Chlamydia

The CDC estimates that more than two million people between the ages of 14 and 39 are infected with Chlamydia, also referred to as Chlamydia Trachomatis. Many people do not seek treatment because they do not realize they have fallen victim to this silent infection. There is also a certain level of under-reporting because of the social stigma that is attached to this disease. The CDC currently estimates that more than three million Americans become infected with Chlamydia every year.

Concerns for Women

Chlamydia will cause damage to a woman’s reproductive organs. Chlamydia has the ability to cause serious, even irreversible damage before the woman even realizes there is a problem.

Chlamydia can cause pelvic inflammatory disease in 40% of women who are not treated. This disease can permanently damage reproductive organs and the surrounding tissues.

Pelvic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancies can all result from Chlamydia.

Women who have Chlamydia are five times more likely to become infected with HIV if they are exposed to it than women who do not have Chlamydia.

Concerns for Pregnant Women

Pregnant women with Chlamydia are at a higher risk for premature delivery. The babies are at risk for getting the infection in their eyes and respiratory tracts. Babies who contract this infection also commonly develop infant pneumonia and conjunctivitis, or pink eye.

Concerns for Men

Men who are infected with the disease do not typically suffer any complications. The infection can spread to the epididymis. This is the tube that carries sperm. In this event the result can be pain, fever and sterility. However, this is a rare event.

Another rare result of this infection is the development of Reiter’s Syndrome. This can cause arthritis along with skin lesions and the inflammation of the eye and urethra.

Symptoms

Part of what makes Chlamydia so dangerous is the incredible lack of symptoms. This disease can progress unchecked because roughly 75% of women and 50% of men will not experience any symptoms.

For those people who do show symptoms, they are typically seen between one and three weeks after the initial exposure.

Possible symptoms are listed here.

In Women

• Vaginal discharge
• Burning sensation when urinating
• Lower abdominal or back pain
• Fever and/ or nausea
• Painful intercourse
• Breakthrough bleeding between periods
• Eye infections

In Men

• Penile discharge
• Burning and itching around the penile opening
• Testicular pain
• Eye infections

If the infection is in the rectum, symptoms can also include rectal pain, discharge or bleeding. Chlamydia can also infect the throat area of people engaging in oral sex.

Causes

Chlamydia is caused by bacteria known as Chlamydia Trachomatis. This bacterium is transmitted through all sex acts, including oral sex and anal sex.

Risk factors

• Having sex with multiple partners is the number one risk factor. The more people a person is engaging in sex with, the more likely it is they are infected with Chlamydia.
• Teenage girls and young woman have a cervix that is not fully mature, and is therefore more prone to infection. This makes them at a higher risk of becoming infected with Chlamydia if they are sexually active.
• Men who have sex with other men are also at a high risk for becoming infected.

Prevention tips

• The most effective and fool-proof prevention for Chlamydia is to not engage in any form of sex. This includes anal, oral and vaginal sexual activities.
• If you are sexually active, keep any sexual relations limited to long-term, monogamous relationships.
• If you are faithful to your partner, but he or she is having sex with other people, you can become infected with all forms of sexually transmitted diseases.
• Condoms do more than prevent pregnancy. They will reduce the risk of becoming infected with Chlamydia; however, they are not 100% effective at preventing the spread of it.
• Remember that most other forms of birth control; such as the pills, shots and implants; are only designed to prevent pregnancy.
• Good communication is important. Make sure to tell your partner that you will insist on the use of a condom. If he or she balks or refuses, do not have sex with them. The condom will protect both partners from Chlamydia and most other STD’s.



• Your partner has a right to know if you have Chlamydia or another other STD.
• Be honest with your doctor. If you are having unprotected sex, tell your doctor.
• If you have an STD, don’t let embarrassment stop you from telling your doctor. And if you suspect that you might have Chlamydia, ask for a test.

Test and diagnosis considerations

Women and girls under the age of 25 who are sexually active should be screened annually for Chlamydia. Older women with a new partner or multiple partners should also be screened. Pregnant women should always be screened, due to the potential risk to the baby.

Testing is done through lab work. The urine can be tested, or the doctor may want to take a specimen from the penis or cervix.

