common lice-killing shampoo, any lotion or shampoo that has 1% permethrin (Nix) should effectively kill the lice. If you find that these shampoos are not working, you can also talk to your doctor about a higher strength prescription. To use any of these shampoos, begin by rinsing and drying your hair.

Apply the medicated shampoo or lotion to the hair and wait ten minutes. Rinse the shampoo out of the hair and then remove all nits and eggs from the hair. The child should be checked for lice again in one week, and the treatment repeated if needed.

Side effects for these shampoos include irritated or tender skin, difficulty breathing and tightness in the chest. The shampoos should not be used near the eyes, and the time limit should be closely adhered to. Medical attention should be sought if the symptoms do not ease after the shampoo is thoroughly rinsed from the hair.

Smother Them to Death

Ulesfia (Benzyl Alcohol Lotion 5%) can be used to treat for head lice. It is used like shampoo, but is a non-pesticide prescription that has been found to be effective. It costs about $30 for an 8 ounce bottle and will suffocate the lice. This treatment is not as effective as the pesticide shampoos mentioned above, and will require more than one treatment.

Another treatment involves coating the hair with petroleum jelly, wrapping it in a shower cap and waiting overnight. This will kill more than half of the lice, and aid in removing the eggs and nits. The egg-laying ability of the remaining lice will be greatly reduced, although this would also require several treatments.

Head Lice to Dead Lice

This is an education DVD that sells for about $40.

It teaches a five-step “battle plan” that can be used to effectively eliminate current infestations and prevent them from coming back.

Entomologists at the Harvard School of Public Health have proven that olive oil can be used to kill adult head lice.

It smothers them to death, is non-toxic and easy to use. The program will clearly show how to use olive oil to smother lice, and it will teach a manageable method for cleaning the house to prevent re-infestation. It also shows effective combing techniques that will remove lice and nits, and teaches how to manually remove any stubborn nits that will not come out with just the comb.

Tips and Tricks

Removing the nits can prove challenging. Here are some tips for getting the nits out of the hair.

• Rub olive oil in the hair, and then use a nit comb to clean the hair.
• Use a metal comb, run it through beeswax before beginning the removal process.
• Fine tooth metal combs, found in pet stores, will be more effective than plastic combs. These are typically no more than $10 to purchase.
• The LiceMeister comb is a patented comb that is proven effective at easily removing lice, nits and eggs. It also runs about $10 at drug stores, and can even be sterilized through boiling.
• Use tweezers to remove all nits.
• Continue combing for nits every day for the next 7 to 10 days.
• If you continue finding new eggs, assume the lice were not killed. If you have already used a shampoo, switch to a smother method.
• The house should also be treated to both prevent the spread and prevent re-infestation.
• All residents of the house should be checked for lice, and anyone who has them should be treated immediately.
• All clothes and bedding should be washed in hot water.
• Furniture, rugs and car upholstery can be cleaned by vacuuming. Any area that the child might rest his or her head on should be washed, dried in the dryer, or vacuumed.
• Place bedding and stuffed animals in a dryer for thirty minutes to kill any adult lice.

Finding out that your child has lice is never fun. It creates embarrassment, stress and frustration. When infections linger on the stress level and frustration begin to increase. Following these tips can help you to eliminate the lice quickly. Continuing to vacuum and wash bedding and other items can help you prevent a re-infestation.

Finally, educate your children constantly on the importance of not sharing anything that touches their head to prevent another outbreak. Before you know it, you will be enjoying a lice-free home once again.

Resources

EmedicineHealth’s Lice Overview

MedicineNet.Com

Center for Disease Control

Stress

Stress is a condition that causes psychological strain and discomfort.

If severe enough, stress can also cause serious physiological problems.

The word stress comes from the Latin “stringere” which means “to draw tight”.

Stress can be as simple as worrying about an upcoming exam or as complex as being in a dangerous combat zone, 100,000 miles away from home.

Mild stress is normal and is not anything to worry about.

In fact, short bouts of stress can actually help boost a person’s immune system.

However, severe and/or chronic stress is very serious and can lead to major and sometimes life threatening health problems.

Symptoms

Some of the most common symptoms of stress are headache, fatigue, inability to concentrate, and disruption of the normal sleep cycle. Stress can also cause changes in metabolism, lowering of the immune system’s defenses, acne breakouts, and other skin problems. Another symptom is impaired sexual functions such as loss of interest or, in men, erectile dysfunctions. Also, many women will experience disruption in their menstrual cycles.

Some of the more serious symptoms of stress include nausea, dizziness, elevated blood pressure and heart rates, chest pains, and an increased dependency on alcohol and drugs. Long term stress can also lead to depression, anxiety disorders, and even thoughts of suicide.

Causes

Stress can be caused by normal, everyday difficulties such as troubles at work or school, family problems, or financial difficulties. It can also be caused by major events, either good or bad, such weddings, funerals, travel, or new babies.

Chronic stress is caused by more serious, long-term difficulties. For example, many active duty soldiers in combat zones suffer from chronic stress. Other causes include abusive relationships and serious illness.

Risk Factors

Those who are affected by the common hubbub of life will often have difficulty sleeping and can be more susceptible to colds and viruses because stress can affect the immune system.

College students are particularly affected by stress because of social and academic pressures. Unfortunately, the way most college students cope with stress is by increasing their intake of alcohol and drugs. These practices can result in permanent mental impairment and can be life threatening.

Stress can be detrimental to those with cardiovascular problems. Stress can not only increase heart rates, but can also trigger heart attacks and strokes. Another serious problem that can develop because of chronic stress is potentially life threatening stomach ulcers.

Simple, everyday stress is usually not serious. However, if these simple problems are allowed to accumulate, they can eventually turn into serious health problems. Stress needs to be removed, or at least alleviated, the moment any physical symptoms begin to show.

Prevention Tips

It is very important to get at least seven to nine hours of sleep every night. Taking regular breaks at work and school, and setting aside certain times for recreation can also be helpful. Also, take time to smell the roses. Enjoying some of life’s simple pleasures can help put many things in perspective.

Avoid potentially stressful jobs, relationships, and commitments. Seeing a qualified counselor can also help prevent or solve personal and family problems. When working on a large project, such as a wedding, be sure to get plenty of help and to share the workload.

Unfortunately, it can be almost impossible to remove all stressful situations. It may not be possible to leave a difficult job and there is no way to remove all soldiers and civilians from combat zones. Taking up a hobby, running a structured schedule, and having a friend to talk to can all help alleviate stressful situations.

Diagnosis Considerations

Acute Stress Disorder

Acute Stress Disorder is the result of a person’s witnessing a traumatic event such as a rape or a murder. The person can suffer from dissociative amnesia and will often “relive” the event when brought in contact with certain stimuli. Acute Stress Disorder can also result from a harrowing childhood.

A person suffering from this disorder will live a life completely surrounded by stress. The person will suffer from insomnia, have difficulty concentrating, and will be extremely irritable. Thankfully, the disorder does not often last for more than four weeks.

Acute Stress Disorder is very serious but, thankfully, quite rare. A person suffering from this disorder should immediately seek medical help.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder can develop after a person experiences a traumatic event, such as narrowly escaping death or serious injury. The person will often suffer from nightmares and other forms of flashbacks and he or she will often develop other sleeping problems and will be very angry and/or irritable. The symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder will often impair the person’s ability to function socially. The stressful

symptoms must persist for at least one month in order for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder to be diagnosed.

The people most commonly affected by this disorder are post-war veterans.

Chronic Stress Disorder

Chronic Stress Disorder is caused by stressful events that occur over a long period of time or by common, everyday difficulties that have come to a head. Symptoms of this disorder include intestinal troubles, depression, and thoughts of suicide. If left untreated, Chronic Stress Disorder can develop into a panic disorder.

The best way to treat Chronic Stress Disorder is for the person to reorganize his or her life. Removing some of the clutter and allowing more time for relaxation will help alleviate most symptoms.

Treatment Options

Alternative Medicine and Herbal Remedies

Although most natural remedies can be handled personally and, in many cases, right at home, caution should be used.

Always make medical decisions with the help of a qualified professional.

Also, it should be remembered that natural remedies are not “magic cures”.

They will never work overnight and will often require long term use and a lot of patience.

However, the results are almost always worth the long wait.

Many natural remedies have been used for centuries and often do not have any serious or lasting side effects.

Kava Root

Kava, sometime called kava-kava, is an ancient plant from the western Pacific islands, particularly from Tonga (in fact, Tongans still regularly use kava to this day). The plant has a calming effect that can help alleviate the symptoms of stress and anxiety. Centuries have proven the plant’s effectiveness and it has very few possible side effects. The only caution that should be used is that only the root of the plant should be consumed: the leaves can cause some liver problems.

Kava root is most often made into tea, but it is also available as tinctures and in capsule form.

Chamomile

Chamomile not only helps relieve stress but can also induce sleep. Chamomile does not have any side effects unless the person is allergic to the herb. Chamomile teabags can be purchased at nearly every grocery store and can be very useful right before bed or when stress makes a break necessary.

Lavender

Lavender is one of the most common herbs used in aromatherapy. The herb has a sweet, calming scent that has been proven to help relieve tension and alleviate stress. The fresh or dried plant can be kept around the person’s house; the use of lavender scented bath products and candles can also help. However, lavender is a powerful allergen and, therefore, may be a problem for people with allergies and/or hay fever.

Valerian

Valerian can help alleviate intestinal problems and insomnia, and can be used as a tranquilizer. However, valerian should not be taken without the guidance of a medical professional. Overdose can cause increased anxiety, difficulty breathing, or hallucinations.

However, the potential side effects should not scare people away from this herb. Valerian will only have adverse effects if taken improperly. Valerian is one of the most effective ways of treating stress disorders if used with proper direction.

Valerian is available in both capsule and tincture form.

St. John’s Wort

St. John’s wort is not only a relaxant but also an anti-depressant. In fact, the herb has often proved more effective in treating depression than many chemical drugs. St. John’s wort can be very useful in treating some of the more serious symptoms of stress as well as treating Chronic and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders.

St. John’s wort has very few side effects. However, if used over a long period of time, both the eyes and the skin of the person can become extremely sensitive to light. St. John’s wort also does not react well when mixed with alcohol or chemical medications.

