Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that has multiple symptoms affecting the abdomen and intestinal tract. IBS has been called a functional disorder in that those diagnosed with the illness have symptoms of disease, but the colon and intestines show little indication of anything abnormal. This creates frustration for those suffering from the pain and stool changes associated with the disorder and with those who must alter their lives in order to manage the illness.

Alternative Names for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome has often been misunderstood as an illness, and is frequently diagnosed when other bowel diseases have been ruled out.

Historically, IBS was associated as being symptomatic of mental instability, as patients would present with abdominal symptoms, but the bowel remained intact without signs of disease.

Because of this, the condition used to be labeled as “nervous bowel,” in that physicians attributed the physical symptoms to a nervous disorder. IBS is now understood to be a physical condition that affects millions of people in the United States.

Irritable bowel syndrome has also been called irritable colon, or spastic colon. This may be related to findings of changes in the motility of the large intestine. This causes the symptoms associated with the illness, yet no inflammation is found to be associated with the colon.

Physicians believe the colon alters its own patterns of movement as it transfers waste through the body toward the rectum. IBS has often been confused with other diseases or has been inaccurately labeled as colitis, diverticulitis, or Crohn’s disease. All of these diagnoses are separate illnesses that show bowel changes or disease processes that are related to symptoms and are not the same as irritable bowel syndrome.

Symptoms Related to the Illness

The symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome are related to the abdomen and large intestine. Symptoms may last for days or weeks, followed by a period of normal bowel activity, only to reappear again at another time. This creates a chronic condition for the suffering patient, who may not seek immediate treatment, as they may believe each time that the symptoms will not recur.

Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome can include a combination of any of the following

• Abdominal pain
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Bloating
• Flatulence
• Fatigue

Abdominal pain is a common symptom associated with irritable bowel syndrome and is frequently described as abdominal cramps. The abdomen may feel sensitive to touch or the pain may be localized to a specific area. Pain is frequently relieved after having a bowel movement.

Diarrhea & Chronic Diarrhea

Diarrhea is the most frequent complaint by those suffering from irritable bowel syndrome. Diarrhea is considered the passing of loose, watery stools.

With IBS, there may also be mucous noted in the stool. The diarrhea can occur for several days or even weeks at a time, and typically develops after eating a meal. This causes discomfort and embarrassment for the affected person. The patient with IBS may feel isolated or trapped in that they are unable to eat a meal away from home if their destination does not have a bathroom available.

Chronic diarrhea can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and skin breakdown near the rectum. Patients diagnosed with IBS who suffer from frequent diarrhea must monitor their food and fluid intake and may need medication to slow their motility. Diarrhea that is bloody is not considered a symptom of IBS and is indicative of a more serious illness.

Constipation

Patients with irritable bowel syndrome may alternate between having diarrhea and constipation. Constipation is the presence of hard stools that are difficult to pass. It may cause abdominal pain, bloating, or the sensation of pressure associated with needing to have a bowel movement. A patient with IBS may suffer from diarrhea for days or weeks, followed by a period of constipation for a similar timeframe.

Bloating may be associated with constipation in irritable bowel syndrome, or it may appear as an isolated symptom of the disorder. Bloating is the feeling of fullness in the abdomen, causing discomfort. A person may feel awkward with movement or that clothing is tight. Bloating may also lead to belching as a means of expelling excess air in the stomach.

Flatulence

Flatulence is the passing of gas through the rectum and is frequently associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Flatulence may also be associated with bloating or abdominal pain. The pain is then relieved for the patient by passing gas. Flatulence creates feelings of embarrassment for patient diagnosed with IBS, and they may avoid certain social situations until symptoms are controlled.

A person diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome may have fatigue and a lack of motivation. Fatigue can be the result of the body managing symptoms of illness over an extended period of time. For the person suffering from IBS, the symptoms of chronic diarrhea, bloating, and abdominal pain can all cause fatigue.

Anxiety and Depression

Many patients with irritable bowel syndrome also report feelings of anxiety and depression. Anxiety can occur because symptoms of IBS may be unpredictable. A patient may feel uncomfortable in social situations due to their symptoms, or they may need to know if there is a bathroom readily available if necessary. Depression results from the management of chronic symptoms.

Some patients do not seek treatment right away, believing the symptoms will go away on their own. Or, they may have seen a doctor that could not find anything physically wrong with the bowel, leaving them to believe they might be imagining their symptoms. Depression and anxiety are the emotional consequences of IBS and may be difficult for the patient to manage.

Causes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The exact cause of irritable bowel syndrome is unknown. Experts have attributed the symptoms to stress, food intolerance, or other illness, but a specific cause has yet to be defined. Because of this, diagnosis and treatment of IBS can be difficult.

During digestion, food that is eaten travels from the mouth and through the esophagus, which is the narrow tube that leads to the stomach. After passing through the stomach, food enters the small intestine where it continues to break down with the help of enzymes from the liver and where nutrients are absorbed. The leftover products of digestion enter the large intestine, or the colon, and are eventually passed from the body through the rectum.

With symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, it is thought that changes may take place during some parts of this process of digestion. The colon may develop a spastic pattern of movement, resulting in bowel changes. There may be an alteration in the amount of fluid that is absorbed by the body, producing constipation or diarrhea.

Some foods react with the body to produce gas molecules during digestion, which creates bloating and flatulence. Irritable bowel syndrome may be caused by one or a combination of these factors. Despite the obvious symptoms, physicians otherwise do not find inflammation, stricture, or any other indications of disease when examining the colon. This is why IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion: the patient suffers symptoms without an exact cause.

Risk Factors for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome affects women twice as many times as men, and experts have considered hormonal changes as a possible cause of symptoms.

For this reason, women are at higher risk than men of developing the disorder.

Young adults are also affected more commonly with IBS than children or those that are middle-aged.

Because the exact cause of the disorder is unknown, risk factors can be otherwise difficult to determine.

Persons that experience large amounts of stress in their lives may be at risk for developing IBS and its associated symptoms, due to the physiological response that stress can create in the gastrointestinal system.

Some people do not tolerate certain foods, or develop symptoms of IBS after eating meals and so become at risk for abdominal issues.

Patients that have undergone treatment for medical illness are also at greater risk of developing IBS.

The connection between medical treatment and IBS is thought to be related to infection of the gastrointestinal tract that causes symptoms but does not show major damage to the colon.

Experts are still researching the relationship between infection and IBS.

Prevention of the Illness

There is no cure for irritable bowel syndrome, but its symptoms may be managed in a method that reduces them almost entirely. For a person who is exhibiting signs of IBS, there are several preventative measures that may be taken to avoid the recurrence of many symptoms.

A stressful lifestyle may induce or exacerbate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Patients should manage the amounts of stress in their lives and make lifestyle changes if necessary to avoid high-pressure situations or chronically stressful living. Participating in activities that are enjoyable or exercising frequently reduces stress levels and can have a positive impact toward feelings of anxiety and depression if they appear.

Monitoring food intake to determine if certain foods cause reactions is a proactive approach to managing IBS. Some foods, such as broccoli or beans, can cause excess gas, which contributes to bloating and flatulence. Excessive alcohol can negatively impact the body and should be avoided. Foods and drinks such as prunes, apple juice, or other types of fruits that can increase motility should also be avoided to reduce the occurrence of diarrhea.

Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome is frequently seen in the offices of general practitioners and gastrointestinal specialists. It is diagnosed in approximately one-third of office visits related to abdominal symptoms. IBS is a diagnosis of exclusion, in that the patient presents with symptoms that cannot be attributed to any obvious source.

Other gastrointestinal illnesses, such as celiac disease, diverticulitis, or colitis can be diagnosed through testing. Many patients undergo testing and procedures only for the physician to find no obvious results.

Diagnosis of IBS is made after a physician has tested the patient for other diseases with little results. A physician may order lab testing of the blood to determine if the patient has electrolyte imbalance or infection. A stool test may be ordered to check for microscopic blood or bacteria.

Testing

A physician may take a full history to determine the patient’s symptoms, how often they are occurring, and if there is any family history of gastrointestinal disease. They may ask questions about the patient’s lifestyle, such as food intolerances, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and allergies.

A physician may order other tests that are specific to the intestinal tract to look for signs of inflammation or disease. A barium enema is a test that allows a physician to look at the motility of the patient’s colon. The patient is given a dose of barium, which is a substance that, when ingested, appears during an x-ray. The barium is administered into the rectum of the patient and an x-ray of the bowel can be seen. A physician can then take radiologic images of the bowel to watch the patient’s motility

Colonoscopy

Another test that may be administered to look for abdominal disease is a colonoscopy, although it is considered a relatively invasive course of action and may not be necessary in all cases. A colonoscopy is a procedure that is indicated for diagnosing an inflammatory disease process in the bowel, which may present in a mode similar to irritable bowel syndrome.

The patient is given a laxative to take before the procedure in order to empty the colon. A sedative is given to the patient to help with relaxation during the procedure. The doctor inserts a flexible tube with a small camera on the end into the patient’s rectum and advances it to visualize the colon.

The procedure will show areas of inflammation, polyps, or strictures. If there are no indications of disease, a diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome may be made by the process of exclusion.

Treatment Options for the Disorder

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome is aimed at managing symptoms of the disease. While not life-threatening, IBS forces patients that are diagnosed to alter their lifestyle to manage symptoms when they occur. Treating symptoms as they occur or utilizing prevention tips can vastly diminish the incidence of symptoms.

Abdominal pain is often associated with intestinal cramping related to diarrhea or constipation. Treating either of these symptoms can reduce the amount of abdominal pain the patient may be experiencing. Diarrhea can be managed by avoiding foods that have a laxative effect, such as certain fruits or seeds. Over the counter medications that help slow motility can reduce diarrhea if it is recurring. Patients should also drink plenty of water to reduce the possibility of dehydration.

High Fiber Foods & Exercise

Alternatively, constipation can be relieved by eating foods that provide a laxative effect, as well as high fiber foods to promote regularity. Some fiber supplements can be mixed with food or drink as part of a meal. Severe constipation may be relieved with a stool softener, which can be purchased over the counter or prescribed by a physician. Avoiding foods that produce excess gas and bloating, such as cabbage or lentils; dairy products; or carbonated beverages can reduce the amount of discomfort associated with these symptoms.

For those patients suffering from fatigue, anxiety, or depression related to their diagnosis, a blend of exercise and frequent rest may help with some negative emotions and lack of energy. For severe feelings of distress, a doctor may prescribe medication to cope with difficult emotions and to help the patient accept the terms of their disorder.

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common than many people realize, and has become one of the most frequently diagnosed gastrointestinal conditions in the United States. Although symptoms can be inconvenient and difficult to manage, IBS is not considered a major medical condition. With proper prevention and management of symptoms, IBS can be successfully controlled and suffering persons can take back their lives.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common disease found in elderly adults. It is a disease of the bones that causes them to become fragile and brittle, easily broken and fractured.

This can be life threatening in older adults with their risks of health impairments and already having various impairments.

The density of the bone decreases and they become weaker and more prone to severe injury.

Osteoporosis can cause the bones to become abnormally porous, able to be compressed much like a sponge.

Normal bones are given their strength through a composition of protein, collagen, and calcium.

When Osteoporosis develops, these bones lose this composition and become porous, easily broken with the slightest injury that typically wouldn’t be strong enough to cause any type of fracturing.

This can occur in the hips and ribs frequently in the elderly and cause debilitating disability. In medical terms, with Osteoporosis, bone mineral density, or BMD decreases, allowing bone microarchitecture to be disrupted, changing the amount and variety of various proteins within the bone.

Osteoporosis is caused later in life, more often in women after menopause, yet still apparent within men. There are various causes, some that are attributed to diseases, medications, hormonal deficiencies, and some even diet-related.

There are various treatments used in order to provide better bone mass and improve the symptoms allowing the bones to gain some strength back and prevent the risk for severe injury. Quite often, Osteoporosis is seen as shrinking and slouching of the elderly body, and the decreased use and strength of the limbs.

There are many agencies that assist senior citizens in receiving care and assistance with osteoporosis as it can be quite difficult to manage without the appropriate health care. Family history can have an effect and the treatments chosen are likely to only provide relief and short term effects, more so than long term effective solutions. The best treatment is to prevent osteoporosis using the suggestions of physicians.