Treatment options

• Antibiotics
• Single dose azithromycin
• This antibiotic is available in generic, as a tablet or in a suspension. To prevent upset stomach it should be taken with food, although it will be just as effective on an empty stomach. It will typically be taken once a day for five days.
• Aluminum or magnesium based antacids should not be taken when on this antibiotic. The antacids can bind to the azithromycin and prevent its absorption. There are not enough studies on this medication to know how safe it is for pregnant and nursing women.
• Side effects include diarrhea, nausea and abdominal pain, as well as vomiting. Less common side effects include allergic reactions, nervousness and abnormal liver tests.
• The cost will typically be about $30 for 15 pills. However, it is covered under most insurance plans and there is a generic option available for a greater cost savings. This antibiotic is known to be highly effective at curing Chlamydia.
• Doxycycline taken twice daily for a week
• The antibiotic doxycycline is available in a delayed-release tablet that is taken orally.
• This antibiotic is extremely effective at curing Chlamydia and is relatively inexpensive. The one week supply that is required for treatment can typically be obtained for less than $20.
• Long-term or repeated use of Doxycycline has been found to cause secondary infections. Any signs of a second infection should be immediately reported to your doctor.
• Most people do not have any side effects from the use of this medication. However, side effects can include loss of appetite, sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting.

Serious side effects include:

• Severe allergic reactions; including hives, itching, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, swelling of the lips, face, mouth or tongue, and unusual hoarseness.
• Bloody stools
• Chest pain
• Dark urine or decreased urination
• Fever, chills, sore throat
• Severe diarrhea
• Unusual sunburn
• Headache that is persistent or unusually severe
• Stomach pains or cramps
• Throat irritation, trouble swallowing
• Unusual bruising and/or breathing
• Joint pain
• Exhaustion
• Vaginal irritation or discharge
• Vision changes and yellowing of skin or eyes.
• Diarrhea that is accompanied with stomach pains, cramps or bloody stools, you doctor should be contacted immediately. People taking this medication may be prone to sunburns.
• The sun, tanning booths and sunlamps should be avoided during this time. Doxycycline can impair the effective of hormonal based birth control such as the pill.
• Lab tests can be affected by this antibiotic; if you are having lab tests done be sure to inform your doctor and the lab workers that you are taking it.
• Children under age 8 should not take this medication as the teeth may become permanently discolored. Pregnant and nursing mothers should not take this medication.

Home Remedies

Each of these home remedies is effective due to the ability of the ingredients to boost your immune system. During these treatments, you should absolutely abstain from engaging in any sexual activity.

• Olive Tree Extract

  This can be taken orally, or rubbed on the location that is infected. The olive tree extract has oleuropein, which will help kill off the bacteria and reduce inflammation. It will also boost your immune system. It can be found as a liquid concentrate, powder, capsule or dried leaf tea. This extract has been shown to lower blood pressure and blood glucose.

• Raw Garlic

  Consuming a few cloves of raw garlic before or during every meal will help you get rid of Chlamydia. The chemicals that are found in the garlic have medicinal properties that will help kill the bacteria and clear up the infection.

  This treatment can cause problems with blood clotting for diabetics, so consult with your doctor ahead of time. You may also find that the garlic consumption gives you bad breath, or a bad body odor. Consuming too much garlic can result in nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.

• Curd

  Curd has bacteria that will help your body fight off infectious microbes and boost your own immune system. Eating homemade, unsweetened curds can help you treat the Chlamydia naturally. Yogurt can be used instead of curds.

• Sage Leaves

  Chop up 50 mgs of sage leaves and boil them in 250 ml of water. The mixture can be stores so that you can drink a little three times a week to cure Chlamydia. Sage leaves are found to be very safe, with no noticeable side effects.

• Precautions for Infected People

  If you have been diagnosed with Chlamydia, it is important that you notify all your sexual partners so that they can be tested. It is also imperative that you refrain from all forms until you complete the antibiotic round. To prevent re-infection, be sure that your current sexual partner is tested and treated. You should also be re-tested in three to four month to be sure the infection is completely gone.

Keep in mind that Chlamydia can be passed through all forms of sexual activity, including oral sex. Condoms can be used to prevent transmitting the disease, and should be used at all times unless you are in long-term, monogamous relationship.