Although the bulk herb is available and can be made into teabags and capsules, St. John’s wort is most often given in tincture form.

GABA Complex

GABA, short for gamma-aminobutyric acid, is one of the brain’s chief neurotransmitters. GABA’s job is to block the brain’s excitatory messages, thereby lowering stress levels. A natural, dietary supplement called GABA Complex can help increase the brain’s GABA levels. Caution should be used, however, because too much GABA can cause adverse effects such as increased irritability and impaired cognition.

Massage Therapy

Massage therapy can be a useful way of coping with everyday stress. Messages are very relaxing and have almost no side effects or risks although some very minor mussel or vein injuries can occur. Messages usually cost approximately $60 an hour.

Acupuncture

Acupuncture has been proven effective in treating both Acute and Chronic Stress Disorders. If done properly acupuncture is perfectly safe and has no side effects. Acupuncture sessions usually cost from $50 to $95.

Meditation

Meditation, whether used for religious purposes or as a relaxation technique, is an easy and cost effective way to relieve stress. Everyone should take a few moments everyday to clear his or her mind and let go of cares and worries. In fact, the Chinese, who use a form of meditation called Tai chi, practically have meditation built into their daily schedule.

Pharmaceuticals

Pharmaceuticals should never be taken unless a person is suffering from severe stress or a disorder. It is all too easy to want a chemical prescription simply because life is a bit difficult. Although most pharmaceuticals have been proven effective, they may have serious side effects that can last a lifetime. Pharmaceuticals should only be taken under the guidance of a medical doctor and should always be considered a last resort.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines can help regulate sleep cycles as well as relieve stress. Two of the most common benzodiazepines are Valium and Xanax. Although both of these drugs have been proven effective, they can have some unpleasant side effects: some of the side effects of Valium include impaired coordination and stomach problems; some of Xanax’s side effects include jaundice and thoughts of suicide.

Also, it should be noted that the number one job of benzodiazepines is to increase the brain’s GABA levels. It is advisable to at least consider the aforesaid GABA Complex instead of potentially dangerous chemical drugs. However, a decision should not be made without the help of a medical professional.

Resources

nlm.nih.gov

everydayhealth.com

webmd.com

Malaria

Malaria’s widely known fear factor makes it hard to believe that this often fatal disease is caused by the bite of a tiny mosquito. While the disease in name doesn’t spark as much panic as it used to, malaria still kills more people each year than AIDS, one million of which are children.

Malaria is particularly widespread in Western Africa, although it is also a threat in regions where sub tropical conditions (and therefore, mosquitoes) exist, such as parts of Asia, Central America, and South America. Less than 1,100 cases were reported last year in the United States.

Malaria is often associated with poverty-like conditions, but this can result in a catch-22 cycle wherein the disease itself inhibits economic growth, causing poverty. Most of the cases of malaria reported within the United States stem from travelers who have visited regions where malaria is much more prevalent, unknowingly bringing the disease with them when they return.

For this reason, prevention and preventative treatment with antimalarial drugs is strongly encouraged for travelers visiting regions high in cases of malaria. In Africa, malaria is estimated to cause 20% of infant deaths, or one child every 45 seconds. Cures & remedies for malaria are constantly being developed and tested to attempt to eradicate the disease.

Symptoms

Since the symptoms of malaria can at first mimic those of septic shock and other illnesses, caution must be taken to seek the advice of a medical practitioner as quickly as possible if symptoms develop.

Malaria can take anywhere from a week to several months (and some case studies even reveal the disease taking years) to develop and spread in the bloodstream.

Generally, symptoms will develop between ten and fifteen days of contracting malaria.

Flu like symptoms, such as a fever and headache, nausea, and sweating can sometimes make the disease difficult to diagnose without a blood test.

Shivering, joint pain, vomiting, and convulsions will also show themselves individually or combined into a cycle if the patient is infected. Malaria is notorious for the vicious cycle of hot/cold that its victims endure. Often, several hours of chills and shivering are followed by hours of sweating, convulsion, and fever as the disease advances. Brain damage and anemia are known to occur in widespread form as the disease multiples within the bloodstream.

The cyclical nature of malarial symptoms makes the disease painful and unpleasant for those who contract it. Prevention and early detection are crucial with malaria, so if infection is suspected, it is important the patient address concerns with a medical provider as quickly as possible. Early detection with malaria can mean the difference between a short regimen drug treatment and a potentially fatal diagnosis.

Dehydration, kidney failure, and liver failure are some of several complications that may develop as a result of malarial infection. Untreated, when malaria isn’t fatal, it can lead to cerebral failure and

Causes

Malaria is caused by a single cell parasite which enters the bloodstream and multiplies, transmitted from the bite of an infected mosquito. Once a mosquito has bitten a person with malaria, it ingests gametocytes, a form of the parasite that will eventually mutate into malaria. The disease grows inside the mosquito, where it eventually mixes with the saliva of the insect when it bites again.

Once a human being is bitten by an infected mosquito, parasitic malaria has found a way into the body and will begin to attack its host from the inside out. The parasites develop in the liver and multiply, then rupture, eventually infecting the bloodstream. Once the bloodstream is infected, the parasites continue the progression of the disease by multiplying further and rupturing. Malaria can exist largely undetected by the body’s immune system due to its location within the red blood cells, making prevention and early detection even more crucial.

Parasite

P. falciparium, a parasite in the plasmodium genus, causes 80% of all cases of malaria and is considered the most common strain of infection. Nine in ten deaths due to malaria infection are also attributable to the P. falciparium parasite. All strains of malaria, according to research, stem from the parasitic genus Plasmodium, which has over 200 identified species.

However, only four strains of plasmodium cause malaria in humans: P. falciparum, p. vivax,p. malariae, and p. ovale. Those strains which are not in the p. falciparium species are considered easier to treat, and have a much lower rate of death.

Risk Factors

An increased risk factor for malaria contraction includes areas with a high population of mosquitoes and known cases of malaria, contaminated food, and contaminated water. If you’re going to be travelling to a remote location where the threat of malaria exists, be sure to check with your doctor on the best forms of prevention.

Other risk factors include your age, prevalence of malaria in the region in which you live or are traveling, and if you are pregnant. Typically, pregnant women are more likely than non pregnant women to contract malaria. The elderly and children are also more susceptible.

Suppressed Immune Systems

This is due to the suppressed immune system that occurs during pregnancy, as well as the relative weakness of the immune system in older people and children. Pregnant mothers, if infected, can transmit the disease to their unborn child via the bloodstream. Infants are particularly susceptible to contracting malaria.

Recently, more studies have been done examining the close relationship between infection of HIV/AIDS and malaria. People who have contracted HIV are extremely vulnerable to contracting malaria due to the weakened condition of their immune system. AIDS and malaria cause 4 million deaths a year combined; in countries where conditions are ripe for malaria, public health groups are also finding large populations of HIV infected adults, compounding both issues in terms of diagnosis, and especially treatment.

Prevention Tips

Some areas where malaria is prevalent have said to spark sort of an immunity to the disease amongst the local population, but the best prevention of malaria seems to be to attempt to eliminate or reduce the mosquito population in affected areas as much as possible. Nets, insecticide, and other control methods have a tangible impact on the number of cases when implemented consistently.

Prevention of mosquito bites to avoid initial infection cannot be underestimated in importance. Some of the most fatal strains of malaria are very resistant to conventional treatment, so the best attitude towards malaria should be the adage “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”.

A more intense method to restrict malaria outbreaks was employed successfully in the United States and southern Europe, known as vector control. Vector control uses insecticide over large areas of land to eradicate mosquito populations. The World Health Organization features several in depth research studies on the benefits of vector control for controlling malaria outbreaks. The pesticide used for this method can cause other environmental and health problems, which has led to a more recent method of attempting to develop genetically modified mosquitoes which are malaria resistant.

Prophylactics

Prophylactic drugs are sometimes used on a daily or weekly basis for preventative reasons (and occasionally as a form of treatment). Doxycycline is occasionally used as well, but the strain of malaria must be taken into consideration when prescribing preventative treatments, as resistant strains of the bacteria are known to exist.

In a recent study by the Boston University School of Public Health, vitamin A & zinc provided increased resistance to malaria, which researchers suspect is due to the known immune system boosting properties of vitamin A and zinc. This is, however, an experimental method and should not be used as the sole means of prevention.

If traveling to a country where there is a high instance of malaria, contact the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and/or the World Health Organization (WHO) for prevention tips. Some guidelines include limiting outdoor activity at night in areas where risk of infection exists, as well as contacting your healthcare provider to create a consistent regimen of prevention drugs to take before, during, and after your trip.

In this case, the most valuable prevention tactic would be to follow a strict regimen of preventative medications combined with avoidance tactics described above. Although a vaccine for malaria is not currently available, it is in development and researchers are optimistic for success in the near future.

Testing and Diagnosis Considerations

Typically, malarial symptoms are diagnosed using blood tests visually examined under a microscope, although sometimes saliva and urine are used as less invasive methods of diagnosis using optical microscopy.

The blood samples are placed on film and examined under a microscope to detect the presence of the parasite. Two samples, taken at different time intervals (typically between six and twelve hours apart) are used as checks and balances against one another to ensure the subject is being properly diagnosed.

Thin films typically allow for the best preparation technique and detection of the parasite’s appearance.

If optic microscopy is not readily available, which happens frequently in rural areas where malaria is prominent, an antigen test, or rapid diagnostic test, will be performed by technicians skilled in detection. Some of the recently available commercial tests for malaria require only a single drop of blood.

Treatment Options

Cures & remedies for malaria are constantly being developed. Hospitalization is usually required for patients with active strains of malaria to adequately provide treatment, although some less severe strains can be treated with outpatient therapy if caught early. Antiviral medications are the most commonly prescribed tools of modern medicine to combat malaria.

Industrially produced treatments include chloroquine, at one time the most popular form of malarial drug used for treatment; amodiaquine (which can be used alone or in conjunction with chloroquine); pyrimethamine, which is useful for strains resistant to chloroquine or for milder, uncomplicated cases; sulphadoxine, which is popular for treatment in clinical cases. Artemesinin, a Chinese herb, has become popular for use along with several derivatives which have had success.

A recently developed malarial drug is halofantrine, which was developed in the 1960’s at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Many treatments are given at hourly intervals over a period of time set by the hospital providers. Doxycycline is another widely used malarial treatment.