Symptoms

The earliest stages of osteoporosis show no symptoms. This doesn’t mean that it isn’t developing, which is why all elderly citizens are suggested to use preventative measures when aging begins to reach the later stages. When women reach menopause they are prompted to seek advice from a health care professional. The earliest stages are silent and run the course without any indication of a situation. It usually isn’t found until there is a bit of pain or a shrinking or slouching effect beginning.

Late Symptoms

The late stages of the disease present several symptoms including bone pain and tenderness as well as fractures from slight force. The first indication of the disease could be seen from an accidental fall that causes a bone fracture that is uncharacteristic for the type and force of the injury.

This gives many physicians the clue that there is an issue with bone mass and it could be linked to osteoporosis. The later stages of osteoporosis could also cause a severe loss of height through time, with as much as a six inch difference.

Low Back Pain

Low back pain can become severe and prevalent, as well as neck pain, which is all caused by tiny fractures of the spinal bones. Dowager’s hump is another condition that signifies osteoporosis and is the stooped posture that is signature of the disease.

Osteoporosis can remain a dormant disease for decades as there are no real symptoms until there are the first bone fractures that begin to continue and increase in severity.

Some of these fractures can even go without notice for years as the fractures can be very miniscule and not cause any significant pain or sensation. When fractures of the spine, or vertebra, occur, there are various symptoms such as band-like pain from the back out to the sides, as well as curving of the spine and loss of height.

Causes

There are several different causes of osteoporosis. Many of these causes are hereditary or even stemming from an imbalanced lifestyle.

There are various causes that are beyond your control, including

• Family medical history
• Gender of the individual
• Ethnic origin of the individual
• Family medical history can be a strong influence in your chances of developing osteoporosis.

Seen as a hereditary affliction, the instance of family members with osteoporosis could be a strong causing factor of the disease. There are various hormonal disorders that can actually cause osteoporosis by inhibiting the appropriate build of bone mass.

Osteoporosis is even seen to be caused by some medications including glucocorticoids. When this is the cause, the osteoporosis is termed steroid or glucocoricoid-induced osteoporosis.

Other Causes

Another major cause of osteoporosis is parathyroid gland disease, or hyperparathyroidism. This is a main cause of severe, young adult, or male gendered osteoporosis. It is a fairly easy cause to determine due to the untypical demographic affected.

Over excessive consumption of the dietary protein can also cause the disease, but is often ignored as a cause my many. When too much protein is consumed, calcium is stripped from the bones and expelled within the urine.

There are also several other causes of the disease such as

• Malabsorption
• Poor nutrition and health
• Low testosterone levels within males
• Chemotherapy causing early menopause
• Amenorrhea in young women

The various causes can differ and are often signified by those that are afflicted, as well as the severity of the disease. With males being less affected than women, it is an easier task to determine the cause when men are affected.

Risk Factors

One of the largest risk factors is being a female. Another is being a female going through menopause. With a family history of menopause, there is an even greater risk of about 25 to 80 percent. The actual risk factors of osteoporosis are non-modifiable and modifiable.

There are also various diseases in which osteoporosis has been identified as a side effect or complication associated with either the actual disease or its treatments. Men with a decrease in testosterone levels have a significant risk of developing the disease as well. Thos with a higher risk due to ethnicity are those of European or Asian descent.

Modifiable factors are those that can be changed or are causing osteoporosis as the individual encounters the risk willingly. Such causes include excess consumption of alcohol. This means consuming over three units of alcohol each day, especially when of a younger age.

This increases the risk for these individuals as they get older and aren’t building up the bone mass needed for a healthy structure. Vitamin D is another modifiable risk factor that can be avoided with the proper diet. Tobacco smoking and malnutrition are two more causes that contribute to the decrease in the development of bone mass.

Other risk factors include:

• High protein diets
• Underweight or inactive adults
• Excess physical stress
• Heavy metals including lead
• Sodas and caffeine-not highly supported

There are various medications as well such as long term use of heparin, phenytoin, or prednisone. These medications may be needed to combat other ailments and cannot be modified in some cases, however if there are medications that can increase the risk they should be discontinued if allowed.

Prevention Tips

There are several methods that can be taken as preventative measures to protect from the development of osteoporosis. These methods include lifestyle changes and medications. Avoiding an unhealthy diet or the overconsumption of protein, refraining from smoking, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption can be great at preventing osteoporosis.

Exercise is also an effective prevention measure as there can be a bone density decrease without the proper exercise if there are other risks for osteoporosis present. Walking, jogging, as well as stair climbing with 70 to 90 percent of the maximum effort exerted at least three times per week has been shown to have a five percent increase in the bone density over 9 months. This can be an excellent method of preventing the disease from progressing or presenting health risks.

Any diet that is high in calcium and vitamin D will greatly prevent the occurrence of osteoporosis, offering a strengthening factor of the bone and an increase in bone density development. Combined, they are perfect for preventing bone fractures and are a low cost choice for prevention. Calcium carbonate is less expensive than calcium citrate, but the more expensive type can be much more effective and can even be taken without food.

SERM

Various medications prescribed to assist in the prevention of osteoporosis including a SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator, raloxifene. Although estrogen replacement therapy has shown to be highly effective in prevention of osteoporosis, it is rarely recommended without various other indicators. For this reason, it is typically given to those that are the greatest at risk and the furthest from menopause at there has been some concern over the use of estrogen in women during the first decade after menopause has occurred.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

In order to diagnose osteoporosis, a bone mineral density test will be performed, usually in the form of a densitometry or what is called a DEXA scan. This will measure how much bone is present compared to the normal amount. This will be used to predict any risks of future bone fractures due to the disease. There is also a spine CT scan that will show any loss of bone mineral density. In some rare cases, a QCT, or quantitative computed tomography will be used.

There are more severe cases in which a spine or even a hip X-ray may be necessary in showing the bone fractures or any collapse of the spinal bones, but this type of exam is ineffective at diagnosing or predicting whether or not someone has osteoporosis. If the osteoporosis is linked to any type of medical condition, there may be blood and urine tests that will identify any type of disorder.

Increased Mortality

Patients that are diagnosed with osteoporosis are more likely to have an increased mortality rate because of complications due to a fracture, however most patients don’t die from the disease, simply with it. If a hip fracture occurs, there can be various effects such as decreased mobility and other complications like a pulmonary embolism or even pneumonia.

There is an approximately 13.5% six month mortality rate that follows any hip fracture. Vertebral fractures don’t affect the mortality as much, however can cause severe chronic pain that is hard to manage, and even deformity in the patient’s form. Quality of life is severely impacted by osteoporosis, not allowing appropriate mobility and function.

Treatment Options

There are various objectives of osteoporosis treatment including controlling pain associated with the disease and slowing the progression of the disease. There are also treatments aimed at preventing any type of bone fractures by strengthening the bone.

A more comprehensive and physical treatment is aimed at preventing the risk of falls that are known to cause severe fractures in those affected by osteoporosis. There are several lifestyle changes and medicines that are used in order to treat and manage osteoporosis most effectively. Various newer alternative treatments are experimented and attempted showing differed effectiveness.

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are a great deal of natural and home remedies for osteoporosis, many proving to be quite effective in treating and assisting with the treatment of the disease. Such remedies include common bone building exercises. There should at least thirty minutes of some sort of weight bearing exercise like walking, jogging, and running, at least three times weekly.

This is a proven treatment that increases bone density significantly and can increase the progression and combat the disease. Water walking is a great idea for at about thirty minutes, three times weekly, as it is seen to support the body’s weight, decreasing joint pressure, but also providing the same effective bone strengthening.

Dandelion tea is made from the dandelion leaf and has been shown to promote the building of bone density. Increase Soy intake can assist in balancing the estrogen levels within women. There should be consumption of at least 40 mg each day of soy isoflavone supplements.

Chaste berry has also been shown to provide a hormone balance with the vitexicarpin and vitricin content. Taking 250 mg of the extract each day for two to three months can show a significant improvement.

Common Remedies

More common remedies are increasing calcium and vitamin D within the body to promote better bone density and a strengthened bone support, preventing the occurrence of fractures. The introduction of wholesome foods like Brussels sprouts and other vitamin K, and D rich foods, as well as those rich in calcium are quite essential to building and promoting healthy bones.

Medical Treatments

There are various medications used to treat the disease and appease the symptoms of osteoporosis. Such medications include bisphosphonates which are the primary medications used in postmenopausal women to treat and prevent the disease.

There are oral and intravenous medications with the oral medications the most commonly prescribed including

• Fosamax
• Boniva
• Actonel
• Calcitonin is another medication used and has shown effective in decreasing bone loss rate and relieving the pain associated with the disease.

There are side effects such as nasal irritation and nausea. The two main types of this medication are seen in nasal spray and injectable form but is shown to be less effective than bisphosphonates.

Hormone replacement or estrogen replacement therapies are sometimes used, but less often than others as they aren’t approved for treating women that have already been diagnosed with osteoporosis. If the treatment proves successful and there is no reaction to other forms of treatment, physicians may recommend continued use, otherwise it is a rare medical prevention method. There are various risks including infections and underlying health effects.

Parathyroid hormone treatments on the other hand are approved treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis in women that are experiencing a severe form of the disease and have a higher risk of fractures. Teriparatide, or Forteo, is used through daily shots that are administered under the skin and can be taken at home. There are also other forms of hormonal treatment that are used to treat the disease.

Surgery

Surgery for osteoporosis isn’t possible as there can be no increase to bone mass density through surgical measures, however there is a vertebroplasty that is used to treat small fractures that may be present along the spinal column.

This surgery is also used to prevent week spinal bones from being fractured as the various bones strengthen as this can be a slight risk. There will be a type of fast-hardening glue injected into the fractured or week areas of the vertebrae, which is similar to kyphoplasty that uses balloons in order to spread the spaces for the glue.

Osteoporosis can be a very debilitating disease in that it restricts mobility and severely compromises the quality of life for those affected.

With women being a main candidate for osteoporosis after menopause, it is encouraged that they take much more care of their bones and ensure they live a life that includes healthy choices in diet and exercise, promoting the bones to develop strong and structured.

Rheumatism

Rheumatism, also referred to as rheumatic disorder, involves various medical problems that affect the joints and connective tissue within the body. Any study of the disorder and the treatments of it is called rheumatology.

Rheumatism isn’t typically used to name any specific disorder, as the traditional term is used to describe a wide range of various medical problems. There are various types and there are various intentions for the term. For instance, while some link arthritis to rheumatism, there can be non-articular rheumatism that is called regional pain syndrome and soft tissue rheumatism with no link to arthritis.

Together, rheumatism and arthritis can be used to describe up to 200 different disorders and conditions.

Various types of rheumatic disorders include

• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Back pain
• Bursitis and tendinitis
• Capsulitis
• Neck pain
• Rheumatic fever
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• There are minimal connections between these various disorders; however, they share two common characteristics that make them relative in the rheumatic sense.
• These disorders each cause chronic and sporadic pain and are very difficult to treat. T
• hey are also quite common within society and are seen as common ailments presented to physicians when associated with pain or discomfort.
• There have been autoimmune disorders classed as rheumatism due to pain infliction and affected other organs.
• These diseases were later found to be not of rheumatic origin, but immune deficiencies that attack the joints and connective tissue, as well as muscles and joints.
• Various diseases can cause rheumatic disorders that are quite common and identified complications.

There are also forms of rheumatism that can occur do to repeating the same motion for a long period of time. This can cause disorders like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome which is identified as non-articular rheumatism.

This can be caused by poor typing posture as well as any positions or activities in which there will be repeated motion.

Temporamandibular Joint Syndrome, or TMJ, is another type of non-articular rheumatism that can affect the joints within the jaws. This can cause the jaw to be stuck open or shut, or even cause a painful pop and click whenever the jaw is moved.

Symptoms

The most common symptoms of rheumatism are

• Fever
• Pain
• Intense soreness in the joints
• Stiffness when bending and moving

When acute rheumatism disorders are onset, there will be various symptoms of fever and severe soreness and pain. This could erupt unexpectedly and can cause extreme sensitivity.

Rheumatism has been seen to even cause sensitivity from items like clothing and other thin and very light items. If improper treatment is administered or there is no adequate treatment provided, the acute stage can move to chronic, causing severe pain and stiffness within the affected muscles. This pain can be felt within most of the joints, causing swelling and severe soreness.