Myths Surrounding Chlamydia

The Myth

If you don’t have any, you don’t have any diseases.

The Truth

Chlamydia can be asymptomatic, meaning that you can have it, and spread it, without showing any symptoms.

The Myth

Chlamydia is incurable

The Truth

Chlamydia responds very well to antibiotics and can be completely cured.

The Myth

Chlamydia is mainly spread through kissing, not oral sex.

The Truth

Chlamydia is transmitted through any form of sexual activity, especially anal, oral and vaginal sex.

The Myth

Don’t be alarmed if it burns when you pee, it could be nothing.

The Truth

Anytime you feel burning when urinating, it could be a sign of something serious. Stop having sex immediately, and contact your doctor.

The Myth

You’ll know just by looking at someone if they have an STD.

The Truth

People with STD’s do not look any different than anyone else. Never assume that someone is free of diseases just because they are very “clean”.

The Myth

Use two condoms for ultimate protection from STD’s.

The Truth

Using two condoms actually increases friction and the likelihood of them both failing.

The Myth

If I do have an STD, I’ll know it right away.

The Truth

Most STD’s have no symptoms, and can easily be passed along from one person to another because no one realizes they are infected.

Vertigo

When a person suddenly feels unsteady or suddenly feels like their surrounding are moving and they are standing still, they are likely experiencing vertigo. It may cause a feeling of being spun around on a merry go round or the head may feel like it is spinning all on its own. One of the more common disorders that is known to cause vertigo is called benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, or BPPV.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is often classified by short, brief episodes of dizziness ranging in severity, from mild to intense, and it is associated with the specific changes that are made to the position of the head.

Early Symptoms

More often than not, it will occur when a head has moved in a certain direction, when a person lies down after being upright, when they turn over in bed or when they sit up in the morning. Moving the head either to look up or to look down are also likely to cause the symptoms and signs of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Sometimes a person may not feel within balance when they are walking or standing.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, though a rather bothersome condition, is very rarely a serious one except when the severity increases the likelihood of falling.

During a visit to the doctor, a person can easily obtain effective treatment for their benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.

Symptoms of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Some of the symptoms and signs of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo might include:

• Dizziness;
• A sense that the person or their surrounds are moving or spinning (vertigo);
• Lightheadedness;
• Unsteadiness;
• The loss of balance;
• Blurred vision that is associated with the feeling of vertigo;
• Nausea; and
• Vomiting.

The symptoms and signs of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are likely to come and go, and the symptoms generally do not last any longer than a minute. Some episodes of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, as well as its other forms, may disappear for awhile before then recurring later on.

The activities and plans that bring on the symptoms and signs of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo are likely to vary between each affected person, but it is almost always caused by changing the position of the head.

Nystagmus, which is the abnormality in rhythmic eye movement, is likely to accompany the symptoms present in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Though this is a rare occurrence, it is still possible for a person to have benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in both of the ears, which is bilateral BPPV.

Causes of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Deep inside the ear lays a little organ that goes by the name of the vestibular labyrinth. This is made up of structures made of loops, or the semicircular canals, that contain both fluid and sensors that are fine and hair-like, which serve to detect the rotation that occurs with the head.

Other structures, particularly the otolith organs, that are found within the ear also monitor how the head is moved and the position of the head. The organs contain crystals that allow a person to be sensitive to movement. There are many reasons why these crystals become dislodged.

When this happens, it may move into one or more of the semicircular canals, and this is very likely to happen when a person lays down. Because the crystals do not belong in the semicircular canals, they become ultra-sensitive to the way the head changes position, especially those that they would otherwise not notice or respond to. The end result is dizziness.

Who it Effects

Most cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo happen in people who are over the age of 60 years. However, it is also possible to develop it after receiving either a minor or a severe blow to the head. Other causes are possible, such as taking damage to the inner ear or, much more rarely, taking damage when in the process of ear surgery or during a prolonged positioning while on the back, or supine.

Sometimes, doctors are capable of figuring out what is causing benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. This may require that an ENT specialist, who deals with ears, noses and throats, or a neurologist, who deals with the brain and the nervous system, provide a consultation. However, it is almost equally common for a doctor to determine that no specific cause can be blamed.