Combination Therapy

Combination therapy is the most widely used form of treatment for malaria. Several single-drug treatments have been introduced to the market, but research and clinical results have proven multiple drug malarial treatments to typically be the most effective. As the most aggressive strains of malaria have grown more and more resistant to conventional treatments and techniques, new combinations and dosages are constantly being modified and introduced to implement a cure for patients.

Several treatments, amodiaquine in particular, can cause severe side effects and should be used only if the benefits of treatment outweigh the side effects. Homeopathy is gaining popularity in malaria treatment as the cost of treatment and drug-resistant parasites remain a growing concern. Goldenseal, grapefruit extract, and local herbs are often more readily available than expensive manufactured drug treatments. Quinine remains one of the oldest forms of treatment for malaria, and is still widely used in some regions of the world.

Cost of Prevention and Treatment

For preventative purposes, a rough estimate is approximately $75 US Dollars per week of malaria prevention tablets or pills. Doxycyclin is often cheaper, but many people avoid them due to the severity of side effects outweighing the initial cost savings. For people with adequate health insurance, the costs may be substantially lower.

While actual cost to treat malaria varies greatly by location, degree of infection, and strain, the overall costs are astronomical. Cost is a particular concern with outbreaks of malaria, as many areas in which the disease spreads are poverty ridden. Summarily, the disease affects those who can least afford to treat it. Treatment drugs are expensive and not always readily available. It is estimated that the average treatment for malaria in moderate cases can cost the average W. African ten days or more of full time pay.

The cost of malaria treatment in Africa is estimated to be over $800 million US dollars annually. Countries with high levels of transmission ha ve reported that approximately 1.3% or more of their annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is used for malaria treatment, according to the World Health Organization.

When the larynx, or the voice box, comes inflamed, it is known as laryngitis. The larynx is located just atop of the trachea, which is where the throat and the lungs cross and meet up. The larynx has two separate folds of skin on either side of it, which are called the vocal cords. The vocal cords create recognizable sounds and speech depending on how they are loosened or tightened.

To put it into perspective, imagine stretching the neck of a balloon in order to make that pitched squeak; this is how the vocal cords work, in essence.

Usually, the vocal cords are assisted by mucus, thinly and smoothly layered onto it, coating the cords to lubricate them. However, in the event that the larynx is affected by a bacterial infection or a virus, inflaming them, the mucus may either dry out or thin due to the swelling of the vocal cords. When the vocal cords dry up, the end result is a raspy or a hoarse voice, often accompanied by a cough and a fever.

Laryngitis is acute when it does not last longer than a few days. When it lasts up to over three weeks, it can be categorized as chronic.

Causes

Several people develop this condition due to straining their vocal cords.

Public speakers, lecturers and others who regularly use their voices as a requirement of their careers are recommended to use some kind of equipment for amplification or to at least undergo vocal training.

This is especially the case for those whose livelihoods depend on the usage of their voices, such as coaches, singers, cheerleaders and more.

These persons should all become very aware of the possibility of strain on the throat. Typically, a professional singer will receive special training so that they may properly defend themselves from developing laryngitis from stress.

Acute Laryngitis

Usually, an instance of laryngitis is a temporary one and the illness generally improves once the underlying cause experiences relief. Some causes of acute laryngitis may include:

• A cold or other similar virus infections;
• A virus such as the mumps or measles;
• Yelling, overusing the voice or other similar vocal strain;
• Bacterial infections, though rare, such as diphtheria.

Chronic Laryngitis

When this condition occurs for over three weeks, it becomes categorized as chronic. This kind of laryngitis will usually be caused by irritants over a long period of time. Chronic laryngitis may cause strain of the vocal cords, injuries, or even growths, known as polyps or nodules. The injuries may be caused by:

• Inhaled irritants, such as allergens, chemical fumes or smoke;
• Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD;
• Chronic sinusitis;
• Excessive use of alcohol;
• Constant overuse of the voice, such as with cheerleaders or with singers; and
• Smoking

Other factors that are known to cause laryngitis include the overconsumption of caffeine. This will often dry out the mucus that is necessary to coat over the vocal cords, which leaves them vulnerable to being inflamed. To alleviate the pain, it is possible to suck on medicated lozenges, or instead gargling water with salt in it. However, refrain from using mouthwashes with alcohol as this will likely just cause more dryness. The best way to resolve this issue is to refrain from coming into contact with irritants.

Less commonly, two other causes of chronic laryngitis may include:

• Fungal or bacterial infections; or
• Being infected with certain kinds of parasites.

There are a couple of other causes for instances such as chronic hoarseness, including:

• Cancer;
• Vocal cord bowing due to old age; and
• Paralysis of the vocal cords, which is possible to result from a lung tumor, stroke, injury or similar health conditions.

Symptoms

For the most part, laryngitis will usually just be due to a minor cause and will last a few days, such as a cold. However, there are some instances of laryngitis symptoms being due to something a bit more serious or chronic. Some of the signs and symptoms of laryngitis occurring including:

• Weak voice;
• Loss of voice;
• Hoarseness;
• Rawness feeling in the throat;
• Ticking sensation in the throat;
• Dry throat;
• Sore throat; and
• Dry cough

When to See a Doctor
Most instances of acute laryngitis can usually be managed at home with a few tips, including drinking a wealth of fluids and resting the voice and vocal cords. However, should the hoarseness remain for over two weeks, an appointment should be made with the doctor.

Seek medical attention immediately in the event that a child is experiencing a loss of voice combined with any of these other symptoms:

• The child drools more than usual;
• The child has difficulty breathing;
• The child experiences high pitched sounds of breathing when inhaling;
• The child has trouble swallowing; and
• The child has a fever measuring over 103 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 degrees Celsius.

These symptoms point to croup, which is the inflammation of both the larynx and the airway that lies just beneath the larynx. Though most cases of croup may be successfully treated at home, when the symptoms are severe, medical attention is required.

Going to the Doctor

At first, a general practitioner or the family doctor may be seen. However, upon calling to make the appointment for the doctor, there may be the recommendation or the referral to another doctor who specializes in disorders that occur in the nose, throat and ears.

Since appointments have a habit of being brief, and since there is quite a bit of ground that needs to be covered, it is likely a good idea to ensure that the fullest preparation is undergone for this appointment. The following sections cover suggestions on preparing for the appointment as well as what to expect from the doctor.

What Can Be Done

1. Make note of any restrictions for pre-appointments. Upon calling to make the appointment, make sure to ask if there are any prerequisites or any such things that much be done in advance, prior to coming in.
2. Take a notepad and write down any and all symptoms that are currently being experienced, even those that may not seem to directly related to the reason for having made the appointment in the first place.
3. On the notepad, write down all key information pertaining to personal life, which should include recent life changes as well as any major stresses that have been occurring.
4. Make a note of all medication that is being taken, even if it is just a supplement or a vitamin.
5. If possible, have a member of the family or a friend tag along for the ride. There may be a wealth of different information offered during an appointment, and it may be difficult to take it all in at once. The companion will be helpful in remembering things that may have otherwise been missed or forgotten.
6. Remember to write down any questions for the doctor.

The list of questions will ensure that the time spent with the doctor is the most effective, which is especially important because time with the doctor is quite limited. To work against time running out, try to list the questions from most important down to the less important. Sample questions that may be asked to the doctor may include some of the following:

• What is causing the symptoms or the laryngitis?
• Could there be any other causes for these symptoms of this condition?
• What kind of tests will be necessary?
• Is this condition more likely temporary or chronic?
• What is the best way to handle it?
• Are there any good alternatives to this primarily suggested approach of action?
• These other health conditions also apply. How can these both be managed properly together?
• Are any certain restrictions present that are important to follow?
• Is it necessary to see a specialist?
• How much will it cost to see a specialist, and will this insurance cover such an appointment?
• Is there any kind of generic alternative to the medication that has been prescribed for this condition?
• Do any Web sites come recommended to handle this condition? Are there any printed materials, such as a brochure, that can be taken home which pertains to this condition?

If there is time present, in addition to the questions that have been prepared to ask the doctor at the appointment, feel free to ask any additional questions in the event that something within the appointment goes by not understood.

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor may also have a few questions, as well, which means it is important to be prepared to answer them. This may reserve time that was to be spent going over other things, otherwise. The doctor make ask:

• When did these symptoms first come to existence?
• Have the symptoms been occasional or continuous?
• How severe are the symptoms?
• If anything, what appears to improve these symptoms?
• If anything, what seems to worsen these symptoms?
• Is anybody close a smoker?
• Are there any allergies present?
• Have the vocal cords recently been overused, either by shouting or singing?

Risk Factors

There are a few risk factors:

• Having bronchitis, sinusitis, a cold or a similar respiratory infection;
• Overusing the voice, by speaking too loudly, speaking too often, singing or shouting; and
• Exposure to irritating substances, such as excessive alcohol, cigarette smoke, workplace chemicals or stomach acid.

Tests and Diagnosis

The most common and obvious sign of laryngitis is the presence of hoarseness. Whether or not the voice changes varies in the severity of irritation or infection, which means it can range from a simple mild hoarseness to a nearly complete loss of the voice. In the event of chronic hoarseness, a doctor may wish to examine the vocal cords and listen to the affected voice, and he or she will likely make a reference to a nose, ear and throat specialist.

Some of these techniques may be employed in order to properly diagnose laryngitis:

• Laryngoscopy. The doctor may choose to visually examine the vocal cords using a tiny mirror and a light in order to look down into the back of the throat. This process is called laryngoscopy. Alternatively, the doctor may employ fiber-optic laryngoscopy, which instead involves inserting a thin and flexible tube called an endoscope that has a tiny camera and a light. It is inserted through the mouth and nose and down into the back of the throat. This makes it possible to watch how the vocal cords move during speech.
• Biospy. If or when the doctor notices an area of suspicion, he or she may elect to perform a biopsy, which requires taking a tissue sample and carefully examining it under the assistance of a microscope.

Treatment Options

Medications

Viruses that cause acute cases of laryngitis usually improve on their own within a week or a bit longer. Chronic, on the other hand, has treatments that aim to treat the underlying causes thereof, such as smoking, heartburn or the excessive usage of alcohol.