There are seven main symptoms that are listed as the main signs and symptoms for rheumatism

• Signs of underlying disorder
• Joint pain
• Joint swelling and sometimes redness
• Severe and moderate back pain
• Lung symptoms
• Heart symptoms
• Eye symptoms

There can be instances of loss of sleep due to painful nights that inhibit appropriate rest. Improper urination has also been attributed to rheumatism. One of the most severe symptoms includes coma, which is extremely rare and not a common case. The most common cases of rheumatism either involve acute pain that changes in severity over time or the effects of a disease or disorder.

Causes

The first step to researching and understanding the cause of some cases of rheumatism, it may be necessary to research the causes of the various diseases that are classified as rheumatism disorders.

These include

• Arthralgia
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Osteoporosis
• Joint pain
• Caplan syndrome
• Felty syndrome

There are a variety of conditions that list rheumatism as a potential complication. These conditions could be the root cause of the disorder experienced such as Sydenham chorea.

There are also various conditions that list rheumatism as a symptom that can be the cause such as Cycad nut poisoning. There are also various infections that can cause rheumatism and various related disorders.

Some various infections such as intestinal autotoxemia, metabolic disturbance, and arterio-sclerosis can cause rheumatism, typically in the acute and articular types that can be sub-acute.

Risk Factors

There have been various risk factors found to cause a significant increase in the likelihood that developing a rheumatic disorder will occur.

These factors include the various diseases and conditions that could cause these disorders including osteoarthritis. This occurs when there is inherited cartilage weakness or there has been excessive stress on joints from a repeated injury or various activities.

Various other disorders include:

• Lupus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Scleroderma
• There are also various genetic factors as well as environmental triggers that have been found to have an increase in the risk of forming a rheumatism disorder.
• With a family history of various diseases like gout and Ankylosing spondylitis, there is also an increased risk of developing a rheumatic disorder.
• Women generally have a higher risk due to the fact that they are more apt to forming these and other related diseases that have been found to cause one form of rheumatism or another.
• There really is no specific group that isn’t afflicted with rheumatism as there can be occurrences in all genders and ages, as well as ethnicities and races.
• Nine out of ten people afflicted with Lupus are women, as well as fibromyalgia.
• Lupus also occurs at least three times more in African American females than Caucasian females.
• Men have more of a risk for Ankylosing spondylitis than women.
• Any disease that may affect the muscles, joints, soft tissue, and bones can cause symptoms and occurrence of rheumatism.
• Those who take various medications that have listed these disorders as a common side effect are also more at risk of developing the disorder than those who do not.

Prevention Tips

There are various preventative measures that can be taken in order to prevent the occurrence of rheumatism. These tips are great at avoiding and preventing the various disorders and diseases, as well as deficiencies that could have an influence in causing rheumatic disorders.

These tips include

• Avoid eating sour foods like curds and cheese
• Avoid eating cold fruits
• Maintain a balanced diet
• Include many green leafy vegetables, plenty of fresh fruit, whole grains, etc.
• Limit junk, oily, and spicy foods

These preventative measures can increase the body’s strength, immunity, and defense against various disorders and diseases that are known to cause rheumatism.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Testing and diagnosing rheumatism is very difficult as it can present various other diseases and disorders. It can be difficult in pinpointing rheumatism as an actual affliction, and many of the various disorders resemble other disorders. Many times a physician will refer the patient to a rheumatologist who can provide the most comprehensive analysis and treatment options.

A rheumatologist will typically review a great deal of the patient’s background, including any family history as well as a physical examination and an X-ray in some cases. The X-ray is more of a deductive measure that allows the health care professional to rule out any fractures or breaks when determining the cause for the pain and other symptoms. There are also various laboratory tests that may be conducted in order to provide a better insight into the condition at hand.

There may be several visits and tests needed before an accurate diagnosis is provided. This is because there will be a great deal of deductive evaluation to rule out various disorders and diseases that could be the true condition. The genetic history can be a strong indicator of the condition, providing a great basis for diagnosis. Individuals afflicted with conditions that are known to cause rheumatic disorders are also need to know information when diagnosing the condition.

Treatment Options

There are various treatments for rheumatic disorders that typically depend on the specific disorder that is present. There are other influences for the proper treatment such as the severity of the disease that is present and the actual patient and their health.

There are various types of therapies that include

• Rest and relaxing
• Appropriate light conditioning exercise
• Appropriate nutritional diet
• Various medications
• Appropriate use of joints and movements to conserve energy

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are several herbal and home remedies that are suggested for alleviating rheumatism symptoms and treating the condition. There are many household items and products that are useful and can provide a cost-efficient way of treating the affliction.

• Potato juice: one to two tsp before meals
• Cod liver oil: one tsp in orange juice before bed
• Apple cider vinegar and honey: two tsp in warm water
• Carrot juice and lemon juice: equal portion in one spoonful
• Oil of wintergreen, chloroform, and rubbing alcohol: 1:3:12 mixture

Some of the herbal and home remedies can create a great compress, while others provide a nutritional or consumed supplement that will provide support for the functions and defenses needed to combat rheumatism and its symptoms.

Massage with ajwain oil is highly recommended as it can decrease swelling and pain in joints, while tomato juice is a great and beneficial common drink that can cure rheumatism. This is one of the most beneficial treatments as tomatoes provide a support in absorbing iron in the blood.

The most common herbal remedies include the consumption of tea from alfalfa leaves which can safely be consumed up to six times a day. This is a great herbal tea for assisting in the dissolution of residues that have been left in the body. Indian gooseberry, most commonly in powder form and served with two tsp of jaggery. Winter cherry is another herb that is quite effective when the extract from the root is used in treatment for rheumatism. Pulp from Indian aloe leaves can provide great treatment and relief of the condition as well.

Medical Treatments

There are three main general classes of pharmacological drugs that are used which are

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Corticosteroids
• Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

The initial step taken to treat rheumatologic diseases is to use analgesics including paracetamol, as well as NSAIDS including

• Ibuprofen
• Aspirin
• Diclofenac

Some of the most commonly used DMARDs for the treatment of rheumatism are

• Arava
• Enbrel
• Remicade
• Humira
• Orencia
• Rituxan
• Corneal deposit
• Extraocular muscular weakness
• Sensitivity to light
• Retinopathy

There are many more medications that can be targeted more aggressively by these DMARDs. Generally, there is a combination of NSAIDs and DMRARDs allowing pain relief until the DMARDs are able to take effect.

There are gastrointestinal disturbances that have been linked to the use of NSAIDs, including ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders. NSAIDs have also been shown to impair renal function in various patients leading to the retention of salts, development of edema, and high blood pressure.

Hydroxychloroquine is another form of treatment in the form of antimalarial drugs that are considered safe and quite effective. Chloroquine is another example of an antimalarial drug.

The most common side effects include

Surgery

There are some cases when treatment is not received well by the condition and surgery becomes an option for those who are seeking to treat rheumatism. There can be various types of surgeries, typically associated with the type of disorder that is present and the severity of such, as well as the location and the impairment. These surgeries could include re-strengthening bones and repairing fractures as well as removing diseased tissue and muscle.

Rheumatism is a more difficult condition as it is very broad and general and can explain several different disorders and conditions that cause chronic pain and debilitation such as immobility and stiffness. There are many people plagued with one rheumatic disorder or the other, as it is a very common condition that can be signified by several different indicating symptoms that can also resemble other diseases and disorders. The actual testing and diagnosis of rheumatism is very difficult and will involve a very deductive nature, seeking to rule out possible conditions that could be the actual cause of the pain and other symptoms

With many treatments, there is mainly a combination of analgesic medications accompanying the effective treatment with DMARDS and other effective therapies. The best way to prevent rheumatism is to follow the practices necessary to avoid various related disorders and the diseases and ailments that list rheumatism as a complication associated.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is a disease that is characterized by a severe inflammation of the main air passages that stem from the lungs. There are two different types of bronchitis, one being acute (short-lived) and the other lasting a long time and often reoccurring or chronic.

Alternative Names for Bronchitis

Other names for bronchitis include Acute Bronchitis, Chronic Bronchitis, and Industrial Bronchitis. These are all distinct forms of bronchitis and are treated differently and caused by different circumstances.

Symptoms of Bronchitis

Acute bronchitis usually subsides within 7 to 10 days.

Acute bronchitis usually consists of a lingering cough and is accompanied by the following symptoms

• Shortness of breath, especially following physical activities
• Wheezing
• Difficulty breathing normally
• Clear, white, or yellowish mucus that is released during coughs
• Extreme discomfort in the internal chest region

Chronic bronchitis is very similar to acute bronchitis in that the symptoms are almost identical. The biggest difference between chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis is that chronic bronchitis tends to linger for long periods of time or have a recurring affect.

Industrial bronchitis also exhibits the same types of symptoms but is characterized by its cause. Industrial bronchitis can be the result from prolonged exposure to chemicals, fumes, dusts, gas, and other dangerous substances.

High fevers may also accompany the bronchitis virus and can reach up to 101 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit. While a high fever may be present, it is not always a sign of bronchitis. Fevers can cause the body to feel tired throughout the day. Another common symptom of acute bronchitis is a feeling of tightness, pain, or burning throughout the chest region. This pain may become worse when the patient coughs or takes a deep breath.

Resulting Conditions

It can be difficult to tell the difference between the symptoms that are associated with acute bronchitis and other diseases such as pneumonia and asthma.

While bronchitis may not be considered a serious illness, pneumonia and asthma can be deadly. For this reason, it is important to see a physician who can properly diagnose these symptoms as being either acute bronchitis or some other illness. If you or a family member is experiencing more than one of these systems it is important to receive proper medical care.

Causes of Bronchitis

The leading cause of chronic bronchitis is smoking. Extensive smoking exposes the body to dangerous chemicals found in cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. These chemicals and substances cause a severe irritation in the bronchial tubes which can lead to chronic bronchitis. Second-hand smoke is also a factor in determining whether or not you are at risk of chronic bronchitis.

Most forms of acute bronchitis is caused by an infection of the epithelium of the bronchi due to exposure to a virus. A common form of the bronchitis virus that affects infants is known as Respiratory Syncytial Viruses, or RSV.
Bronchitis is contagious and parents are advised to keep their children indoors and home from school until the virus is destroyed. This act will protect other children from being exposed to the highly contagious bronchitis virus.

Bacteria and chemicals are also known causes of bronchitis. Bronchitis most often occurs during flu and cold season due to the environment which allows bronchitis viruses to survive.

Risk Factors of Bronchitis

Because smoking is one of the leading causes of bronchitis, people who smoke or chew tobacco are at the greatest risk.

People who have a history of asthmatic and other respiratory problems are also at a higher risk of bronchitis.

Elderly people, infants, and small children tend to be at a much higher risk for acute bronchitis than young adults and teenagers.

This trend is due to the weaker immune systems of people within the more susceptible age groups.

Chronic bronchitis is not typically found in young children, but is most common in adults over the age of 45.

Women have been shown to be at a much higher risk for chronic bronchitis than men.

Women account for over two times as many chronic bronchitis cases than men.

Existing lung diseases greatly increase the risk of a person to catch the bronchitis virus. These lung diseases can include conditions such as asthma and trouble breathing.

Factory employees who work closely with dangerous chemicals, asbestos, carbon dioxide, dusts and other harmful substances are also at an increased risk of attracting the industrial bronchitis virus. Industrial bronchitis is also more prevalent in large cities where air pollution, allergies, and infections are more common.

Prevention Tips Against Bronchitis

Environment and lifestyle tend to be the greatest causes of bronchitis. For this reason, there are many preventative measures that can be taken to protect ourselves against the viral disease.