Risk Factors For Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

No definitive factors seem to exist that effectively increase a person’s risk of developing benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, with the exception of natural aging. However, a person may be susceptible to developing benign paroxysmal positional vertigo if they received a prior head injury or suffered any other kind of disorder with regards to the balance organs that are present in the ear.

When to Seek Medical Advice

Anybody who is experiencing vertigo or dizziness that cannot be explained and periodically recurs for over two weeks should see their doctor. Though it is not very common for dizziness to signal some kind of serious illness,

• a new, severe or different headache;
• a fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or 38 degrees Celsius, or higher;
• loss of vision or double vision;
• hearing loss;
• trouble speaking;
• weakness in the arms or legs;
• loss of consciousness;
• difficulty walking or falling;
• tingling or numbness; or slow or rapid heart rate or chest pain.

When combined with one of the above symptoms and signs, dizziness or vertigo may be signaling a much more serious problem, such as heart disease, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, brain tumor or multiple sclerosis.

Tests and Diagnosis

When the doctor is undergoing examination, he or she may wish to conduct a series of different tests in order to figure out what is causing the dizziness. During a physical examination, the doctor will most likely look for:

The ability to control movements of the eye;

• symptoms and signs of any dizziness that occur by moving the head or eye and then its decrease within one minute;
• nystagmus, which is the involuntary movement of the eyeballs from side to side; and
• dizziness with certain eye movements which occur when a person lays down onto their back and with their head turned to the side

If it is difficult to tell what is causing the symptoms and signs, there may be further tests ordered, including:

Electronystagmography (ENG) or videonystagmography (VNG).

This test is completed to check for any unnatural movement of the eyes. The ENG would be completed with electrodes and the VNG would be completed with tiny cameras, and both would be capable of determining whether the dizziness is being caused by inner ear disease.

They do so by measuring and monitoring the involuntary eye movements of a person while the head is positioned in various different ways or the balance organs are stimulated using air or water. There exist other tests that are capable of determining a person’s ability to keep upright under both easy and under difficult conditions.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

As the name implies, this test makes use of radio waves and a magnetic field in order to create images that are cross sectional of both the head and body of a person. These images can be used by a doctor in order to identify and properly diagnose a whole wealth of different conditions.

The MRI may be recommended in order to rule out the chance of acoustic neuroma, which is a noncancerous brain tumor of the nerve that is responsible for carrying out both sound information and balance information to the brain from the inner ear – or any other similar lesions that may be causing the vertigo.

Complications of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Despite the fact that benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a generally uncomfortable condition, it does not often cause people to develop complications. However, should the condition be severe and persistent, it may cause a person to frequently vomit, and this will put them at the risk of becoming greatly dehydrated.

Treatments and Drugs

In an effort to relieves the symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, the doctor, audiologist or physical therapist may wish to offer treatment by way of the canalith repositioning procedure, which is a series of therapeutic movements.

This is performed in the doctor’s office, and it generally consists of slow, simple maneuvers in order to reposition the head. The primary goal is to gently move the particles that have fallen into the fluid filled semicircular canals located within the inner ear and move them into an open area that is tiny, vestibule, which is where the otolinth organs (utricle) are stored.

Were the particles to re-enter the utricle, it would no longer cause any troubles and it would be reabsorbed much more easily. Every position must be held for about 30 seconds once any abnormal eye movements or any symptoms cease. Most people find the treatment to be effective after the first or second time.

Post-Procedure

After the completion of the procedure, the person is to avoid lying completely flat or from letting the treated ear fall below shoulder level. For the night of the treatment, a person should ensure that they elevate their head using several pillows at the time of sleeping.

This will allow an appropriate amount of time for the particles that are still floating around within the labyrinth to fully settle into the vestibule, allowing it to be reabsorbed in the inner ear by the fluids. This procedure may require repeat performances for a few days afterwards. For this reason, chances are good that a person will be taught how this procedure is to be performed so that they may do it on their own prior to making an appointment for a checkup.