Some of the medications that may be employed include:

• Antibiotics. This is rarely used because nearly every case of laryngitis is caused by a virus, rendering the antibiotic useless. However, in the rare instance of a bacterial infection causing the condition, the antibiotic may be used.
• Corticosteroids. There are some instances in which corticosteroids might help with the inflammation of vocal cords. However, this is only really used whenever there is an immediate need to treat the condition, such as needing to use the voice to give a speech, to sing or to present a project orally, or in the case of a toddler who is experiencing laryngitis due to croup.
  

  Home Treatment

  There are a few different ways to treat this condition at home, and it may relieve the symptoms that laryngitis causes, effectively reducing the strain occurring on the voice:

  • Try to breathe in moist air. To do this, try to employ a humidifier in order to introduce moisture into the air throughout the home or through the office. Alternatively, try to inhale the steam that rises from a hot shower or from a bowl of hot water.
  • At all costs, rest the voice to the fullest extent. Avoid singing too loudly, singing for too long and employ the same restrictions for talking. In the event that it is necessary to employ the voice before speaking to a large group of people, try to get a megaphone or a microphone to help.
  • Avoid dehydration by taking in a healthy amount of fluids while avoiding caffeine or alcohol.
  • Try to suck on a medicated lozenge to moisten the throat, or chew a piece of gum or gargle with water with salt in it.
  • Do not take any decongestants because this is likely to further dry out the throat.
  • Do not whisper. Though normal speech puts a strain on voice, whispering actually causes even more strain on the voice.

  Prevention

  To prevent both irritation and dryness to the vocal cords:

  • Do not smoke and avoid, at all costs, secondhand smoke. This smoke will irritate the vocal cords and dry out the throat;
  • Always drink a good amount of water. Fluids allow the mucus in the throat to stay thin and to stay easy to clear.
  • Try not to clear the throat because it actually hurts more than it helps. This is because it causes an abnormal vibration within the vocal cords, increasing the risk of swelling. Clearing the throat may also result in the throat secreting a larger amount of mucus, which causes it to feel even more irritated, which causes people to want to clear their throat again.
  • Avoid all upper respiratory infections as possible. Try to get the flu shot every year if the doctor recommends such a thing. Always wash the hands on a regular basis and, as possible, refrain from coming into physical contact with anybody who is suffering from an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold.

Snoring is a harmless annoyance that affects roughly 59% of American adults. While snoring provides no cause for serious concerns, it can be a sign of sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, though this may not always be the case. Most people who deal with snoring problems will not even recognize that they snore during sleep, unless told so by another individual.

Alternative Names

There are no common alternative names for snoring.

Symptoms

Snoring is any kind of noise related to breathing during sleep. Snoring noises are different for all people and can be loud, soft, raspy, deep, or even high-pitched. Snoring will not cause a person to stop sleeping, as this is a more serious ailment called sleep apnea.

Causes

In general, the causes of snoring are unknown to the medical world. Over the past 100 years, scientists have attempted to crack the snoring mystery with little success.

There are a few characteristics of people who are more prone to have snoring problems, however, and these are possibly related causes to snoring that scientists are looking into.

Some of these potential causes for snoring include:

1. Nasal congestion that is the result of a cold or allergies. If congestion lasts a particularly long time, snoring is more likely to follow.
2. Obesity. Being overweight can often lead to other problems that can affect the neck and air passageways. These problems often put extra pressure on a person’s airways and can lead to heavy snoring.
3. Tonsillitis or another tonsil-related problem. When tonsils become extremely swollen, they tend to block the patients airways which leads to snoring.
4. A relationship has recently been made between the use of sleeping pills and alcohol prior to falling asleep and snoring.
5. Genes and heredity. It has been shown that narrow throats and enlarged tonsils can be hereditary. This means that if your parents and grandparents had snoring problems, you may have a greater chance of experiencing them also.
6. Gender. Men tend to have a much more narrow airway than women. This physical characteristic causes men to snore more often than women.

Risk Factors

Snoring poses no serious health risks to most individuals. If snoring becomes excessive and prevents the individual or his or her sleeping partner from receiving adequate sleep, snoring can become more of an issue. The most common risks associated with excessive snoring are drowsiness, sleep apnea, shoulder and neck pains, and difficulty breathing during sleep.

Prevention Tips

Many cultures have had the challenge of dealing with snoring. For this reason there are many different tips on how someone can prevent snoring from disturbing their sleep. Though none of these tips is proven to cure snoring, many of them are used successfully by snorers.

1. Avoid alcoholic drinks at bedtime and sleeping pills if at all possible. Many of these substances tend to relax the entire body, including the airway. When airways become relaxed there is a greater chance that tissues within the airway will rub together and cause snoring.
2. Lose weight if you are obese. Obesity is one of the most common causes of snoring due to the pressure that is placed on the body’s airways. By losing weight, the person is able to reduce the pressure on airways and allow themselves to breathe easier throughout the night.
3. Avoid tobacco. Smoking and other uses of tobacco have been shown to cause severe respiratory problems. These problems can range from nasal and lung congestion, to cancer and other deadly illnesses.
4. Sleep on your side and stomach. Individuals who sleep on their back are more susceptible to snoring. Sleeping on your back relaxes the airways and has can cause the tissues in the airways to rub together, similar to using sleeping pills to relax your body.
5. Avoid dairy products before going to bed. Dairy products such as ice cream, milk, yogurt, and cheese create excess mucus in the mouth and throat. This excess mucus acts as a blockade to air that is attempting to pass through the throat.
6. Create regular sleep patterns. This is perhaps the best way to prevent snoring from entering your bedroom. As you create a regular, healthy sleeping schedule, your body will be able to get better sleep. It has been shown that snoring is often the result of poor sleeping.

Tests and Diagnosis Considerations

Diagnosing a snorer is very simple. It is easiest to diagnose a snorer when he or she has a sleeping partner because this person can verify whether or not there is a snoring problem. If you do not have a sleeping partner, you may be able to notice snoring problems by recognizing drowsiness throughout the day, excessive drooling during sleep, and waking up several times during the night for unknown reasons (i.e. not having to go to the bathroom, get a drink).

If you snore, there are some ways in which you can determine the cause of your snoring, though it may require a partner’s help. If you snore with your mouth closed, then there is most likely a problem with the tongue such as it falling back over the airway. Snoring with your mouth open is the result that the tissues in your throat are rubbing together and blocking air from passing through. If snoring only occurs while sleeping on your back, then the snoring probably is not severe and only requires improving your sleep habits and getting more regular sleep. If, however, snoring occurs in any sleep position then the snoring may be more intense and require a consultation with a physician.

Treatment Options for Snoring

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are many herbal solutions to snoring. One of the most common herbs is household ginger.

Ginger has historically been known to help in creating a greater secretion of saliva.

An increase in saliva will coat the throat and airways and provide a much smoother passage of air from the lungs through to throat.

Honey has been shown to have this same effect.

Using Dioscorea

Another herbal remedy that has been shown to protect against snoring is called Dioscorea villosa, or wild yam.

Dioscorea villosa is a natural cure for inflammation. Vitamin C is similar to the wild yam in that it helps to sooth the throat, cures inflammation, and aids in fighting against snoring. Marjoram oil is commonly believed to be a cure for snorers. The oils is sold in jars and is soaked in a type of sponge.

Snorers are instructed to open the jar and leave it by their beds, which allows the oils and scents of the marjoram oil to fill the room and enter the airways. There are other types of aromatherapy techniques to preventing snoring. The main purpose of these aromatherapeutic oils is to excite the airways and allow them to work properly without the rubbing together of tissues.

Breathing Strips

More recently, companies have released breathing or nasal strips that are believed to prevent snoring. The strips look like small band-aids and have a small flexible piece on its back that holds the nostrils open. The science behind holding the nostrils open is that this should provide a relief from congestion. Nasal strips work for some people, but not for all snorers.

Physical Conditions

Most snoring is the result of problems in the back of the throat and not entirely due to congestion of the nose.

Physicians suggest sleeping on a firm mattress to prevent snoring. A firm, durable mattress is considered to be the best way to support the neck and stop any obstructions from forming in the airway. Also, it is recommended that elevating your head above the rest of your body will prevent obstructions. This can be done by using multiple pillows or placing wood or bricks beneath the frame of the mattress on the side that supports your head.

Exercising

One of the most important activities that can be done without medical aid to prevent snoring is to receive regular exercise. It has been shown that healthy and fit people snore less than unhealthy, out-of-shape sleepers. Exercise improves cardiovascular health as well as respiratory and breathing health.

Another natural remedy for snoring is performing throat exercises before sleep. Throat exercise can refer to any activity that causes rigorous motion of the throat and airway, such as talking, singing, and deep breathing.

Pharmaceutical Remedies

Most physicians do not recommend any prescription drugs for snoring. If the snoring becomes excessive and shown to be a result of sleep apnea, doctors may recommend recommend the use of a CPAP mask, which stands for “Continuous Positive Airway Pressure”. The mask works similar to nasal strips but keeps the windpipe open during sleep and prevents any obstructive actions of the throat and other respiratory problems. The CPAP fits over the nose and delivers a low pressure stream of air to the mask and into the airway. There is another machine called a Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure, BiPAP. Both of these machines are used only in severe snoring cases and can have side effects. These side effects include:

• Nosebleeds
• Irritation of the eye
• Respiratory problems and infections
• Intense nasal congestion
• Dry tongue and mouth
• Claustrophobia

Surgical Treatments

There are several operations that can be performed to prevent snoring. While these operations are considered to be very effective, patients must consider the risks of being operated on prior to opting for surgery. The most common surgery for snoring is called LAUP, Laser Assisted Uvulopalatoplasty. This operation is often recommended to cure sleep apnea. During and LAUP operation, the surgeon is assisted by a laser that is able to cut away the tissue that hangs from the back of the mouth called the uvula. As the uvula is cut away, there becomes less of a chance for it to become inflamed and prevent air passage. LAUP operations often require that the patient be operated on more than once.

Another surgical procedure for snoring that is somewhat new is called Radio Frequency Tissue Ablation, RFTA. This type of operation can typically be done in a doctor’s office and is also called Somnoplasty. The purpose of an RFTA operation is to shrink the uvula. Rather than using a laser to cut away at the uvula, RFTA uses high energy radio waves to shrink the uvula and prevent irritation.