The following are a few suggestions to prevent bronchitis

• Avoid the spread of the virus by avoiding people with colds. It is common knowledge that the less you are exposed to a virus or disease, the greater the chance you will have of avoiding the disease altogether.
• Get vaccinated. By receiving an annual flu vaccine you will be able to protect yourself from getting influenza, or the flu. Many cases of bronchitis stem from cases of the flue, so by reducing your chances of getting the flu you are also reducing the risk of bronchitis.
• Avoid smoking. This preventative measure includes avoiding secondhand smoke. Tobacco is one of the greatest causes of bronchitis and other diseases. Not only will you be protecting yourself from getting the virus, but you will also be protecting your children and family members.
• Regularly wash your hands. One of the best ways to prevent catching a viral infection is to have good hygiene. Good hygiene includes a frequent washing of the hands and the use of an effective hand sanitizer. Even when practicing this good hygiene it is important to avoid excessive rubbing of the nose and eyes.
• Wear a mask during flu season. When a large flu epidemic breaks out, it is important to have access to simple face masks that will prevent the spread of disease.
• Take vitamins regularly. By taking a daily vitamin and ensuring proper nutrition, the body’s immune system will be able to more effectively combat any external predators to the respiratory system. Proper health is the best protection against all vitamins.
• Perform regular exercise. Similar to taking daily vitamins, the habit of regular exercise will protect your body from unwanted diseases, viruses, and illness. It is important to set up a regular plan of exercise in order to protect your respiratory system from the attack of a bronchitis virus.

Tests and Diagnosis Considerations for Bronchitis

Most family and general practitioners will have the machines necessary in order to determine if you are infected with the bronchitis virus. If they are unable to determine the cause of the symptoms, he or she may refer you to a pulmonologist for further diagnosis.

There are a few tests that a physician will perform in order to determine if you have bronchitis. Most doctors will assume that if there is not a cough associated with the sickness that bronchitis is not the issue. However, they may deem it necessary to perform the tests even without the accompaniment of a cough.

The first test most physicians will perform is to listen for wheezing and other sounds within your lungs that are not normal. This is done using a standard stethoscope, similar to those used to hear a heart beat.

An x-ray is also important in order to rule out cases such as pneumonia. Physicians will take a sample of mucus from the throat in order to detect the presence of unwanted bacteria or the flu virus. You may also undergo certain blood tests and possibly a pulmonary function test in order to rule out other diseases such as lung cancer or pneumonia. If your physician determines that you may be afflicted with some other disease, he or she may refer you to a specialist in order to receive further diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment Options for Bronchitis

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are several methods of treating bronchitis at home, but if the symptoms do not subside within a few days it should be recommended to visit with a physician. One of the most common ways to recover from bronchitis is to drink lots of hot fluids, such as herbal teas, to wash away and clean out the infected mucus. Many vegetables such as peppers and onions have anti-pyretic and expectorant properties which are effective in combating fevers and other symptoms of bronchitis.

Herbal supplements such as Echinacea and astragalus are commonly known to be antivirals, meaning they can fight existing viruses within the body and also protect against unwanted viruses. Other herbs such as pau d’arco, reishi, and maitake mushrooms are also taken in addition to other herbs to combat acute and chronic bronchitis.
Vitamins are among the most important supplements in warding off the bronchitis virus. Vitamin C is an especially effective antiviral. Antioxidants, Vitamin A, and flavonoids are also vital to the bodies antiviral immune system.

Because most of these herbs and vitamins are natural, there are no significant risks associated with them.

Pharmaceutical Treatments

Antibiotics are typically used to kill or stop the growth of a dangerous type of bacteria. They are only taken if the patient has no other significant health problems. For acute bronchitis, most scientists recommend that antibiotics are not take.

Acute bronchitis patients are typically told to get plenty of rest and drink lots of fluids. This process will typically kill the virus or flush it out of the body’s system. However, if the bronchitis becomes chronic or is causes by industrial activities such as gas or chemicals, antibiotics can be prescribed in order to prevent other disease, such as lung disease, from becoming present.

Although prescription drugs have not been proven to significantly help in the fight against bronchitis, your doctor may prescribe a type of medicine called a bronchodilator. The purpose of this treatment is to dilate the patients airways and allow the lungs to transport air more easily.

A bronchodilator is not taken as a pill or liquid drug, but is rather inhaled through a machine. The inhaler is similar to those used by people with sever asthma.
If chronic bronchitis does not subside within a few months, your physician may require that you take steroids. Though steroids prevent some slight health hazards, they will allow your body’s immune system to get the nourishment it needs and hopefully kill off the bronchitis virus.

Surgical Treatments

There is no known surgical operation that successfully treats bronchitis. However, if you happen to be preparing for some other type of surgery and experience symptoms of bronchitis it is important to alert your surgeon. Bronchitis patients have been known to react poorly to surgical anesthetics.

Swimmer’s Ear

Swimmer’s Ear is a widely-used but sometimes misunderstood term for a very common medical condition, also known as an outer ear infection.

Contrary to what the name might suggest, patients needn’t have gone swimming recently to be afflicted by Swimmer’s Ear.

The medical term for Swimmer’s Ear is otitis externa, and this type of ear infection is defined as being confined to the external portion of the ear and the ear canal itself.

Ear infections that affect the inner or middle portions of the ear are referred to as otitis media.

Otitis externa and otitis media often occur simultaneously, but with slightly different symptoms and considerations. Here, we explore the symptoms, causes and remedies for otitis externa, or in layman’s terms, an outer ear infection.

Symptoms of Swimmer’s Ear/Otitis Externa

The congestion, pressure and pain that are often associated with Swimmer’s Ear are caused by swelling and inflammation of the affected portions of the external ear. Excess wax, debris or build-up of other fluids in the ear canal can create pressure inside the tiny opening to the ear, and this can quickly cause pain that radiates beyond the affected ear. Intense earaches can result from an otitis externa infection, and the pain may increase when the patient’s outer ear, jaw or even neck is touched.

In children, one of the first signs of Swimmer’s Ear, or a possible outer ear infection, is their expressions of pain or discomfort. Even very young, non-verbal children can often communicate their symptoms by tugging on their ear or ears, tilting or shaking their head, exhibiting increased fussiness when the ear is touched or when laying down, and an apparent difficulty hearing. A child may also exhibit a low-grade fever when fighting off an ear infection, or appear a bit lethargic.

Adult Conditions

Adults who are suffering from Swimmer’s Ear will also usually experience pain, swelling, a feeling of “stuffiness” in the affected ear and potential temporary hearing loss. Most cases of hearing loss due to Swimmer’s Ear are fully reversible once fluid drains from the ear and swelling goes down, though it can take several weeks to regain completely normal function and feeling in the affected ear.

Itchiness & Discharges

Itchiness is also a commonly reported symptom of Swimmer’s Ear, and can greatly increase the frustration level and uncomfortability factor. This is especially true in young patients who can’t fully express themselves or understand that the situation is a temporary one. Fever is not as common in adults suffering mild to moderate cases of otitis externa, though fatigue and exhaustion are quite common.

Discharge, waxy build-up or other fluid may drain from the ear during the course of an outer ear infection. This isn’t typically alarming, although any signs of bleeding from the ear canal should be checked out by a doctor, as this could indicate a ruptured eardrum.

Causes and Prevention of Swimmer’s Ear

While swimming is indeed one way to acquire the infection, especially if the water is dirty, Swimmer’s Ear is in many ways a misnomer. Even a simple act such as swabbing one’s ear with a dry cotton swab can result in bacteria lodging in tiny scratches created by the swab, thus leading to a case of otitis externa. Bacteria is a very common cause of outer ear infections, whether it originates from the environment or from within the patient’s own body.

Even if not the original cause of the infection, water can be a huge contributing factor in the severity and progression of otitis externa. For example, washing one’s hair and getting even a few drops of water into one’s ear during a shower can further exacerbate an already brewing infection, and cause fluid to become trapped inside the ear canal due to the swelling. For this reason, it is imperative the ear be kept dry and hair washing be avoided while an outer ear infection is being treated.

Bacterial Infections

In cases of Swimmer’s Ear not caused by bacterial agents, a fungus or other pathogens may be present in the ear from some sort of contamination, or even skin conditions similar to Athlete’s Foot. Anti-fungal medications will likely be prescribed to treat infections stemming from this cause.

Ear Plugs

In most situations, moisture increases the chances for bacteria growth, and the ear should be kept as dry as possible at all times if a patient is prone to developing ear infections on a recurring basis.

Use of ear plugs during swimming and showering may be helpful, but only if the correct ear plugs are used. Soft, foam ear plugs can often be used safely to shower with an ear infection, though a new pair should be used each time plugs are required during the course of an outer ear infection.

Swimming or fully submerging the head in water when fighting an active ear infection is not recommended, even with ear plugs. Never use ear plugs that are rigid; if flexible ear plugs can’t be found, a cotton swab rolled in petroleum jelly and pressed lightly against the outside opening to the ear can be used to help block moisture.

Home Remedies for Swimmer’s Ear

Treatment for Swimmer’s Ear will depend on the severity of the case. In some mild cases of otitis externa, the patient can treat the condition at home with simple remedies. Staying hydrated, resting and using warm compresses on the affected ear are all easy ways to try and provide a measure of relief at home.

Simply keeping the ear dry and not inserting anything inside of the ear canal that will further irritate the swollen tissues may be enough to keep the infection to a minimum.

Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen may help take the edge off the earache, and many brands contain anti-inflammatory properties that should help reduce the swelling causing much of the pain in the first place. If there is fever present with the infection, OTC medication should also prove helpful.

Warm Compresses

A warm compress may ease the pain of an earache or the pressure of a “stuffy” ear, but those suffering Swimmer’s Ear should use caution with this oft-recommended approach. Though the heat and steam may help the patient feel better, warm, moist conditions are a breeding ground for bacterial growth.

The steam of a hot, clean, well-wrung out washcloth may indeed loosen wax and other fluids in the ear, though a heating pad would be a better option.

Even without the moisture factor, be aware that heat alone can promote bacteria to grow or multiply.
A few drops of white vinegar mixed with distilled water after a shower can actually help the ear canal to dry faster than on its own.

Vinegar and Water

The vinegar-to-water ratio for this simple home remedy should be one to one. If vinegar is not available, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water can also be prepared. This solution should be mixed at a ratio of one parts hydrogen peroxide to two parts distilled water.

Like the vinegar-and-water mixture, just a few drops of the hydrogen peroxide tonic can help to dry the ears quickly. Applying a few drops of either solution in healthy ears following showers may also be helpful in discouraging bacteria growth and preventing recurring problems.

Home Remedies

These home remedies for Swimmer’s Ear, or outer ear infections known as otitis externa, are not recommended in any patient who is experiencing complete hearing loss, ringing in the ear, severe pain or bleeding from the ear.

Any of the above could be signs of a possible ruptured ear drum, and exposure to additional ear drops of any sort could worsen the problem. Patients should seek medical attention immediately if those symptoms present themselves.

Prescription Treatments for Swimmer’s Ear

Antibiotic ear drops and oral antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help cure Swimmer’s Ear if the case has progressed beyond home treatment. Significant pain, swelling, redness or hearing loss all warrant a trip to a medical practitioner, and the physician will usually order a round of antibiotics or an anti-fungal medication at this time. Steroids may also be prescribed in conjunction with the oral antibiotics and/or ear drops to speed up the healing process.

Those suffering from acute Swimmer’s Ear, or any suspected ear infection, must never insert ear drops or other solutions into the ear canal on their own without the advice of a doctor or until the exact nature of the infection is known.

Prescriptions

Some prescription ear drops that may be beneficial to a patient with an intact eardrum can actually worsen the symptoms and prognosis for recovery in a patient with a ruptured membrane. Fluid that gets trapped in an ear infected with otitis externa, or Swimmer’s Ear, can lead to extended hearing loss and tinnitus, or ringing in the ear.

Tinnitus can be an extremely frustrating and consuming symptom for those suffering from it, and there is no effective way to treat this particular symptom. The ringing should subside and hearing function return gradually as the body is cleared of the infection, and swelling reduces in the ear.

Any child or chronically ill person who is exhibiting severe or worrisome symptoms should be brought to a doctor immediately. Mild cases of Swimmer’s Ear may be monitored at home initially, but should be treated by a medical professional if symptoms appear to worsen in a 16-24 hour period.

Expected Recovery Time For Swimmer’s Ear

Antibiotics and other medications prescribed by a doctor should help start to cure Swimmer’s Ear within one week, and the patient may even feel better sooner than that.

The swelling of the nodes and glands of the neck may lessen, and the painful lumps that often accompany sinus infections, head colds and ear infections may reduce in size. The pain in the neck, the pressure in the ear, the intense earache and external tenderness may improve before the hearing loss dissipates or the tinnitus stops.