Surgical Alternative

Sometimes, though this instance is very rare, the canalith repositioning procedure may prove to not be very effective, the doctor may instead recommend that a person undergo a certain surgical procedure, which would include taking a bone plug and blocking off a section within the inner ear that is causing the dizziness to occur.

The plug will disallow the semicircular canal, found within the inner ear canal, to respond to head movements or particle movements. Roughly 90 percent of people achieve success undergoing the surgery for canal plugging. Under five percent of people who take on this procedure end up experiencing some level of long term hearing loss.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

For those who are suffering dizziness due to benign paroxysmal positional vertigo should take these tips to heart:

• Know that dizziness may cause a person to lose their balance, which can lead to both falling in addition to serious injury.
• When feeling dizzy, immediately sit down.
• If making a movement that usually causes illness, try to move slowly.
• If getting up at night, try to use good lighting.
• Those who are at risk of falling and seriously injuring themselves should consider walking with a cane for stability.
• Try to work closely with a doctor in order to effectively manage the symptoms
• Coping and Support For Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

It can be a challenge to live with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, affecting the way a person interacts with both friends and family, affecting productivity at work and overall affecting the quality of their life. However, there exist many a support group for those dealing with the same condition, who can offer encouragement and understanding.

Support groups may not be for everybody, but they can be a great source of information. Members of a group are often in the know with regards to unique coping skills and are always willing to share their own personal experiences with their condition. A doctor may be able to recommend a local group for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo within the area.

What is Liver Cirrhosis?

Let’s start of by discussing what the liver is and what it does. The liver is a large organ that is part of the digestive system in the body. Some of its functions are making many important substances that help to digest food and clot blood, controlling the amounts of sugar, protein, and fat in the bloodstream, storing vitamins and minerals, filtering poisons from the blood, and breaking down alcohol and many kinds of drugs.

Liver cirrhosis, or cirrhosis of the liver, is something that occurs after years of chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis is a replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis and regenerative nodules. Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue, known as scar tissue. Regenerative nodules are lumps that form after damaged tissue is regenerated.

It is obvious when looking at the functions of the liver that the body cannot survive without it. The scaring and regenerative nodules can also cause high blood pressure in veins that take blood from the intestines through the liver. This high blood pressure can lead to severe bleeding in the digestive tract, among other problems.

What are some symptoms of liver cirrhosis?

Some people with liver cirrhosis may not show any signs. Other patients may have nonspecific signs that don’t point to the liver as the cause. People with common symptoms may experience:

• Yellowing of the skin, known as jaundice. This is due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
• Tiredness and weakness
• Nosebleeds and easy bruising
• Weight loss
• Belly pain or discomfort
• Loss of appetite
• Itching
• Confusion
• Fluid buildup in the legs and the belly
• Bleeding in the stomach or in the esophagus

What are some causes of liver cirrhosis?

Alcohol is the most well known cause of liver cirrhosis and is very common, especially in the Western world. High levels of alcohol consumption on a regular basis for ten years or more will damage liver cells. Five or more drinks a day for a man and three or more drinks a day for a women is considered to be a high level.

Chronic viral hepatitis can cause cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can develop in 10-20% of people with long-term viral hepatitis, usually types B or C. It usually takes 20 years or longer for a patient that has chronic hepatitis for to develop cirrhosis, but the time may be shortened if the person is also a heavy drinker.

Fat build up in the liver is another culprit. This condition is known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. This is commonly seen in people with diabetes, protein malnutrition, obesity, coronary artery disease, and people who have been treated with corticosteroid medications.

Immune Problems

Immune problems such as autoimmune diseases can also cause cirrhosis of the liver. The immune system will sometimes attack the liver and cause inflammation that leads to cirrhosis.

Autoimmune hepatitis is one of these diseases. It is commonly found in women. This disease causes inflammation and destruction of liver cells, which leads to cirrhosis. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is another liver disease caused by an abnormality in the immune system. This is also found mostly in women. With this disease, bile ducts become inflamed and destroyed. This blocks the normal flow of bile into the intestines. Destruction then spreads to liver cells. When liver cells are destroyed, scar tissue forms, leading to cirrhosis.