Nasal Surgery

Nasal surgery can often be performed to rid the airways of obstructions in the nose. This is a surgery that is recommended to people who have trouble breathing during the day, as well as at night.

Repose is the name given to another surgical method designed to treat snoring and other forms of sleep apnea. Repose is intended to prevent the tongue from blocking the airway during periods of sleep. This is done by inserting a small screw into the back of the lower jaw bone. The surgery is relatively new and studies are still being done on potential risks and irreversible affects.

As with any operation, surgeries that are designed to cure snoring problems have many associated risks. Patients should seriously consider the risks and benefits of any operation before making a decision.

Nearly everybody has had the flu at some point or knows someone who has. Also known as influenza, this is an infection caused by a virus that attacks the respiratory system, which includes the lungs, bronchial tubes, nose and throat.

Those who generally have a healthy slate and catch influenza is likely to feel pretty awful for a few days. Despite this, complications will probably not develop throughout its course, nor will hospital care be likely. However, for those who have a chronic illness or an otherwise weakened immune system, influenza has the potential to be fatal.

Those who find themselves at a higher risk for contracting influenza, the first organized line of defense would be to get a flu shot. In 2010, in addition to the usual shot against influenza, another kind of flu shot may be required to obtain. This new flu shot fights against the recently discovered novel H1N1 swine strain of flu. Doses for this strand of influenza are available with that of the standard influenza vaccine.

Symptoms of Influenza

At first, influenza comes off as the typical common cold with all of the usual suspects, in terms of symptoms: sneezing, sore throat and a runny nose. However, the difference between the two include the fact that the flu shows up suddenly whereas the common cold gradually creeps in over time. Additionally, a cold usually just comes off as an inconvenience, and the flu usually makes its victims feel very awful.

The most common symptoms and signs of the flu generally include:

• In adults, a fever over 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or 38 degrees Celsius; in children, commonly as high as 103 – 105 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39.5 – 40.5 degrees Celsius;
• Sweats and chills;
• Headache;
• Dry cough;
• Pains and aches in the muscle, particularly the arms, legs and back;
• Nasal congestion;
• Weakness;
• Fatigue;
• Loss of appetite; and
• Vomiting and diarrhea in children.

When to See a Doctor

Who are experiencing the symptoms and signs for influenza and believe that they are at risk of developing further complications, it is important to contact the doctor. In an effort to prevent a much more serious complication, the doctor may recommend or prescribe antiviral drugs, which, if taken within the first 48 hours after the symptoms are first noticed, may reduce how long the influenza takes to run its course by one or two days.

If symptoms and signs develop that are similar to that of pneumonia, immediately seek medical care. The symptoms and signs of pneumonia include a severe cough that causes phlegm to appear, a sharp pain when inhaling deeply, in addition to a high fever. Antibiotics will need to be taken in the event that the pneumonia is of the bacterial variety.

Causes of Influenza

Influenza viruses usually are transported through the air in little droplets, particularly when a person who is infected with the virus talks, sneezes or coughs. It may be possible to directly inhale the droplets or an object that is picked up may have the germs on it, such as a computer keyboard or a telephone, after which it is transferred right to the nose, eyes or mouth.

There exist three different varieties, or strains, of influenza viruses – influenza types A, B and C. The first type, type A, is the kind that usually causes the worldwide pandemic of deadly influenza, which is known to strike roughly every 10 – 40 years. Type B is the kind that is known to cause outbreaks in a smaller and more localized areas. Both types A and B are generally the kind of flu that will typically circulate nearly every winter. Type C, on the other hand, has never been found in connection with any large epidemic.

Type C, unlike its counterparts, is a relatively stable strand of influenza. However, both types A and B are always evolving and changing, causing new strains of its type to appear on a regular basis. Even though once a person has caught the flu and antibodies against that particular strain are developed, those same antibodies will not be able to fight against newer strains of that type. It is for this reason that doctors highly recommend that a person get a fresh flu shot every year.

Risk Factors for Influenza

Those who are at an increased risk of contracting influenza, or any developing complications thereof, are those who:

• are over the age of 50;
• are a young infant or a young child;
• are also a resident of a long term care facility, such as a nursing home or others;
• have a chronic disorder, including diabetes, kidney, lung or heart disease;
• have a weakened immune system due to infection of HIV, medications, chemotherapy or more;
• are planning to become pregnant during the season for flu;
• are regularly in contact with young children and young infants; and
• are employed at a health care facility and will have possible exposure to the influenza virus.

Children who are undergoing a long term therapy with aspirin are also at an increased risk.

It is safe for children at the age of six months and older to receive the flu vaccination. Even if the child itself does not pose a risk of contracting the flue but does live with someone who has risks of obtaining it, it is recommended to have the child vaccinated regardless. This way, it will be far less likely that the child will infect another person. As such, the more people who choose to get immunized, the less likely it is that an influenza virus will work its way through a community.

Complications From Influenza

Those who are young and healthy, it is usually not very serious to contract influenza. Despite the fact that it will cause a little misery during its lifetime, there are usually no lasting effects once the influenza virus goes away on its own. However, those adults and children who pose high risks for contracting the virus may experience certain complications, such as:

• Ear infections;
• Bronchitis;
• Acute sinusitis;
• Pneumonia; or
• Encephalitis

Of the aforementioned potential complications, pneumococcal pneumonia, which is a serious infection of the lungs and caused by bacterial, is both the most common and the most serious. Especially in those with a chronic illness and older adults, pneumonia can be fatal. The best way to protect against both influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia is to get a vaccination.

Treatments and Drugs

More often than not, there is nothing more that can be done other than keeping plenty of fluids and maintaining plenty of bed rest in order to treat the flu. However, in some instances, the doctor may wish to prescribe certain antiviral medicines, such as zanamivir (Relenza) or oseltamivir (Tamiflu).

Both of these drugs will treat the two influenza types, A and B, and they do so by deactivating an enzyme that the virus requires in order to grow and spread. If they are taken shortly after the symptoms develop, it might be able to effectively shorten the lifespan of the illness by at least a day or two. Oseltamivir can be taken orally, though zanamivir must be inhaled by way of a device that looks quite similar to an inhaler for asthma and it should therefore not be used by anybody who is a sufferer of respiratory conditions, such as lung disease and asthma.

Side Effects

Both medications are known to possibly cause side effects, which may include nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness, trouble breathing and loss of appetite. Prolonged use might also lead to the development of viruses that are resistant to antivirus medications.

In November 2006, the makers of Tamiflu were required, by the Food and Drug Administration (the FDA), to include a warning on their packaging that those who suffer from the flu, in particular children, may see an increased risk of confusion and self-injury after they take Tamiflu. The FDA therefore recommends that those with the influenza virus who choose to take Tamiflu are to be very closely monitored for instances of unusual behavior. Before taking any medicine that is antiviral, make sure to discuss all of the possible side effects that may occur with a doctor.

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are blood vessels and masses of supporting fibrous tissue inside the anus and anal canal.

The anal canal is medically described as being the area from the anus, extending inward approximately four inches, to the base of the rectum. It is widely believed that hemorrhoids are an abnormal condition of the body, but hemorrhoids are a normal anatomical feature in everyone.

When people talk about hemorrhoids as a medical condition, what they mean to say is inflamed hemorrhoids. Statistically, enlarged or inflamed hemorrhoids occur in 1 out of every 25 people.

Distribution is equal among men and women. While hemorrhoids can cause problems with people of any age, they are most prevalent in people from 45 – 65 years old. For people aged 50 and over, the incident rate rises to 50%.

Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in North America and Europe than anywhere else in the world, and there are some countries where they are virtually unknown. Several theories exist as to why this is, the two most prominent being diet and the use of sit-down commodes.

Types and Symptoms of Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are differentiated into two types: external and internal. Each type has different symptoms and treatment. Because the nerves on the inside of the anal canal are visceral nerves, pain is rarely accompanied by internal hemorrhoids. Visceral nerves are sensitive only to pressure and not pain. The outside of the anus contains somatic nerves like other areas of skin that are extremely pain sensitive. The symptoms of hemorrhoids can range from mild discomfort or itching to severe pain and bleeding.

Internal Hemorrhoids

When internal hemorrhoids become inflamed, they create a large bulge in the anal canal. Sometimes the internal hemorrhoid can pull the lining of the rectum free from its anchoring so that it hangs down and can be seen on the outside of the anus. This is specifically known as a prolapsed internal hemorrhoid.

Internal hemorrhoids are subject to each stool that passes through the anal canal. Hard stools or hard matter in stool can further inflame the hemorrhoids. In some cases, the internal hemorrhoids can cause bleeding and enlarge so much that they affect the somatic nerves, causing excruciating pain.

Additionally, the prolapsed rectum continues to excrete mucus as it normally does inside the body. This mucus combines with fecal matter and when exposed to the skin of the anus it causes extreme itching. Although the prolapsed rectum usually returns inside the body on its own, but if not, it can be pushed back in. However, if it is pushed back in, it usually falls out again when passing the next stool.

In rare cases, an internal hemorrhoid cannot be pushed back inside and the blood supply to it is pinched off. This is known as an incarcerated hemorrhoid. An incarcerated hemorrhoid that is not getting any blood has a good chance of contracting gangrene.

Doctors classify internal hemorrhoids into one of four degrees, based on their severity

• First-degree hemorrhoids – These are the least severe hemorrhoids. They do not prolapse, but they can bleed.
• Second-degree hemorrhoids – These hemorrhoids prolapse, but they retract themselves without having to be pushed. They may bleed or not.
• Third-degree hemorrhoids – These hemorrhoids prolapse but do not retract on their own. They must be pushed back in and are usually accompanied by bleeding.
• Fourth-degree hemorrhoids – These are the most severe hemorrhoids. They cause a prolapse that cannot be pushed back in. Fourth-degree hemorrhoids may cause thrombosis or other loss of blood flow to the hemorrhoid.

External Hemorrhoids

External hemorrhoids, while they can be painful, are usually not as severe as internal hemorrhoids. They can be felt on the body as a bulge on the outside part of the anus. Usually, they do not interfere with the regular workings of the anus in the passing of stools, so there the stool rarely causes further inflammation.