A patient suffering from a significant case of Swimmer’s Ear may continue to experience problems with their hearing, including incessant ringing in their head, for several weeks. According to Dr. Steven Wallach of Tucson, Arizona, it can take up to three weeks for the ear to fully heal from an ear infection, especially if the outer infection has spread to include an inner or middle ear infection.

Steroids

Dr. Wallach advocates the use of steroids in some patients to hasten this recovery time, and says that with proper treatment, relief could come as quickly as within 24 hours.

If the condition does not improve after all of the above, an Ear, Nose and Throat specialist may need to be consulted in order to further treat the infection, and correct any conductive hearing loss. In rare cases, surgery may be required to fix a punctured or ruptured ear drums. Permanent damage to the actual bone structure of the ear, and even the skull, can occur if an infection is left unchecked, though this is mostly seen in older, infirm patients already afflicted by other serious illnesses.

Zits

Zits are a common problem for adolescents, but they can affect people of all ages. Zits are also commonly known as pimples or acne.

Specific types of zits are called blackheads or whiteheads depending on the color that forms at the apex of the zit.

Zits can occur on any part of the body, but they tend to occur most often on the face and back.

Common Zit Symptoms

Most zits occur as small, red bumps in the skin. They may itch or be sensitive to the touch. As a zit progresses, it will grow larger and more pronounced. A white or black colored dot sometimes forms at the very top of the zit, hence the name whitehead or blackhead.

Once the head has fully formed, the zit may rupture and leak a small amount of clear liquid. Ruptured zits can form sores that bleed and cause scars. In advanced cases of acne, zits will grow in clusters that contain several zits in a compact area. Zit clusters are more likely to form scars and permanent discoloration of the affected area.

Normal Causes for Zits

Clogged Hair Follicles

Zit formation is caused by a clog in the base of the hair follicles underneath the skin. Generally the clog is made up of dead skin cells that have sloughed off naturally. When the follicle becomes clogged, inflammation builds up and creates a zit.

Propionibacterium

Bacteria that lives on the skin also helps with the formation of zits. Propionibacterium produce enzymes that convert the normal oils into an irritating substance that causes inflammation, which leads to pimples.

Hormones

Androgens are hormones that can cause zits to form as well. People tend to experience a surge in androgens during their adolescence, which is why teenagers typically suffer from acne more often than older adults. These hormones increase the size of the skin’s pores and increase production of skin oils. As more oil is produced, the bacteria has more opportunities to create irritation.

Genetics

There has been some indication that zits are caused by heredity as well. Research is currently being conducted to discover the link between genetics and zits.

Risk Factors for Zits

Age

All adolescents are at risk for developing zits because of the increase in Androgens in their systems. Anyone going through puberty has a higher risk of developing acne, but the symptoms will generally disappear on their own once puberty is finished.

Skin Composition

People who have naturally oily skin also have a tendency to develop zits more easily.

Emotions and Hormones

Some people may develop zits when they become overly stressed. Hormonal changes, such as a woman’s menstrual cycle, can also cause zits to form.

Tips for Zit Prevention

The most powerful method of reducing zit breakouts is preventing them in the first place. When the proper steps are taken to reduce the possibility of zits it is much easier to control them because there will be fewer zits to control.

People who suffer from chronic skin disorders that cause pimples may not have much opportunity to control their symptoms, but the general population will find that a little bit of prevention can go a long way toward a zit-free complexion.

Keep it Clean

The simplest way to reduce the number of zits that form is to wash the areas that are most prone to zit formation at least twice a day. Using a strong cleanser can help keep the hair follicles from becoming clogged, as well as clear away excess oils that can exacerbate clogged follicles.

Washing regularly also removes excess skin cells so that they will not build up in the hair follicles. It is not necessary to scrub the skin with force. A gentle application of soap and water will be effective.

Keep Hands Away from Face

Hands contain oil, which can be transferred to the face easily by regular contact. Resting the chin or cheek on the hands can cause substances to be pressed into the hair follicles more directly, which can lead to zit formation.

Reduce Stress

Try to avoid elongated periods of high stress. Stress can deteriorate health very quickly, causing symptoms that include outbreaks of zits.

Healthy Diet

Avoid junk food as much as possible. Oily foods can create conditions that are ideal for the formation of zits.

Hair Care

Long hair contains natural oils that can collect dust and other particles from the air. As a person moves, the oils and particles in the hair can rub on to the skin and create pimples.

Individuals who suffer from extreme zits may choose to cut their hair so that it doesn’t have an opportunity to come into contact with their skin.

Drink Plenty of Water

At least 8 glasses of water are recommended to maintain skin health. The water helps flush toxins from the body’s system and keeps skin moisturized.

Avoid Oil-based Cosmetics

Wearing an oil-based product on your face for 8 hours every day will only serve to create more zits instead of help to get rid of them. Wear water based makeup when necessary. If possible, avoid wearing makeup at all if you are prone to zit breakouts.

How Zits are Diagnosed

Zits can be easily recognized by their appearance and life cycle. Normal zits will be visible for a week to ten days on average. Some acne requires assistance from a dermatologist, however.

Symptoms that indicate the need to visit a doctor include

• Zits that do not diminish over a natural course of time
• Zits that are extremely painful and cause visible scarring
• Sudden cases of zits that are accompanied by fever or illness

Women who begin to develop facial hair near zit outbreaks, or notice a substantial change in their menstrual cycles should see a specialist to determine the underlying cause of these symptoms.

Home Remedies

Depending on their severity, zits can usually be managed through home remedies very comfortably.

Organic treatments are the safest and least invasive way to handle acne without using harsh chemicals.

Most of these options involve fresh food products that most people keep in their pantries on a regular basis. Each of these remedies takes advantage of the natural properties of the foods and how they interact with a person’s skin.

Honey Mask

Once a week apply natural honey to areas that are prone to acne development. The antibacterial nature of honey will clear the harmful bacteria from the skin, as well as provide a healthy way to clear away blemishes.

Yogurt and Oatmeal

Mix fine oatmeal into an unflavored yogurt. Apply thoroughly to the face and allow to dry. Wash away with mild soap and warm water. Yogurt contains natural antibacterial elements that reduce the amount of bacteria on the face.

Lime Juice

There are several natural zit treatments that include lime juice. Ointments can be made by mixing lime juice with groundnuts, lime juice with boiled milk, or applying straight lime juice directly to zits. Lime juice is also effective when mixed with rose water or powdered pomegranate skins. The acidic nature of lime juice counteracts the oil that can lead to zit formation.

Mint

Fresh mint juice is a natural way to dry the oils from the face. Mint can be ground into a paste and mixed with other elements, like milk, and then applied directly to areas where zits are already forming. The mint will reduce the inflammation by drawing the moisture away from the zit as it forms.

Tomato Paste

Ripened tomatoes contain similar acids as lime juice. Tomato paste can be applied directly to existing pimples to make them go away faster.

Vitamins and Herbal Remedies

Several vitamins and herbal treatments can help control stubborn zit breakouts. Herbal methods will not control acne symptoms forever, but they do work well with other preventative measures to reduce the number of breakouts and provide a better chance of maintaining a clear complexion.

Some of the most effective vitamins for controlling acne include

• Niacin
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin E

Herbal remedies that are the most effective include ointments that have the following natural ingredients

• Fenugreek
• Orange Peel
• Lemon
• Lime
• Garlic
• Mint Juice
• Coriander
• Epsom Salts
• Cucumber
• Tea Tree Oil
• German Chamomile
• Licorice Root
• Calendula
• Witch Hazel
• Flaxseed
• Flaxseed Oil

Most of these treatments are meant to be applied directly to existing outbreaks of zits. Some herbal remedies, such as epsom salts and witch hazel extract, work best when used as a steam or soaking bath. The thing that all of these herbal remedies have in common is that they reduce the amount of oil in the skin, which reduces the possibility of clogged follicles that lead to zits.

When using herbal remedies, it is important to remember that they are the most effective when they restore a balance to your body’s system. Zits can be an indication of other internal problems that can be helped through the use of herbs in the proper amounts. If herbal remedies are not effective in treating acne and it continues to flare up, it is a good idea to visit a dermatologist to find out if there are pharmaceutical methods that may be more helpful in eradicating zit problems.

Over the Counter Zit Medications

Most of the over the counter medications that are designed to reduce the occurrence of zits contain Benzoyl Peroxide as their main ingredient. The peroxide penetrates deep into the skin and dries out infected and swollen hair follicles to arrest the development of zits. Peroxide also kills any bacteria that is present, which protects the skin from further irritation.

There are several well-known brands of over the counter zit medication that provide a good amount of relief from zit symptoms

• Neutrogena
• Clearasil
• Oxy-10
• Persa Gel
• Stri-dex
• Oxy Night Watch

These brand name products come in different strengths and can offer specific relief from different types of acne. Clearasil, for example, offers treatments that focus on adult acne as well as adolescent zit problems. Most over the counter creams and cleansing pads can be used once daily for the best results. They are designed to be used after the face has been washed thoroughly with normal soap and water.

Prescription Zit Medications

Some people suffer from chronic acne that resists home remedies and over the counter treatments. In extreme cases, it can be necessary to consult a dermatologist for more powerful pharmaceutical options. There are several different prescription medications that can be used to treat chronic acne. The effectiveness of each type of medication depends on the chemical makeup of each patient’s skin and the severity of the zits that are being treated.

Here is a short list of some prescription medications that are available through a dermatologist

• Azelex
• Differin
• Brevoxyl
• Benzac AC
• Clindets
• Benzamycin
• Accutane
• Minocin
• Novacet
• Tazorac
• Retin-A

This list is by no means comprehensive. It is just a small sample of the many different prescription medications that are available to treat chronic and severe acne problems.

Many doctors will prescribe birth control pills to girls and women who suffer from acne because the extra estrogen that they provide seems to have a positive effect on clearing the skin. Girls seem to have an easier time with zits because excess estrogen blocks the androgen hormones that increase the production of zits. Using birth control pills to increase the estrogen is an option that is only available to girls who suffer from severe zit breakouts.

Side Effects of Prescription Medication

Prescription medications can have some side effects which are important to note. The most common problems that patients report are crusting and blistering of the treatment area, staining of the teeth, and allergic reactions. Any unusual symptoms that seem to result from using a zit medication should be reported to a doctor immediately to avoid any further complications. Side effects from most zit prescriptions are very rare. Most patients experience an improvement in the clarity of their skin without any other health problems becoming evident.

Nosebleed

When a nosebleed occurs, it can be both frightening and dramatic, because it seems as if though an endless stream of blood is pouring out of the nostrils.

Luckily, the majority of nosebleeds are nothing to worry about and are generally able to be managed at home without any serious consequences; however, sometimes a nosebleed may require the occasional medical intervention.

Otherwise referred to as epistaxis, a nosebleed is categorized based upon where the bleeding began, and the two possible categories of nosebleeds are anterior and posterior.

Types of Nosebleeds

Anterior nosebleeds is the most common of its kind, accounting for well over 90% of all nosebleeds. It is categorized as such due to the origination of bleeding being in the nasal septum, which is set towards the front of the nose.

These kinds of nosebleeds are the easiest to maintain control of, whether measures need to be taken by a doctor or in the comfort of a home.

Posterior nosebleeds, on the other hand, are the ones that are not as common as its counterpart. This type of nosebleed is more likely to occur within an elderly person rather than a younger one. It is categorized as such due to its posterior origination, meaning it is occurring from an artery that is in the farther back part of the nose.

Because an artery is bleeding, this kind of nosebleed is far more complicated to try to control, most often requiring a trip to the hospital and requiring that an otolaryngologist, who is a specialist with ears, noses and throats, take the reign of management.

One out of every seven people will, at some point throughout their lives, develop a nosebleed. More often than not, nosebleeds will occur when in a cold, dry climate, such as during the months of winter. While it is possible for a nosebleed to develop at any age in a person’s life, they are the most common in children who are aged two to ten years old and in adults within the ages of 50 and 80.

It also seems that nosebleeds typically occur during the morning hours, but the reasons behind this are unknown as of yet.

Symptoms of Nosebleeds

The one and most obvious symptom of a nosebleed is, of course, bleeding. Bleeding will normally occur through only a single nostril. However, if there is an excessive amount of bleeding, it is possible for the blood to fill up the affected nostril fully, causing it to overflow into the section inside the nose called the nasopharynx, where both nostrils converage, which would result in both nostrils bleeding.