Blocked Bile Ducts

Blocked bile ducts are another factor that can lead to liver cirrhosis. Ducts that carry bile out of the liver can become inflamed and blocked. This may be caused by a problem with the immune system, but the exact cause is unknown.

Genetics

Inherited diseases can also lead to cirrhosis. Wilson’s disease, cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis can all cause cirrhosis. Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency is another inherited disease that can cause liver damage because protein collects in the liver when it shouldn’t.
Infants can be born with problems that will lead to cirrhosis.

Some babies can be born without bile ducts. This is known as biliary atresia and will eventually lead to cirrhosis. Other infants have been born without vital enzymes that are needed to control sugars. This leads to a buildup of sugar in the liver and eventually to cirrhosis.

Less common causes of cirrhosis are drug reactions, prolonged exposure to toxins, and chronic heart failure. Infection of the liver by a parasite can also lead to cirrhosis and is the leading cause of the disease in parts of the world, particularly Northern Africa.

What puts me at risk for cirrhosis of the liver?

Alcohol is a huge risk factor for liver cirrhosis. Between 75 and 80 percent of all cirrhosis cases could have been prevented if the person had limited their alcohol consumption. As few as 2-4 drinks per day can lead to liver damage.

Certain medical conditions can put people at risk for liver cirrhosis. These conditions are hepatitis B, C, or D, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, hepatic congestion, certain inherited disorders and autoimmune hepatitis.

Age is another factor. The older a person gets, the more likely they are to develop cirrhosis. This is because the liver has been working longer and harder than a liver of a younger person.

Chronic exposure to environmental toxins such as arsenic has been known to cause liver cirrhosis. Other factors are:

• Severe excesses of vitamin A
• Repeated episodes of heart failure with liver congestion
• The parasitic infection schistosomiasis
• Severe adverse reactions to certain prescription drugs

How can I prevent liver cirrhosis?

If a person has certain liver conditions, there is no way to guarantee the prevention of cirrhosis. There are a few things that can be done to make cirrhosis less likely. Here a few things that can be done whether you have been diagnosed with a liver disease or not.

• See a doctor regularly. Many causes for cirrhosis are treatable with early intervention
• Follow a healthy lifestyle
• Limit alcohol consumption. If you drink every day, don’t drink more than one glass. If you have been diagnosed with a liver disease, do not drink at all.
• Receive a hepatitis B vaccine.
• Avoid high-risk sexual behavior to minimize the risk of contracting hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread through unprotected sex and multiple partners as well as nasal cocaine and sharing infected needles when using drugs.
• Be careful when using chemicals. If you handle chemicals such as cleaning products and pesticides on a regular basis wear protective clothing and a face mask.
• Try to keep your weight in the normal range. Being overweight can make liver diseases worse.

It is much easier to prevent a liver disease than to heal one. Take care of your body and watch what you put into it and your chances of getting a liver disease and ultimately cirrhosis are lessened.

How is liver cirrhosis diagnosed?

If you see a doctor and they suspect you may have a liver disease, the doctor may order blood or imaging tests to figure out what is causing the liver disease and what stage it is in. If your doctor suspects cirrhosis, he or she may do a liver biopsy. A liver biopsy consists of the doctor using a needle to take a sample of the liver tissue for testing.

How is liver cirrhosis treated?

There is no treatment that can cure cirrhosis. Sometimes, however, further damage can be prevented or delayed with treatment. If cirrhosis is severe enough, a liver transplant may be needed in order to keep the patient alive. Transplants are expensive and hard to do, so to be a candidate for a transplant you must be living a healthy life and you must have ceased all alcohol consumption, among other things.

Treating liver cirrhosis naturally

If cirrhosis is caused by alcohol, cutting off alcohol consumption is the best treatment. Anyone with liver cirrhosis or damage should be very careful about the kinds of medicines and substance they put into their body as well, because the liver is the organ that filters toxins out, and if cirrhosis is occurring, filtering harsh toxins may make the liver worse.

Treating liver cirrhosis with herbal remedies

Celery seed is a common herb used to treat cirrhosis. It has been proven to protect the liver from toxins and help prevent further scarring and damage. The seed has side effects however. It may cause bleeding and muscle contractions in the uterus, so pregnant women should not use it. It can also cause the skin to become very sensitive to UV rays. If taken in large quantities, it can be toxic to the kidneys. It is available fresh for about $12 for a 16 ounce bag or as a supplement for about $6 a bottle.