External hemorrhoids, however, are very susceptible to thrombosis. If the hemorrhoid causes thrombosis it will turn into a hard, painful lump that usually must be treated by a medical professional. Even if the hemorrhoid heals spontaneously, it will often leave a skin tag on the anus. If the skin tag is large enough, it can continue to irritate the anus and pose difficulty in regular cleaning.

Causes of Hemorrhoids

Although no specific causes of hemorrhoids have been identified with certainty, the major cause is thought to be excessive straining during bowel movements. Other conditions may exacerbate hemorrhoids, such as cirrhosis of the liver, pregnancy, and chronic constipation or diarrhea. Sitting for long periods on the toilet also seems to have a connection with increased incidents of hemorrhoids, as does anal intercourse.

The mechanics of hemorrhoids are also not 100 percent certain, but doctors know that the arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the rectum create a large network in the anal canal. These arteries feed the hemorrhoids and the connecting tissue. This is why when they bleed, the blood is bright red. The blood is infused with fresh oxygen from the lungs. Bleeding can be severe because the hemorrhoids have access to so many arteries.

External and internal hemorrhoids are differentiated by the dentate line, where the outside anus converts from skin to internal lining. The hemorrhoids are made up of one or more arterial blood vessels and tissues, called cushions, in three separate positions: anterior, posterior, and one lateral. Pressure during bowel movements or from other sources weakens the cushions supporting the blood vessel until they are no longer able to sufficiently hold the vessel into place, so they bulge outward and into the anal canal or the skin of the anus. When inflammation occurs in one part of the hemorrhoid, it quickly spreads to the others.

Risk Factors Associated with Hemorrhoids

Although no exact cause has been determined, several factors are associated with an increased risk in developing hemorrhoids or exacerbating already inflamed hemorrhoids

• Chronic constipation or diarrhea – Both of these conditions lead to straining during bowel movements and increased pressure in the rectum and anal canal.
• Being overweight or obese – Obesity causes extra pressure to be placed on hemorrhoids by fat deposits.
• Genetics – People with a family history of hemorrhoids are more likely to have problems with them themselves.
• Age – Older people generally have more problems with hemorrhoids than younger people.
• Pregnancy – All stages of pregnancy, including labor and delivery, put large amounts of increased pressure and strain on the entire body. Hemorrhoids are one of many areas affected, especially during the last two trimesters when the volume of blood rapidly increases.
• Liver disease – Some liver conditions cause blood to flow irregularly and this can cause inflamed hemorrhoids.
• Heart disease – Heart disease also causes an irregular flow of blood that increases risk.
• Prolonged sitting – People who sit for great lengths of time, especially on a toilet, have a higher risk for developing inflamed hemorrhoids.
• Heavy lifting – Lifting heavy objects causes pressure to build in the abdomen and anal area that can cause hemorrhoids. This is especially true for people who hold their breath as they lift.

Prevention Tips

Many instances of hemorrhoids can be avoided by following a few guidelines relating to a healthy diet and lifestyle

• Eat foods high in fiber. Whole grains, raw fruits and vegetables, and beans are excellent sources.
• Avoid foods that can cause constipation. Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and ice cream can create constipation. It is also suggested to limit quantities of bleached grains and red meat.
• Drink sufficient amounts of water. 8 – 10 glasses of water per day is recommended.
• Avoid beverages leading to dehydration. Beverages that cause dehydration are those that contain caffeine or alcohol.
• Use natural stool softener whenever constipated. High fiber stool softeners made of bran or psyllium husks can help reduce pressure on the bowels. Never take stimulant laxatives. These only irritate hemorrhoids further.
• Exercise regularly. Moderate daily exercise helps keep the body in shape and promotes smooth digestion.
• Don’t hold in bowel movements. Go to the bathroom as soon as the urge strikes.
• Do not strain during a bowel movement. Try to let the stool be released smoothly and naturally.
• Do not sit on the toilet for extended periods. Do your business and move to a regular chair to read.
• Avoid any type of sitting for long periods. Take breaks to stretch your legs and relax your body.
• Avoid heavy lifting whenever possible.

Diagnosing Hemorrhoids

The first sign of hemorrhoids usually comes from a self-diagnosis. External hemorrhoids can be felt with the hands and are usually noticed while wiping. Bloody stool or drops of blood on bathroom tissue can also signal hemorrhoid inflammation. It is also possible to feel a prolapsed rectum exiting the anus. If left too long, a person will feel the pain associated with hemorrhoids, thrombosis, or gangrene. While discomfort of the anus and anal itching frequently occur, they are usually caused by a factor other than hemorrhoids.

Physicians usually have a good idea if a person is suffering from hemorrhoids simply from a medical history and basic questioning. Hemorrhoids are simple to diagnose, so the physician’s primary concern is to rule out other, more severe causes. This will, at the least, require a digital rectal exam and, possibly, an anoscopy, in which the doctor will visually inspect the anus and anal canal with the help of a device consisting of a hollow tube and light source. These tests are usually enough, as hemorrhoids can readily be felt by a gloved finger or seen through the anoscopy.

Tests

These tests can also help to uncover other ailments such as anal fissures or even prostate cancer. In some cases, a doctor may use what is called indirect anoscopy, which is a test that uses mirror to watch the anus while the patient is seated on a toilet or toilet-like seat. This test can help a doctor to determine the exact nature of any prolapsed tissue. Sometimes the tissue can be the hemorrhoid, and other times, it is a polyp or the rectum.

To eliminate other causes of the symptoms, a patient may be required to undergo a colonoscopy or a flexible sigmoidoscopy. A colonoscopy is a procedure where the entire colon can be inspected by the doctor, while with a sigmoidoscopy, only the rectum and anal canal are viewed. Another test that could be performed is a barium enema. This is an x-ray procedure that allows the doctor to view the colon, rectum, and anus.

Hemorrhoid Treatment

Several treatments exist in varying degrees from change of diet to surgery. Usually the most non-invasive forms of treatment are tried first, and then, if unsuccessful, treatment is scaled up. Sometimes several treatments can be used in conjunction.

General Treatment

General treatment includes lifestyle changes. A change in diet that includes more fiber will soften stool and reduce strain on the hemorrhoids. Sometimes, this is all that need be done. Following all the precautions and prevention tips may reduce hemorrhoid flare-ups to non-existence. 30 grams of fiber per day is recommended, along with plenty of water.

Over-the-counter Medication

Several different over-the-counter medications are available without a prescription, although the advice of a doctor is always beneficial. Most of these medications are in the form of creams and suppositories. They may act to relieve pain and itching, but it has never been proven that they do anything to actually cure or treat the hemorrhoids. These creams, ointments, gels, and suppositories are applied with a finger or with a special device called a pile pipe.

Here are the available over-the-counter medications for hemorrhoids

• Analgesics – These are pain relievers that may also relieve itching. Analgesics include camphor, juniper tar, and menthol.
• Antiseptics – Antiseptics are used to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms that may infect a hemorrhoid. These include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, boric acid, hydrastis, cetylpyridinium chloride, phenol, and resorcinol.
• Astringents – An astringent promotes dryness of the skin, which can relieve itching and burning sensations. These include calamine, witch hazel, and zinc oxide.
• Corticosteroids – This type of steroid reduces inflammation and relieves itching, but long-term use can cause irreversible skin damage.
• Local Anasthetics – Anesthetics help to relieve pain and itching for a short time by temporarily deadening the nerve endings. Local anesthetics are known to cause allergic reactions. They include benzocaine, benzyl alcohol, dibucaine, dyclonine, lidocaine, pramoxine, and tetracaine.
• Protectants – These form a barrier over the hemorrhoid, protecting it from outside irritation. Protectants include aluminum hydroxide, cocoa butter, cod liver oil, glycerin, kaolin, lanolin, mineral oil, petroleum jelly, starch, and zinc oxide.
• Vasoconstrictors – Vasoconstrictors reduce the size of blood vessels. This can help to relieve pain and itching. These include ephedrine sulfate, epinephrine, and phenylephrine.

Noninvasive Treatments for Hemorrhoids

Noninvasive treatments by a doctor are usually attempted before surgery is deemed necessary, except in cases of emergency involving thrombosis, gangrene, or serious infection. These treatments rely on scarring the hemorrhoid cushions, causing the swelling to go down and leading to self-reattachment.

• Cryotherapy – This uses extreme cold to scar the tissue and reduce inflammation. It is more difficult than other treatments and may cause pain after it is completed.
• Heat coagulation – This treatment uses heat to scar the tissue. The heat can be produced either through infrared light, electricity, or another means. This treatment frequently produces moderate pain.
• Rubber band ligation – With this treatment, a rubber band is wound tightly at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to form an ulcer that is soon replaced with a scar. Recurrence frequently occurs with ligation one or more years later. Ligation has also been known to create infection.
• Sclerotherapy – This treatment involves injecting either phenol or quinine urea into the hemorrhoid to induce scarring. Pain may occur the following day.

Surgical Treatments for Hemorrhoids

Estimates are that less than 10% of hemorrhoid patients require surgery. Surgery is usually reserved for the most severe hemorrhoids or in emergencies.

Here are the common surgical treatments

• Dilation – Physical dilation of the sphincter can relieve pressure in the area and reduce the symptoms of hemorrhoids. Unfortunately, this type of treatment may permanently damage the sphincter and cause lifelong incontinence.
• Doppler ligation – In this procedure, the surgeon locates the main artery supplying blood to the hemorrhoid. It is tied off, and the hemorrhoid shrinks.
• Hemorrhoidectomy – This is the surgical removal of the hemorrhoids. It may require stitching and later removal. Severe pain after the surgery is very common and may require strong narcotic medications. Several complications may also occur, including urinary retention, hemorrhaging, infection, and narrowing of the anus.
• Sphincterotomy – In this treatment a cut is made in the sphincter to reduce pressure in the anal canal. Incontinence may occur afterward.
• Stapled hemorrhoidectomy – This new treatment is one of the most popular today if surgery is required. In this treatment a suture is used to pull the hemorrhoid cushions back into place. At the same time, a staple is used to trap part of the hemorrhoid in the stapler and bring together the cut tissue. The subsequent scar tissue that forms, keeps the hemorrhoids in place. External hemorrhoids may also be reduced through this surgery. It is fast (30 minutes) and much less painful than traditional surgery.

Home Remedies for Hemorrhoids

Home remedies for hemorrhoids mostly involve lifestyle changes and cleanliness. Witch hazel is commonly used to clean hemorrhoids naturally and help reduce pain and itching.