It is also possible for blood to drip into the back of the throat or as far down as into the stomach, which, in excess amounts, can cause a person to either spit or even vomit blood.

Though it is not a common occurrence, it is possible for experience excessive blood loss.

Symptoms of losing an excessive amount of blood include

weakness;
dizziness;
fainting;
confusion

Causes of Nosebleeds

The nose is placed on a very vulnerable position because it sticks outward from the face, and it is also one of the parts of the body that is rich in different blood vessels.

As one may conclude, both nasal injury and bleeding are likely to occur if there is trauma to the face. The bleeding may be a simple, minor inconvenience or it might be a profuse occurrence.

Nosebleeds may also occur without physical trauma, such as when the membranes in the nose dry out and crack.

This usually happens during the months of winter or during a dry climate; both may result in dry air and warmth within the household from heaters.

The winter months also cause people to be more susceptible to nosebleeds because it is during this time that upper respiratory infections are more likely to occur and are more frequent, and this is when the fluctuation between the temperature and the humidity is dramatic.

Risk Factors

When a person goes from the bitter outdoor cold environment and immediately goes into a warm, heated and dry home, nosebleeds are much more likely to occur. Nosebleeds may occur when there is low humidity in a hot and dry climate or in changes in the seasons.

People are more likely to develop nosebleeds when they are taking certain medications that result in normal blood clotting not functioning, such as aspirin or any other kind of anti-inflammatory medicine. When this occurs, even the smallest trauma may result in a substantial amount of bleeding.

There are certain factors that may predispose people to developing nosebleeds

• Infections
• Allergic and non-allergic rhinitis
• Trauma, which includes self-induced trauma by way of nose picking
• Hypertension, which is high blood pressure
• Alcohol abuse
• Using certain medications that thin the blood
• Inherited bleeding problems or tumors, those these are less common causes

Treating Nosebleeds at Home

More often than not, bleeding will not generally require any medical intervention, especially in a small amount of bleeding.

For instance, when a person who is suffering a cold or suffering a sinus infection and blows their nose a little too vigorously, noticing that there is a little bit of blood in the tissue, it is usually enough to refrain from sneezing, nose picking or forceful nose bleeding to prevent the bleeding from getting any worse than that.

To stop a nosebleed

• Remain calm.
• Sit upright.
• Tilt the head forward; it is possible to swallow the blood when tilting the head backward, and this position does not make it any easier to stop the nosebleed.

Pinch the nostrils together with the index finger and the thumb for at least ten minutes. Ensure that this process is done for ten minutes and ensure that the nostrils are not released any earlier than ten minutes.

Should any blood reach the mouth, it is vital to spit it out into the sink or the toilet; swallowing it, especially in excessive amounts, may cause vomiting.

When to Visit the Hospital

It is important to visit the emergency room under the following circumstances

• When bleeding will not stop or continues on;
• When the blood loss is excessive or the pace is rapid; and
• When feeling faint or weak, which would presumably be from the loss of blood.

When a nosebleed is recurrent or persistent, it is important to visit the doctor. The doctor may choose to recommend ceasing the bleeding by way of either a chemical swab or a heating instrument, which, in essence, is cautery of the blood vessel in question, or by way of an application of thrombin, which is a topical medication that aims to promote clotting of blood in the region.

There may be blood tests in order to determine if there are any bleeding disorders present. Should the blood persist, nasal packs may be used.

Medical Treatment for Nosebleeds

Anterior Nosebleed

Minor nosebleeds which have stopped occurring will usually not require any further treatment. More often than not, the body will make its own clot where the bleeding occurred in order to prevent any further bleeding from developing.

When the source of the nosebleed is from a blood vessel that the doctor can easily see, the doctor make take a chemical known as silver nitrate and cauterize the blood vessel, which means to close it. This is done after applying anesthetic within the nose, in the form of a local topical variety. Chemical cauterization is generally the most effective when bleeding is obviously occurring from the front-most section of the nose.

Nasal Packing

In other more complicated instances, it may required to use a nasal packing in an effort to stop the bleeding. A nasal packing serves to apply pressure directly within the nostril, which is supposed to promote clotting and control the blood. Several different kinds of nasal packing exist, such as balloon nasal packs, petroleum gauze and synthetic sponge packs, the latter of which will act like an actual sponge, expanding with moisture. The doctor will decide the best nasal packing to use with each case.

The majority of those who require a nasal packing will be able to go home with the packing still in the nose. Antibiotics may be prescribed in order to prevent a sinus infection from occurring, because the packing directly blocks the sinus’ drainage pathways. The packing typically remains in the nostril for two or three full days.

Posterior Nosebleed

When a posterior nosebleed does not cease bleeding on its own, it will require medical intervention by way of hospital admission; this is because a posterior nosebleed has the potential to be very serious. In an effort to maintain control over the nosebleed, the doctor will employ a posterior nasal packing. Though there are several kinds of packing available for usage, most likely a balloon pack will be used.

Posterior nasal packing differs from its anterior counterpart in that having one in the nose is far less comfortable, frequently requiring pain medications and sedatives to make it feel better. There are other complications that may occur with a posterior nasal pack, as well, such as blockage of breathing passages and infection. For this reason, it is required to stay at the hospital and be closely monitored.

Like anterior nasal packing, the posterior counterpart is left in for two to three full days. If this fails to stop the bleeding or control it, there may be some surgical procedures or arterial embolization required.

Prevention Tips

There are several different ways to prevent a nose from bleeding again after treating it. Once the bleeding has stopped

Avoid, whenever such prevention is possible, allowing the nose to undergo any more irritation, such as straining, nose blowing or sneezing for a full 24 hours.

Ice packs will not help.

Avoid further exposure to dry air, such as during the winter in a heated home, because this can further contribute to the problem. Try getting a vaporizer or a humidifier to add moisture to the air, preventing the nose from drying out and preventing further bleeding. If such tools are not available, try to fill up a pan with water and leave it by a radiator or a similar heat source, which will cause the water to evaporate, which will effectively introduce moisture to the air.

For a more actionable plan

After getting home, rest for awhile with the head elevated between 30 and 45 degrees.
Refrain from blowing the nose or putting any foreign substance into it. In the event that sneezing cannot be prevented, open the mouth so that the air does not attempt to escape the nose but it will escape through the mouth instead.

Use a stool softener rather than straining during a bowel movement, such as Colace. Refrain from bending down or straining to lift any kind of heavy item.

To build upon the last tip, ensure the head is always at a higher level than that of the heart and do not smoke. Stay away from hot liquids for at least a full 24 hours, remaining on a cool, soft diet. Refrain from taking any medications that result in blood thinning, such as ibuprofen, warfarin, clopidogrel bisulfate or aspirin.

In the event that they are prescribed, it is vital to contact the physician with regards to needing to stop taking these medicines. The doctor may have some recommendations with regards to lubricating ointment to help treat the nose.

When Nasal Packs are Used

The nasal packing will usually be inserted into both nostrils, and they are typically made of Merocel, which is a material that functions like a sponge. This is used in order to compress the area and requires a follow-up appointment to remove them. Do not drive to the doctor and have someone else drive before and after the nasal packs are to be removed. It is likely that pain medications and antibiotics will be prescribed during this time.

The nose may drain a blood-tinged material. When this occurs, folded gauze can be taped beneath the nose, typically referred to as a mustache dressing. Additionally, the doctor may permit the cleansing of the nostrils at home with Q-tips that are soaked in hydrogen peroxide. Lastly, it is recommended to reconsider the methods of prevention as detailed above so that bleeding does not recur.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis (sometimes known as rhino-sinusitis since the sinus cavities by default affect and usually cause inflammation of the nose) is inflammation of the sinuses which may or may not lead to infection.

Sinusitis is often caused by allergies or allergic reaction, but may also result from autoimmune issues, bacterial infection, fungal infection, or viral infection.

Ninety percent of adults are deemed to have experienced sinusitis at some point during their lives.

The sinus cavities affected by sinusitis are dubbed the “paranasal sinuses”, and consist of the frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinuses, maxillary sinuses, the anterior ethmoid sinuses, and the posterior ethmoid sinuses. The anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses are divided by the lamella of the middle turbinate, which is located in the nasal cavities.

Recent research on sinusitis seems to signify that the condition is often linked to those who suffer from asthma as well as a host of other secondary conditions, likely due to the inflammation of the nose which occurs, and as part of a series of conditions which affect the airway. As the respiratory tract is affected, sinusitis is often accompanied (in addition to infection) by a cough, wheezing, post-nasal drip, sore throat, etc.
Sinusitis is characterized by health providers as being acute, sub-acute, or chronic in terms of duration. It is one of the most commonly experienced conditions amongst adults in the United States and internationally.

Symptoms

The most common complaint from those who suffer from sinusitis is a feeling of pain or ‘pressure’ where sinus cavities are located: behind the eyes, around the eyes, sides of the face, and/or a toothache caused by pressure from sinus cavities located behind the jaw.

This is also widely described as an intense headache, a dull, constant aching with pressure where the affected sinuses are located.

The pressure may increase or decrease when a person sits, stands, or otherwise moves their head. Pain for sinusitis can, and often does, exist only on one side of the face where the affected sinus cavities are located.

Other symptoms of sinusitis which often occur in tandem in various combination are nasal discharge, itchy eyes and nose, runny nose or congestion, toothache, post nasal drip, sore throat, cough, fever, noticeably poorer breath, and localized pain above the eyebrows, around the eyes, sides of the face, where the blocked or infected sinuses are located.

As allergic reactions vary by individual, this is not a complete list, but merely a list of the most common symptoms experienced with sinusitis.

If nasal discharge is clear, the condition is typically diagnosed as being a result of chronic sinusitis. If, however, the nasal discharge is yellow or green in tinge, either a viral or bacterial infect ion may be present. Acute sinusitis develops rapidly

Causes

Acute sinusitis is often caused by a virus, bacteria, suffers of a recent or current cold, or exposure to abnormal causes of nasal pressure changes such as scuba diving. Rarer causes include fungus and the spread of an infected tooth. Due to the correlation between acute sinusitis sufferers who contract the symptoms due to a cold, management of cold symptoms as quickly as possible is recommended.

The most common cause of chronic sinusitis is allergies or allergic reactions due to allergies. When the sinus cavities become blocked or clogged, air cannot circulate properly, which leads to inflammation and often infection.

Chronic sinusitis also can be compounded due to virus or bacteria, and is actually a systemic condition wherein acute sinusitis is experienced regularly. Chronic sinusitis sufferers often experienced increase facial pressure and pain due to an ongoing condition.

Asthma and the presence of nasal polyps or a deviated septum are also common causes of chronic sinusitis. Dehydration may also be a factor if a patient has been dehydrated long term. Individuals with severe allergies often experience sinusitis as a result of symptoms stemming from exposure to allergens.

Risk Factors

Those who suffer from allergies are highly likely to experience sinusitis at some point, if not chronically, due to inflammation caused by allergens. People who have recently experienced a cold or virus which has affected the upper respiratory system and/or nasal passages are also at an elevated risk.

Asthma sufferers are also at a high risk for developing sinusitis, and are often chronic sufferers. Asthma often leads to a cyclical pattern with sinus problems, similar to those with allergies.

Until the sinusitis is treated, the asthma will not improve, and vice versa. For this reason, as many preventative measures as possible are recommended to individuals who also suffer from asthma.

Those with a deviated septum and weakened immune system are at a heightened risk of not only sinusitis, but of infections developing as a result due to the inability of the body to fight or manage the symptoms efficiently.

People who suffer from problems with cilia in their nose working correctly can also be at a heightened risk for sinusitis, as cilia functions to filter air before it enters the nasal cavities.

Prevention Tips

Treatment for allergies to stop the development of sinusitis is the best initial prevention. Avoid any allergens that might trigger inflammation, such as air pollutants, cigarette smoke, pet dander, dust, etc. If needed, take over the counter or prescription medication to manage the symptoms.

As one of the most common complications of sinusitis is the development of a sinus infection, it’s also important, especially for chronic sufferers, to attempt to maintain a healthy lifestyle to support their immune system as much as possible.

Drinking plenty of water, eating fruits and vegetables regularly rich in antioxidants, and regular exercise contribute to overall wellness and will help to shorten the span of infection or help to prevent it. As increased stress levels are associated more and more with a weakened immune system, stress reduction should also be considered as a preventative measure.