Dandelion Tea

Dandelion tea is another way to naturally help a liver with cirrhosis. It is a natural diuretic and drinking it two times a day can help with the excess fluid build-up that is caused by cirrhosis. It also heightens bile flow. The tea can cause some mild side effects such as gastric discomfort, and allergic reactions. Because it heightens bile flow, if cirrhosis is caused by blocked bile ducts, it should not be taken. It is available at health food stores or online for anywhere from $4 to $40 dollars depending on what quality of tea is desired.

Green Tea

Green tea is another natural supplement that can be taken to help with liver cirrhosis. It should be taken as many as five times a day to help prevent the spread of cirrhosis and replenish vitamins that the liver needs. It is rich in vitamin K, which is important for the liver, especially in early stages of liver disease. The tea contains caffeine, catechines and tannic acids which have all been liked to pregnancy risks and drinking tea in large amounts may cause neural tube birth defects in babies.

The tea has about half the amount of caffeine as a cup of coffee, but to drinkers that are sensitive to caffeine, it can cause restlessness, irritability, sleeping problems, heart palpitations, upset stomach, and a loss of appetite. Tea can also cause the body to not absorb iron efficiently which can lead to anemia. Green tea is available commercially at pretty low prices and may be a good thing to take on a regular basis if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Milk Thistle

Milk thistle extract has also been known to prevent and treat liver conditions. It helps protect the liver from further damage from viruses, toxins, certain drugs, and alcohol. Side effects of milk thistle extract include upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and skin rashes. It is available for various prices, most under $50.

Turmeric

Turmeric is another thing that can be used to help the disease. It is a spice that adds a peppery flavor to foods. It protects the liver by aiding in elimination of harmful substances. There are no known side effects to turmeric. It is available in capsule form for around $10 or in powder form for around $4.

What are medicinal treatments for liver cirrhosis?

Medicines that are prescribed to a person with liver cirrhosis work to prevent further damage. No treatment can cure of repair scarring that has already happened. Corticosteroids and ursodiol are two drugs commonly prescribed to people suffering from liver cirrhosis.

Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce inflammation and can be helpful to patients whose cirrhosis was not caused by alcohol. Common side effects of corticosteroids are mood changes, weight gain, edema, and sleep loss. It is available generically at a pretty fair price.

Ursodiol can be used to treat those with biliary cirrhosis. The drug can replace lost biliary acids. While side effects are rare, they include things like abdominal pain, back pain, bronchitis, constipation, coughing, diarrhea, gas, headaches, indigestion, joint and muscle pain, nausea, sinus inflammation or infection, sore throat, upper respiratory tract infection, viral infection, or vomiting. Ursodiol can be bought at fairly low prices and may be a good therapy for those with liver cirrhosis.

Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils that is typically due to contraction of a virus or some other type of bacteria. The tonsils are two particularly small glands, one on each side of the throat. The glands can be seen at the back of the mouth in between two membranes that run towards the palate. Tonsillitis can be temporary or long-lasting, in which case the assistance of a physician, and possibly a surgeon, is recommended.

Alternative Names Given to Tonsillitis

A few of the common alternative names for tonsillitis include:

• Pharyngitis–an inflammation of the pharynx.
• Laryngitis–an inflammation of the larynx.
• Both of these inflammatory diseases can cause and be caused by tonsillitis.

Symptoms That Suggest the Presence of Tonsillitis

Because tonsillitis is the swelling of glands in the patient’s throat, it is commonly accompanied by other symptoms that affect the throat and mouth. The most common symptom of tonsillitis is a sore, scratchy throat. The sore throat may develop gradually or suddenly and can be mild or severe.

Other symptoms associate with tonsillitis include:

• A fever that can rise above 100 degrees fahrenheit.
• Heavy nasal congestion including a runny nose.
• Swollen lymph nodes.
• The tonsils become red and swollen. Patches of pus are also present and can even cover the entire tonsil.
• Swallowing can become difficult and painful.
• Bleeding that comes from the tonsil area.
• Intense earaches.
• Bad smelling breath.