Warm showers help to relieve pressure. This is recommended several times daily, if necessary. Soaps should not be used as they cause irritants that can further inflame hemorrhoids.

A sitz bath is common home remedy for hemorrhoids. This small tub fits over a regular toilet and is used to easily soak hemorrhoids in warm water. Application of a cold compress to the anus can relieve swelling and reduce pain and itching. The use of moist towelettes or wet naps instead of dry paper can help prevent irritation of hemorrhoids.

Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s foot is a common skin infection found in a group of related fungal skin infections known as tinea. The medical terms associated with athlete’s foot include tinea pedia, plantaris, dermatophytosis Palmaris, and interdigitalis. These infections are caused by a number of mold-like fungi, known as dermatophytes, which reside in dead tissues on the hair, skin and nails.

Only those who have experienced athlete’s foot first hand know how uncomfortable the infection can be. Athlete’s foot typically occurs on the soles of the feet but can spread to areas between the toes and the toenails. The condition can also be spread by contact such as touching your foot then touching other areas of the body including your hands, palms, underarms or groin.

Symptoms

Symptoms of athlete’s foot can vary depending on the individual, stage and severity of the infection, and how the body reacts.

Some individuals experience an allergic reaction to the fungus that causes athlete’s foot.

This is called an ‘id reaction’ and can result in vesicles or blisters on areas of the body like the arms, hands and chest.

Treatment of the id reaction is usually cured with treatment of athlete’s foot.

While other symptoms may be present in individuals experiencing athlete’s foot, here you will find a list of the most common symptoms associated with the infection.

Symptoms Include

• Peeling and cracking of the skin around and between the toes
• Intense itching on the soles of the feet and surrounding area
• Redness or inflammation that worsens as the infection progresses
• Blisters on the soles of the feet as well as along the sides of the feet
• Scaling and flaking on the soles of the feet and in between the toes
• Burning or stinging sensation in the area of the infection
• Crusting or oozing of the soles of the feet that may spread to the toes
• Thick, discolored and crumbled skin if the fungus spreads to the nails
• Any of the above symptoms can also occur on other body parts if spread

Causes

Athlete’s foot is caused by dermatophytes, tiny parasites that live on certain areas of the body including the skin. Dermatophytes can be divided into three separate groups according to which host they prefer.

• Zoophile – Fungi that prefers an animal host
• Geophile – Fungi that prefers a soil host
• Anthropophile – Fungi that prefers a human host

In the majority of cases, athlete’s foot is caused by the anthropophile fungi as it favors a human host. The three most common species of anthropophile fungi include Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. These three species account for more than 90 percent of all fungal infections that occur on the skin.

Athlete’s foot is not limited to only athletes or those who are in good physical shape. The infection can occur on any person that remains damp or moist on their foot or feet for a certain period of time. Those who wear tight fitting clothing or those who don’t dry their feet properly on a consistent basis are more at risk for athlete’s foot.

Every person is acceptable to athlete’s foot as we all have one or more of the fungi in our bodies. Most of these fungi are harmless and simply feed on dead skin cells. Athlete’s foot is more common in young individuals and adults. The condition is also highly contagious and can be spread on our own bodies or to others. This can occur through skin-to-skin contact or indirectly through objects such as shoes, floors, towels, clothing, etc.

Risk Factors

Certain individuals are more at risk for developing athlete’s foot depending on certain lifestyle conditions and choices. Clothing options such as closed toe shoes (especially plastic lined shoes) and thick socks that cause sweating of the feet for a long period of time can lead to the infection.

Those who sweat profusely while working, exercising or participating in other daily activities are also at risk.

Although you may not experience any of the above factors, you may still be at risk if you work, study or play in a public area. Direct contact with an infected person or with materials that are infected with the parasites such as socks, shoes, public showers or gyms can cause the spread of athlete’s foot to an area on your own body. The risk is greater when the environment is warmer as this is grounds for the fungus to grow and invade the skin.

Risk Factors Include:

• Not keeping your feet dry, clean and maintained
• Excessive perspiration
• Humid, warm or hot weather or environment
• Disorders or conditions of the immune system
• Prior infections of athlete’s foot
• Wearing tight, close toed shoes or poorly ventilated shoes
• Walking barefoot at home or in public areas

Prevention Tips

Treatment of athlete’s foot begins with preventing the infection from occurring in the first place. For those who are prone to athlete’s foot, prevention is a much bigger issue that can be maintained through a variety of effective tips and techniques.

Since athlete’s foot can easily be spread from person to person, it’s important to keep your family and community safe by not sharing or leaving infected items where others could potentially come in contact with the materials.

Keep places where your feet touch such as floors, showers, bathtubs, and beds clean and maintained. When in public areas such as swimming pools or gyms, keep a pair of flip flops handy to prevent walking on the floor and picking up or spreading the infection. Disinfectant spray should be used in kitchens and bathrooms in the home. Clothing, towels, bed sheets and blankets should be washed on a regular basis in hot water to help kill the growing fungus. Be sure not to leave moist or damp dirty laundry lingering in the washer or hamper for any period of time to avoid the spread of parasites. Avoid sharing these types of materials among family members and consider doing separate loads of wash.

Special soaps can be used on a regular basis to prevent fungal infections such as athlete’s foot. These fungal soaps contain active ingredients, such as tea tree oil, that help fight off and prevent the infection. They also contain Aloe Vera and are free of chlorine and sediments, leaving your skin moisturized and smooth.

Consider sanitizing the inside of your shoes with a germicidal shoe tree. This will help keep your shoes free of fungal parasites. Keep your feet dry by applying an antiperspirant made especially for feet perspiration. Replace the inserts of your shoes on a regular basis and replace any old exercise shoes or sneakers. After participating in any type of physical activity, use a soap that contains anti-fungal agents and antibacterial qualities. Try to wear open toed shoes or sandals whenever possible to allow your feet time to breathe and receive fresh air.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Typically, the diagnosis of athlete’s feet is made by a general doctor or podiatrist (foot doctor) by a visual exam of the foot or feet. Skin scrapings may be needed to test for the specific type of fungi the patient is experiencing to determine the best route of treatment. Microscopic examinations may also be needed to rule out more serious problems such as a bacterial infection.

Various tests may be recommended, such as a fungal culture or an examination of the patients’ foot under ultraviolet light. Your doctor may also do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to diagnosis athlete’s foot. This is done by carefully scraping scaly skin from the soles of the feet and placing them onto a microscope slide. KOH is then added to the slide and it’s placed beneath a microscope to look for signs of fungus. In many cases, a doctor will be able to diagnosis athlete’s foot simply by sight.

Common Symptoms

It’s important to rule out other causes of common symptoms associated with athlete’s foot. Peeling or redness of the feet may be caused by environmental factors such as tight shoes, excessive perspiration due to warm weather or wearing shoes without socks. Adhesive cements and certain dyes found in some types of shoes can also cause irritation to the feet.

Other similarities to the symptoms of athlete’s foot can be due to nail polishes, lotions or powders that the patient applied their selves that caused irritation. Conditions such as scabies, eczema and psoriasis may be other possibilities for your symptoms. It’s best to talk to a doctor to rule these out.

If all attempts for diagnosis of athlete’s foot come back inconclusive, a biopsy of the infected skin can be taken for examination. Your doctor may recommend you to a special physician, such as a dermatologist (skin doctor), podiatrist (foot doctor) or a foot health practitioner to future examine your condition. Once a proper diagnoses is made, your doctor can recommend effective treatment methods for you to consider and may write you’re a prescription for a topical or oral medication to help treat the infection.

Treatment Options

There are many over the counter, natural and home remedies available for the treatment of athlete’s foot. While some of these treatments are highly effective in curing the infection, others simply treat the symptoms causing reoccurring episodes. Not everyone responds to all treatments so it’s best to talk to your doctor to see which may be the best fit for you. This could depend on your allergies, medical history, current conditions and various other factors.

Herbal & Home Remedies: Herbal treatments are popular as they are usually effective in treating the condition and have little or no side effects. Common herbal and home remedy treatments for athlete’s foot include tea tree oil, Listerine (mouth wash) and hydrogen peroxide. To sooth and treat your sore feet, soak them in a solution of two teaspoons of salt per one pint of warm water. These home remedy provides an unappealing environment for fungus and makes over the counter treatments more effective. A solution of 25 percent aluminum chloride and water provides similar results.

Fungus Between Your  Toes

For fungus between your toes, a mixture of baking soda and water can be used to form a paste. Rub the paste onto the site of the infection, allow drying time then rinse with warm water. While in the shower, use a foot brush to rub away dead skin cells, leaving smooth new infection free skin. Remember to continue applying a foot cream or powder, wearing dry socks and choosing shoes that fit well and allow your feet to breathe.

Alternative treatments may also be used to treat athlete’s foot. The following oils and extracts have been found effective in relieving symptoms of athlete’s foot and with regular use, treating the infection: Topical oils (example-tea tree oil), onion extract, garlic extract, boric acid and Epson salts. Rubbing one or more of the following products on your feet twice a day or in a mixture of warm water can lead to foot relief.

Herbal & Home Remedies Include

• Keep feet as dry as possible, especially between the toes
• Wear cotton socks and change them once or twice per day
• Avoid tight closed toed shoes as these cause heat build-up
• Never go in public areas barefoot, especially moist or warm areas
• Apply foot creams and powders regularly to keep feet healthy
• Always wash your socks in hot water to kill all potential bacteria
• Avoid yeast products such as baked goods and breads
• Vinegar and alcohol should not be consumed by chronic sufferers
• Apply grapefruit seed extract to your feet to fight off fungus

Pharmaceutical Remedies

Over the counter and prescription athlete foot creams, powders and liquids are available. These usually contain active ingredients such as clotrimazole, miconazole and tolnaftate. If used on a regular basis, these types of treatments usually work well but may take longer to see results. Athlete foot powders work by keeping the feet dry throughout strenuous activity and perspiration.

Along with these self-care tips, keeping your feet dry and clean, washing your feet frequently with warm soap and water and wearing dry, clean socks can help keep the infection under control. If the over-the-counter remedies fail to work after two to four weeks of use, you may want to consider visiting your doctor for a stronger medication. Your doctor may prescribe a topical or oral medication such as terbinafine or ketoconazole to treat the fungus. Antibiotics may also be needed for bacterial infections.