Some chronic sufferers of sinusitis also report that using a humidifier is beneficial to prevent the sinuses from becoming too dry, and subsequently blocked or clogged, as a preventative measure.

Individuals suffering from sinusitis, sinus pressure, or infection should take extreme caution in using air travel for transportation as the pressurized cabins can lead to increased facial pain, headaches, and other complications of the sinuses as a result.

Testing and Diagnosis Considerations

If this is the first time an individual has experienced symptoms, it is important to go for a health care provider for diagnosis, as many symptoms commonly associated with migraines can be misdiagnosed by patients as sinus problems.

If chronic sinusitis persists, testing for allergies is very common and extremely beneficial for sufferers. Once
the allergic triggers have been identified via testing, the patient is in a better position to manage exposure to allergens and subsequently treat and manage allergies, reducing instances of sinusitis completely or gradually in the process.

A CT scan of the head is often required by health care providers to evaluate or diagnose recurring sinusitis.

Sinusitis is categorized by health care professionals in terms of duration as acute, sub acute, and chronic. Acute sinusitis is characterized by lasting less than four weeks (often developing rapidly); sub acute sinusitis, four to eight weeks; chronic sinusitis is categorized as symptoms lasting eight weeks or more.

Types of Sinusitis

Once the duration of the sinusitis symptoms are determined, health practitioners can further classify sinusitis by the sinus cavities which are affected. Maxillary sinusitis can cause pressure and pain in the cheek area, a headache, or a toothache.

Frontal sinusitis is characterized by a headache, pain or pressure in the frontal sinus cavities behind and above the eyes. Ethmoid sinusitis (anterior and posterior) consists of pain, pressure, or a headache between or behind the eyes where the ethmoid sinus cavities are located. Sphenoid sinusitis also is characterized by pressure behind the eyes, but in a different capacity, often affected by the vertex of the head.

Left untreated, sinusitis can develop into a severe infection, bronchitis, and/or other upper respiratory complications, in addition to being extremely painful.

Treatment Options

A mild case of sinusitis can often be treated using ibuprofen or other anti-inflammatory pain medication, over the counter sinus medication, or prescription medications used to manage allergies. However, as many sufferers of sinusitis have chronic problems, other treatment options in varying degrees of intensity are recommended.

As allergies are the main cause of sinusitis, treatment for allergies to stop the development of sinusitis is the best initial prevention. Chronic allergy sufferers often depend on prescription medication in the form of nasal sprays, oral antihistamines, and other homeopathic treatments (for instance elderberry or use of a sinus cleanser, such as a neti pot) to manage their condition.

Prescription nasal sprays usually have active ingredients of mild steroids to reduce inflammation of the nose and nasal passages. Over the counter sprays are not recommended for long term use as their effectiveness is extremely short term and they are known to have addictive properties.

Allergy Shots

Allergy shots are used as a treatment option for individuals who still suffer from symptoms after treatment using the above combination of prescription antihistamines, nasal sprays, and over the counter medications. Administered by an allergist or ENT, allergy shots are given weekly or bi-weekly to improve a patient’s resistance to allergens, reducing the severity and duration of symptoms long-term.

As a result of the growing concern over the use of antibiotics to treat infectious disease, homeopathy is very popular, especially in Europe, for combating and treating sinusitis. Herbs to boost the immune system such as echinacea, or those rich in antioxidants such as green tea, are commonly used for prevention or treatment. Patients have also reported success with the use of elderberry extract, which has been proven to strengthen the body’s resistance to infection.

Neti Pot

A low-cost option with an unusual method of application but high degree of patient and doctor satisfaction is the use of a neti pot. Neti pots use water to irrigate the sinus cavities through the nose and proper positioning of the head, helping to clear out potential irritants, reduce inflammation, and reduce clogging. A saline solution is often used within the neti pot to ensure it is sterile. Caution must be taken when using these popular devices as improper placement of the head could lead to ear infection, increased pressure, or other complications.

If a deviated septum is deemed to be the cause of recurring sinusitis by an ENT (Ear, Nose, and Throat specialist) or healthcare provider, a septoplasty, or surgery to correct the deviation, may be necessary in order to prevent future instances of the disease or reduce severity. This is often a highly effective option for people who are routinely having their daily routines interrupted throughout the year as a result of chronic sinusitis. While costly, this procedure is often covered with documentation by health insurance, and has a high rate of patient satisfaction.

Surgery

Surgery to remove nasal polyps, if they are deemed to exist, or to enlarge openings in the sinus cavities is often common as a treatment for patients on whom other forms of treatment (including allergy shots, prescription nasal sprays ,and oral medications) have reduced efficacy.

Treatment for sinus infection as a result of sinusitis includes a regimen of antibiotics, prescribed by a health care provider. Viral sinus infections cannot be treated with antibiotics and must be evaluated on an individual basis for treatment.

Cost of Prevention and Treatment

Treatment costs can range from low-end (such as over the counter medication, use of at home nasal irrigation), to mid-range for ongoing prescription treatments and sprays (sometimes mitigated by coverage from health insurance). Allergy shots are another moderate cost treatment option.

Surgery is by far the most expensive treatment for sinusitis, reserved for chronic sufferers. However, the initial cost of surgery may prove to be cost effective in the long term, especially if patients have a reduced need for treatment or preventative measures after surgery.

Resources

• WebMd.Com
• EmedicineHealth.Com
• MedicineNet.Com

Overview of Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and/or triiodothyronine (T3). The thyroid is an important gland in the endocrine system that is responsible for controlling the body’s metabolism. Over production of thyroid hormones can serve to excite the sympathetic nervous system and make the body’s metabolism speed up. Metabolism is the set of chemical processes that convert substances derived from food into energy that the body’s cells need to function.

The endocrine system is responsible for releasing hormones and chemicals into the blood through various glands. Hormones act as chemical messengers in the body that instruct certain parts of the body to react in certain ways.

Gland Types

For example, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone, which causes the body to mature and increase in stature and weight. Similarly, the thyroid gland releases hormones that have the effect of either boosting the metabolism as in the case with hyperthyroidism, or slowing it down, such as in a person with hypothyroidism.

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck. In order to produce thyroid hormones, the thyroid requires a source of iodine, an element found in certain foods like seaweed. The thyroid gland produces two types of hormones, which are differentiated between one another by the number of iodine atoms, their molecules include.

Thyroxine (T4) has four iodine atoms per molecule, while triiodothyronine (T3) has three. In the bloodstream, T4 is the most prominent thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone bind easily with proteins in the blood, so the levels of free thyroid hormones in the blood is a good indicator of thyroid function.

Alternate Names

Hyperthyroidism is often referred to as having an overactive thyroid or a goiter.

Causes

There are three major subtypes of hyperthyroidism which represent the three main causes of having a hyperactive thyroid gland. Each has a different origin, but all result in the thyroid gland producing too much thyroid hormone.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is a condition known as Graves’ disease. Graves’ disease is named for an Irish doctor named Robert James Graves, who first described the disease in 1835. Over 95% of patients diagnosed with having an overactive thyroid gland have Graves’ disease.

Graves’ disease is most common in women between the ages of 20 and 40. Graves’ disease is a condition in which the body produces an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. The immune system is the body’s defense mechanisms against foreign invaders and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In a normal immune response, the immune system detects foreign bodies and tries to kill them by releasing white blood cells that contain antibodies.

Auto Immune Disease

The antibodies then attack the foreign substances in an effort to rid the person’s body of them. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is one in which the immune system mistakes its own tissues for foreign invaders and launches an attack.

In Graves’ disease, the antibodies produced by the immune system mimic the action of another hormone in the brain that is responsible for controlling thyroid function. This hormone is called Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain.

When the thyroid gland detects these antibodies that it mistakes for TSH, it interprets this is a message to produce more of the T4 and T3 thyroid hormones. The elevations in these thyroid hormones increase metabolic processes and can cause problems like bulging eyes, skin conditions, and the formation of a goiter. A goiter is a protrusion in the neck.

Nodular Thyroid Disease

Almost everyone who does not have Graves’ disease but is diagnosed with a hyperactive thyroid has a condition called nodular thyroid disease. Sometimes nodular thyroid disease is referred to as toxic nodular goiter. The causes of nodular thyroid disease are largely unknown.

In nodular thyroid disease, certain parts of the thyroid gland, rather than the gland as a whole, become overactive and release too much thyroid hormones. Over time, these sections of the gland can become enlarged and form nodules, which are a type of benign tumor.

Thyroiditis

Thyroiditis can also cause hyperthyroidism. Thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland. In a patient with thyroiditis, the person may experience periods of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.

Being on medication for a thyroid condition may also cause hyperthyroidism if too much it taken.

A less common cause of hyperthyroidism is a tumor in the pituitary gland. A tumor in this gland may cause the overproduction of TSH, which instructs the thyroid gland to produce too much of the thyroid hormones.

Signs and Symptoms

Overproduction of thyroid hormones increase the body’s metabolism.

These effects may cause the following to occur in people with hyperthyroidism:

• Heart palpitations
• Nervousness
• Trembling hands
• Sleep disturbances
• Felling hot all the time
• Shortness of breath
• Irregularities in menstruation
• Weight loss
• Sweaty skin
• Bulging eyes
• Goiter
• Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Hair loss
• Changes in bowel movements

People with a mildly overactive thyroid gland may not notice any symptoms. Also as age increases, particularly among people above 70 years old, the number of symptoms decreases or is absent. Typically, the more severe the level of hyperthyroidism, the more symptoms will be present.

Diagnostic Tests

Tests for hyperthyroidism may be given when a patient complains about symptoms that are indicative of an overactive thyroid. While one symptom in of itself may not indicate a thyroid problem, many symptoms taken into consideration as a whole may paint a clearer picture.

Blood Tests

Blood tests using raidioimmunoassay (RIA) and thyroid scans are two common tests performed to detect hyperthyroidism. Performing more than one test is usually necessary to pinpoint the cause of a hyperactive thyroid. This is because there are multiple glands associated with thyroid hormone production. For example, while a blood test may show an elevation in T4 levels, this could indicate a problem with the thyroid itself, or the pituitary gland which releases THS.

If the tests show that THS levels are high, this would point to the pituitary gland being the source of the problem, rather than the thyroid gland. If, however, the T4 level is elevated but the TSH levels are normal, this would show that the hyperthyroidism is caused by the thyroid. Treatment for hyperthyroidism is dependent on what the root of the problem is.

First Tests

The first tests performed by using RIA measure thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) serum levels. The T4 serum level is the amount of unbound T4 thyroid hormone in the blood. As long as a person is not taking medication to control the thyroid, this test can usually indicate how well the thyroid is functioning.

Normal values for the T4 test are 4 – 11 mcg/dL. T4 makes up 80% of the total thyroid hormone that remains unbound to proteins in the blood. The other 20% is composed of T3. Elevated levels of T3, even with normal levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism. The normal range for T3 is 75 – 220 ng/dL.

Second Test

The next test for thyroid function is a thyroid binding globulin (TBG) test. Most T4 and T3 thyroid hormones are bound to a protein called thyroid binding globulin. The important thing to notice about the TBG test is that abnormalities in TBG affects the measured levels of T4 and T3, but does not effect how well they act.

In other words, a person with abnormal TBG levels will have high or low levels of T4 and T3, but suffer none of the effects of having these anomalous levels. Elevated or depressed levels of TBG is often hereditary. A normal range for TBG is 0.5-5.0 miliIU/L.

The pituitary gland produces Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). TSH is a hormone that sends a message to the thyroid gland to secrete more T4 and T3 thyroid hormones. In hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are well below normal, because the pituitary gland senses that T4 and T3 levels are too high and need to be lowered through less stimulation by TSH. TSH measurements are used in combination with serum T4 and T3 levels to make a diagnosis. Normal range for TSH is 0.5-5.0 miliIU/L.

Image Tests

Imaging tests are also useful when used in tandem with blood tests to diagnose hyperthyroidism. One of the most common imaging tests is an iodine uptake scan. The thyroid gland is the only gland in the body that uses iodine to form a hormone. The thyroid absorbs iodine, that is obtained through food, through the blood stream and uses it to form T4 and T3 hormones.

In an iodine uptake scan, a patient takes a dose of radioactive iodine. Over the next several hours, the thyroid absorbs the radioactive iodine. A machine is then used to measure the amount of radioactive iodine that has been taken in by the thyroid gland. Abnormal test results can show what underlying condition is causing the hyperthyroidism.

Other Testing Options

If doctors detect low absorption of the iodine, it can indicate that the overactive thyroid is caused by thyroiditis. If the absorption of the iodine is high and spaced evenly throughout the thyroid gland, it can indicate Graves’ disease. If the absorption is high, but unevenly spread, it may be an indicator of nodular thyroid disease.

Finally, a thyroid ultrasound may be ordered to determine the size of the goiter or nodules and detect tumors.

Risk Factors

Certain groups of people may be more at risk for developing hyperthyroidism than others. Some risk factors include

Genetics and family history of thyroid disease
Being a female between the ages of 20 and 40
Having Japanese ancestors
Diet high in iodine
Viral infections
History of autoimmune diseases like diabetes, lupus, or arthritis.
Stress

Conventional Treatment Options

Anti-thyroid drugs are the first line of defense for people with hyperthyroidism. These drugs work by inhibiting the thyroid from producing T4 and T4 hormones. The thyroid will still produce these hormones, but in lower levels and less efficiently. The two most popular anti-thyroid drugs are methimazole and propylthiouracil. These two drugs have some mild and relatively uncommon side effects including rash, itching, and/or fever. In rare instances, the liver can become inflamed. Once use of these medications is stopped, hyperthyroidism will return.

Because treating a hyperactive thyroid with medication can be a lifelong burden on the patient, some people choose to undergo radioactive iodine treatments to damage or kill the dysfunctional thyroid cells. Because the thyroid contains the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine, radioactive iodine treatments are safe and effective in treating hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is usually taken in one dose, although it may take several weeks for the benefits to be seem. The radioactive iodine isotopes are excreted from the body within a week. One common problem with radioactive iodine is that it can work too well. That is, it can lead to too many thyroid cells being killed, which results in too little thyroid functioning, a condition called hypothyroidism. This condition can be easily treated with medication. Radioactive iodine treatments have been shown to be safe and effective in treating hyperthyroidism.

Surgery is a rare option for hyperthyroidism patients. Surgery is best suited for people with nodular hyperthyroidism, where small portions of the thyroid can be removed without having to take out the whole gland. As with any surgery there is the risk of infection or death, but the chances are minimal. Surgery on the thyroid also carries a risk of damaging nearby, delicate structures in the neck. Surgical removal of the thyroid can also result in hypothyroidism like radioactive iodine treatments.

Alternative Treatment Options

Several natural herbs and supplements can help to alleviate some symptoms produced by having a hyperactive thyroid, but none can cure the underlying problem that is causing the disease.

Bugleweed is an herb related to mint. It lives near water and has white leaves. Bugleweed contains organic acids such as lithospermic acid that may possibly block TSH produced by the pituitary gland. In addition to blocking TSH, bugleweed may also act as a TSH receptor blocker, preventing the uptake of TSH by the thyroid completely.

Adding members of the cruciferous vegetable family may also help to lower thyroid hormone levels in the blood.
Cruciferous vegetables include all vegetables in the cabbage family like cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cauliflower.

Regular exercise and a balanced diet may help to regulate thyroid hormone levels and decrease inflammation of the gland if it exists.

As always, before beginning any alternative treatment for hyperthyroidism, it is important to check with a doctor.

What Causes Sunburn

Being in direct sunlight for a prolonged period of time can result in sunburn, which is a painful burn caused by ultraviolet light on the surface of the skin. Ultraviolet light is broken down into two categories: UVA and UVB rays. Both can cause sunburn. Tanning beds have been designed to emit both of these rays and, therefore, can also cause sunburn.

The amount of time it takes to get a sunburn differs from person to person, though those with light colored or fair skin are often more susceptible to receiving burns on their skin from the suns rays. The reason for this is that their skin possesses less melanin; giving it both it’s lighter color and making it more likely to be burned after long period of sun exposure.

Avoiding & Protecting

Though sunburn is painful, completely avoiding exposing your skin to UV rays is a bad idea. In order to produce the needed quantity of Vitamin D, the human body requires sunlight. The key is not to overly-expose the skin to unnecessary amounts of UV rays.

The problem with this is that knowing how much is too much often requires experience sunburn in the first place. It will depend on the amount of melanin in an individual’s skin.

Sunburn, also know as sun poisoning, is not easily detected before the damage is already done. For the most part, the symptoms of sunburn do not begin to manifest until several hours after UV rays have burned the skin. The worst part of having sunburn will usually occur around twenty-four hours after the initial over-exposure.

Symptoms of Sunburn

The symptoms of sunburn can vary depending on the severity of the burn. Mild sunburn, for example, is a first-degree burn, and will have less severe symptoms. A third-degree sunburn will be much more painful and will be accompanied by more symptoms.

Symptoms of minor sunburn can be as simple as irritation of the skin, manifesting in a reddish color. Though uncomfortable, sunburn of this degree is rarely overly painful.

Severe Burns

A more severe sunburn can cause blisters. These often appear as bubbled up skin filled with a water-like fluid. This is the body’s way of trying to remove the sun poising from the skin. When the blisters “pop” this fluid is removed. The skin beneath the blistered area will often be sore and irritated once exposed to the elements.

Severe sunburn can also cause the body to go into shock. The circulation of the blood to the body’s organs can be effected, causing this condition. Symptoms of this degree can cause death and should therefore be taken seriously. This severity of sunburn usually requires medical attention.

More Symptoms

Sunburn symptoms can also include; flu-like symptoms, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting. Due to the skin being exposed to massive amounts of sun, sunburn can also be accompanied by dehydration and an imbalance of electrolytes.

Due to the frequency of dehydration accompanying sunburn, many people also experience headaches when they are sunburned. If sunburn is severe enough to cause blisters; there is a risk of infection. Blisters should be cleaned with some sort of antiseptic to avoid such infections.

Losing Skin

Another symptom of sunburn is the loss of skin. Several days after being over exposed to UVA/UVB rays, skin often dries out and begins to peel. This skin will soon after come unattached from the remaining skin, exposing the under-layer of skin to the elements.

This new skin can sometimes feel tight and uncomfortable. In the worst types of sunburn this process can be painful. In lesser conditions, the process is usually little more than an annoyance. The skin peeling stage of sunburn can occur anywhere from four to eight days after the initial sun exposure.

Cures and Remedies for Sunburn

Though there are many remedies than can make sunburn heal quicker, there is no cure that will immediately do away with this condition. Most of the medicinal and natural remedies for sunburn are geared toward removing the stinging sensation from the skin and returning it to a more natural color.

One very popular remedy for sunburn is Aloe vera. Many over-the-counter products exist containing the juice of the Aloe vera plant. It can be found in a variety of gels and ointments. This plant juice helps to lubricate the skin, making the condition less painful.

Many say it also removes the pain of the burn. In addition to purchasing products made from Aloe vera, it is also possible to extract the juice from the plant its self and topically apply it to the skin. Bath products also exist containing extract from this plant. Some find that adding these to their bath water also gives the same effect.

Taking a Cool Bath

Many find that taking a cool bath can help remove much of the pain from having sunburn. Though cool water can be good for the skin in this condition, cold bath water should be avoided. In cases of extreme sunburn exposing the skin to cold water can cause the body to go into shock.

Cold temperatures restrict blood flow. If the body is already nearing shock, taking a cold-water bath can push it over the edge into a dangerous state. If you believe you are nearing such a condition, seek medical attention immediately.

While taking a cool bath, many find that adding vinegar to the water can help to remove the sting of sunburned skin. Others say that putting cooked oatmeal into the water is more soothing. Which of these works better is a matter of personal preference.

Packing the Damaged Skin

Packing the wounded skin with cooked oatmeal is another method to reduce the severity of sunburn. In order to do this properly it is important to wait until the oatmeal has cooled to add it to the skin. Putting it in the refrigerator can help to speed this process.

Once it has cooled, pack the skin and allow the oatmeal to dry in place. When you decide to remove the oatmeal poultice, take a cool shower. Once again, avoid cold water as if can cause shock.

Calamine Extract

Calamine extract is another herbal remedy for sunburn. Both lotions containing this plant and using the plant itself can remove the stinging sensation associated with sunburn. As far as herbal remedies go, one can also use the root of the plant colloquial called Touch-Me-Nots.

Potatoes can also come in handy when trying to cure sunburn. In order to do this you should first wash the potatoes well. Once they are cleaned, cut them into small pieces and blend them until they have been liquefied. After the potatoes have become fluid it is a good idea to add water if the substance is on the dry side. Pat this water and potato mixture onto the burned skin in order to decrease the pain of sunburn. Remember to wash off the residue in a cool shower after it has dried on the skin.

Steroids

If sunburn is severe enough to require medical attention, a doctor may prescribe steroid medication to be taken orally. The patient will usually be told to take these pills for a time span of several days.

All individuals suffering from sunburn should pay special attention to amount of fluids they drink. Since dehydration often comes hand-in-hand with sunburn, drinking extra water can help to prevent side effects from worsening. This is especially important if the person suffering sunburn is experiencing nausea or vomiting.

When trying remedies for sunburn it is extremely important to avoid anything containing oil. Since a sunburn is an injury to the skin, the composition of the epidermis most be taken into consideration. Oils can block the pores, which can prevent air from reaching the wound. Though this may not sound like such a bad thing, trapping in the poison caused by prolonged exposure to the skin can cause infection of the injured areas.

Preventing Sunburn

Taking preventative measures to avoid sunburn is always a very good idea. Many suntan lotions exist for this reason and are relatively cheap. When looking to purchase an over-the-counter sunburn preventative it is important to find a product that blocks not only UVA but also UVB rays.

Suntan lotion exists in many levels. Each level is assigned a number. This number explains how much sun protection the product offers. Those with light skin or who are prone to receiving skin burns from the sun should consider suntan lotions with a higher level of SPF.

Exposed Skin

Before going out into the sun for a long period of time, apply suntan lotion to all areas of exposed skin. Some children find certain brands of suntan lotion of be greasy to the touch. Because of this, they often wipe the product off their skin. This should be avoided at all cost! If the suntan lotion is not allowed to sink into the skin it will not be able to protect it.

Many experts suggest that suntan lotion should be re-applied frequently if one is to remain in the sun for more than an hour. Re-applying the product once every one or two hours should greatly decrease chances of receiving sunburns.

Sunglasses and Hats

Sunglasses should be worn when in the sun. The eyes are also sensitive to sunburns and therefore should be covered from exposure. If eyes are sunburned, none of the aforementioned topical products should be used. Medical attention is necessary in these cases.

Some find that wearing a wide-brimmed hat can also help to shield the face. Due to the sensitivity of the skin around the eyes, this area is extremely important to protect. Suntan lotion, sunglasses, and a hat combined can help keep this area safe.

Signs Sunburn May Require Medical Attention

Though the average case of sunburn can be treated at home, certain symptoms should be paid special attention as they could denote the necessity of medical attention. Sunburn should be taken seriously and more severe symptoms could require that the sufferer seek emergency care. There a qualified medical professional can tell you which type of treatment will best fit the condition in question.

If the sunburn is causing severe pain, seek immediate medical attention. Some discomfort is to be expected, but if intense pain is experienced it could be a sign that third-degree burns have occurred even large blisters have yet to surface.

Blisters

Severe blisters are another sign that the sunburned person may need a doctor’s care. A few small, blistered patches are usually not a reason for concern; however, if blisters larger than a dime occur, topical treatments stronger than over-the-counter products could be needed.

Headaches

If the sunburn is accompanied by an extreme headache, fainting, confusion or diminished mental acuity medical attention should be sought immediately. Those suffering from prolonged nausea or prolonged vomiting will need a doctor’s care in order to avoid dehydration, which can require intravenous fluid delivery.

In instances of high-grade third-degree burns a doctor will likely transfer the patient to the burn unit where medical practitioners who are familiar with intensive damage to the skin can treat them.

Young Children

If the sunburn victim is a very young child, it is best to seek medical attention immediately. Since kids often have trouble communicating exactly how they, it is always better to err on the side of caution.

As is always the case with issues of medical concern, if an individual is unable to assess their physical condition, they should be taken the emergency room as soon as humanely possible. This can help to avoid making the situation worse and put the sufferer’s mind at ease.