Side effects from oral athlete’s foot medications may include rashes, gastrointestinal upset and abnormal liver function. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning against oral Lamisil and Sporanox in May of 2001 due to links between the medication and rare cases of liver failure and even death. They also have a history of weakening the heart contractions so they should be avoided by those with heart problems.

Eczema is a broad term a for wide variety of skin conditions, but its true synonym is atopic dermatitis meaning that it is found on the top layers of inflamed skin. It can often be confused for, or misdiagnosed as, psoriasis and urticaria because they all share similar symptoms.

Symptoms of Eczema

Symptoms for eczema include redness due to irritation, swelling (also called edema), ashy texture of the skin as a result of dryness, crusting, flaking, and other symptoms that include itching, blistering, oozing, and bleeding.

As the skin itches, people suffering from atopic dermatitis will be prone to scratching or rubbing, but as this is done, the symptoms flare up further, causing more pain and discomfort.

Eczema is very common in infants, but can affect people of all ages. Lighter skinned people will find that their skin will redden as the symptoms become more severe and darker skinned people will find that their skin color will change as well. Those with dry skin due to eczema will find that in the summer months they will not tan evenly.

Dry areas will stay as they were prior to receiving sunlight, which will often be most prevalent in joints where the skin touches itself, such as behind the elbows or knees. Other areas prone to be affected by eczema are around the chest, eyes, and ears.

Causes of Eczema

There is no definitive answer as to what causes eczema, but several correlations have been drawn in families where allergies and asthma are present. Physiologically, the body’s immune system may be overacting to one of many triggers causing the skin to become irritated more easily.

Some patients find that it is merely a matter of skin sensitivity. They may find their skin flaring up as a result of touching materials that it is sensitive to, such as wool. Others may find reactions in certain products like soaps and detergents leading them to have to purchase more expensive, skin-friendly brands that include Dreft and SA8.

Weather-Related Causes

Hot and cold weather and water can also cause breakouts and irritation. Following a very hot shower a person with eczema will find that not only is the skin more sensitive, but that the coarseness of a towel further irritates the area, resulting in more cracking and bleeding.

To solve this problem for those who find themselves especially troubled by the winter weather the best course of action is to engage in tepid (not too hot, but not cold either) showers, and to dry themselves afterward by blotting the towel on the skin rather than wiping or rubbing it as so many are used to.

Confusion with Other Skin Conditions

One thing many should never confuse eczema with is contagious skin conditions, such as ring worm. While eczema can look unattractive and even a little scary, it is not contagious.

While it is not known what causes eczema exactly, Dr. Ross Zeltzer notes in his article for Baptist Health Systems about which specific factors increase one’s risk of suffering from it. As mentioned earlier, one may simply contract atopic dermatitis as a result of a mother or father having it. It is unknown as to why, but parents who suffer from allergic disorders like hay fever, asthma, and eczema have children who offer suffer from it as well.

You Environment

Another factor deals with the environment one lives in. While some people are more comfortable in a dry environment others thrive in a tropical one. Many such cases were found of Royal Marines who deployed to the Middle East in 2005. Those who had suffered from eczema the previous year carried no symptoms while deployed overseas. However, when they returned home the symptoms returned with them.

Other environmental irritants can include soaps, detergents, and clothing that is harsh on the skin as well as particles from materials. Those who work in wood shops may find that sawdust is unkind to them just as those who work in metal shops can find the same of steel, aluminum, and various alloys. People who work around harsh chemicals may find that the fumes cause their skin to feel irritated even if they are more common chemicals like chlorine or those added to lotions and perfumes.

Medical Conditions, Food Reactions, & Age

Medical conditions add to one’s risk factors for being affected as well. People who are allergic to pollen or animals may find the reaction come by way of their skin. Dust mites, mold, and certain kinds of food can cause irritation as well.

Food reactions that cause skin breakouts are not always eczema, though. People who are allergic to shellfish may find that their skin will break out in hives. If not treated properly, the swelling can close up their throat and kill them. While eczema is very serious if untreated, it will not be fatal.

And a last factor includes one’s age. Most people who suffer from eczema begin doing so before they are toddlers with the vast majority of the rest developing it before they are five years old. This being said, a person may still find themselves with dry, flaky, crusting skin behind their elbows and knees, and even on the tops of their heads and the backs of their necks when they are middle aged or retired.

Preventing & Relieving Eczema Symptoms

Preventing eczema first comes with knowing what causes it. Having already covered this area, the next steps are to figure out what steps people can take as a means of not having to deal with it between behavioral and pharmaceutical therapy.

For those who prefer a quick fix one actually can be found. For eczema, it is in topical medicines that are usually steroid creams, such as Cortisone.

For those who only have to cover a small area this method of treatment will work well. But for those who have chronic flare-ups engulfing large areas, or the majority of their skin, Cortisone creams carry risk factors as well.

Side Effects

Potential side-effects of using steroid medications include Glaucoma, which is why it should never be applied to the face, especially near the eyes, hypopigmentation, which is when the skin whitens, and another possible side effect is the skin increasing in its severity of atopic dermatitis.

Cortisone creams can work quite effectively, but in some cases they will make matters worse. Along with never using it on one’s face, it should not be applied to the groin, and a doctor should be consulted if it does not work within three weeks.

For those who do not want to treat their dermatitis with a pharmaceutical method, the next alternative is to engage in behaviors that are in support of the skin.

Other Prevention Techniques

The first means of behavioral prevention is to avoid things that cause eczema. Mild hand soaps like Oil of Olay, Cetaphil, and Dove are highly recommended because they are gentle. After washing, hands should be dried completely. As strange as it may sound to some, water can actually be a causal factor in drying out the skin.

The same goes for showering. These same brands come in body washes as well, but they will not be of much help for those who insist on taking very hot showers. The heat, when extreme, will be counter-productive in the process of creating any kind of relief. Redness and inflammation will intensify the affected areas. Showers can last up to twenty minutes. Afterward, be sure to pat the skin dry rather than rubbing. This cannot be emphasized enough because so much unnecessary and easily avoidable skin damage can be done in the moments after a shower or bath is taken.

After showering, it is time to apply a moisturizer. For those who have something prescribed by a medical professional, use that and to the specific instructions of the provider. Otherwise, a moisturizer with no added perfumes is best. Again, brands known for being gentle are preferred. Some say that it is best to apply moisturizer while the skin is wet after a shower and others disagree. For this, it is really up to what works best for the person applying it. But applying moisturizer is a key to finding relief over eczema.

Using Moisturizers

Moisturizers should be applied several times a day. For those who have irritated skin that is not eczema, moisturizer can actually be part of the problem, but for those with it, it is vital. Applying moisturizer several times a day works in two ways. It creates a thin barrier between the skin and the outside environment that is damaging it, much like lip balm does. Then, the moisturizing barrier will allow the body to soothe itself with its own means before it evaporates from the skin, which will then result in the need to reapply.

For those who work in a wet environment, such as dishwashers and fishermen, it is best to where gloves while working. However, it is also important to note that excessive sweat causes eczema as well, so for those who wear waterproof hand protection, another method necessary to prevention may be to wear a thin pair of cotton gloves to soak up the sweat that builds up beneath.

Avoid Scratching and Touching Affected Areas

Adding to this, environments that are extreme can cause a person to scratch or rub certain areas repeatedly.

As extra sensitive areas like the eyes are repeatedly rubbed the result can be a kind of chronic itch in need of being addressed almost constantly.

Just as one must engage in self-control over larger parts of his or her environment, so must he or she take control over the need to create relief in this manner.

Not only will it create a more severe edema, flaking, or bleeding, but it may also cause infection as dirt can collect on the hands and under the fingernails that will then be transferred into the the breaking surface of the epidermis.

Clothing Considerations

Clothing should be monitored carefully. Cotton and clothes made of a cotton blend are often more gentle than those made of wool or synthetic materials. This is especially true of those who sweat a lot.

Athletes have been getting in on this trend by taking advantage of new workout technology that wicks away sweat rather than collects it. While sweat is an efficient means of helping the body cool, it is also a productive way to create chaffing. For those without eczema, this can be irritating if not painful. For those who do have it, the pain can become quite severe.

The last area where prevention can be managed is in stress. While there will always be stress in a person’s life, there are techniques that can cause a person to settle it to a lessening degree. Between breathing exercises, physical exertion, talk therapy, and laughing, people who suffer from atopic dermatitis can find relief by forgetting about it temporarily.

Of course, one would not want to forget about it for too long. After the symptoms of eczema have gone away it is very important to be proactive in one’s self treatment. Regular moisturizing should not stop if it can be helped because managing eczema when it is not flaring up is much easier than when it is, making it true that prevention sometimes can be the best cure.

Diagnosing Eczema

For those who are unsure as to whether or not they have eczema, it can be difficult since conditions like psoriasis appear to be similar in nature. Sometimes a dermatologist can tell simply by observing common areas of sensitivity like the creases in one’s skin, the chest, and the face. If these areas are red, swollen, itchy, ashy, flaking, or cracked, it may be concluded that it is eczema.

To complement this, a detailed history of one’s record should be made. Those who have a personal or family history of eczema, or the common allergies that correlate with it, strengthen the case for a proper diagnosis.

Preparing for a Doctor’s Visit

Patients should do their best to provide the most accurate answers in relation to when the skin irritation first appeared. This will help skin specialists in the healing and prevention process. If it is believed to be allergen-related, a skin patch test may be ordered. This test consists of applying a small area of tape with the suspected irritant on it to be applied to the skin for a day or two.

At the same time, a piece of tape without the irritant is also applied. If the area with the irritant is red and inflamed then the culprit has been found, but only if the skin with no applied irritant is not. This part of the test is very important because it could very well be that the skin was irritated simply from having tape on it for an extended period of time.

In rare cases, one of two other tests may be ordered. A skin lesion biopsy can be taken where a small area is excised for testing, or a Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST) will be performed, which involves taking a sample of blood and mixing it with potential irritants separately. While both tests are very effective, they are often unnecessary with proper behavioral care through moisturizing and sometimes applying prescribed medicated creams.

Additional Resources

Guide to Eczema

Eczema Symptom Overview

Eczema Treatment Overview