If the tonsillitis is virus caused, these symptoms may be accompanied by other cold symptoms such as sneezing and coughing. If a viral infection is the cause of the tonsil inflammation the symptoms will generally go away within two weeks. It is still important for the patient to receive medical care as tonsillitis can cause other problems such as strep throat.

Children may have a difficult time speaking or even breathing if the tonsillitis is severe.

If symptoms do not subside and the tonsillitis is not viral in nature, then other symptoms may also be present that are not directly related to the bacteria-caused tonsillitis. Tonsillitis can also cause severe headaches, stress, depression, trouble sleeping, and other problems.

Common Causes of Tonsillitis

The most common cause of tonsillitis is prolonged strep throat. Strep throat causes severe irritation of the throat and tonsil area and infection can result if the irritation becomes too severe. Certain types of viruses can also cause acute tonsillitis, which generally subsides within a few weeks.

Chronic, or prolonged tonsillitis can often be the result of severe allergies, extensive viral infections, and bacterial infections. A person who experiences frequent sore throats may have signs of chronic tonsillitis.

Bacterial Causes

The most common bacterial cause of tonsillitis is due to a bacteria that is known as Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus. Heavy smoking can also lead to tonsillitis because it weakens the ability of the throat to fight off viruses and bacteria.

Tonsillitis is also known to be contagious and can be spread by close contacted with someone who is infected with tonsillitis. Certain disease-causing agents known as pathogens can be passed through the air and can infect a healthy person. These pathogens generally get on the skin of the victim and enters the throat through mucous membranes such as the mouth, nose, and eyes.

Most tonsillitis symptoms usually appear within a 7 day period following exposure.

Risk Factors for Tonsillitis

Tonsillitis is most prevalent in school-aged children. Not all cases of tonsillitis occur in children as some adults have been known to have been diagnosed with tonsillitis. Aside from young children being at a higher risk of tonsillitis, those who have had a lot of contact with someone who has been infected with tonsillitis are also at risk.

Tonsillitis bacteria spread in a similar form to the way that cold and flu bacteria spreads. For this reason, it is important to avoid contact with those who have been affected by tonsillitis.

Other known risk factors for tonsillitis include:

• People who use alcohol excessively
• People who have had their spleen removed (splenectomy)
• Sickle cell anemia patients
• A person who has recently had sinusitis (swelling of the sinuses)
• Smokers
• People who have any condition that is known to weaken the immune system such as diabetes
• Patients who have recently undergone chemotherapy treatment

People who are known to have weak immune systems are less able to fight off bacteria and viruses that cause strep throat. For this reason people who have recently undergone some sort of intense therapy such as radiation therapy, surgery, or some other operation may be at a greater risk of contracting tonsillitis.

Prevention Tips to Avoid Tonsillitis

The best protection against tonsillitis is to keep children and others at higher risk away from someone who is infected. Tonsillitis viruses and bacteria are mostly transferred from person to person through physical contact.

Practicing good hygiene habits will also aid in preventing tonsillitis. These habits include regular hand washing and teeth brushing. It is also good practice to avoid too much rubbing of the eyes, mouth, and nose, because these are the most common areas in which bacteria can enter the mucous membranes.

Tests and Diagnosis Considerations for Tonsillitis

The most common form of diagnosis that physicians use to determine if a patient has tonsillitis is a regular physical check-up and an examination of the throat.

An accurate patient medical history is also important in order to allow the physician to determine if tonsillitis is a recurring health disorder. If tonsillitis is recurring it may affect treatment options.

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies for Tonsillitis

One of the most effective home remedies for tonsillitis is the use of lime juice. One common remedy is to mix the juice of a fresh lime or lemon mixed into a glass of water, a few teaspoons of honey, and a pinch of salt. The mixture should be sipped slowly. The acid in the lime or lemon juice is used to kill off some of the infected cells that cause tonsillitis.

Milk & Vegetables

Milk has been proven effective in relieving the pain associated with tonsillitis. A mixture of milk and pepper powder can be taken on three to four successive nights. This drink is known to reduce the pain and swelling of the tonsils.Dairy products such as milk, ice cream, yogurt, and cheese should be avoided as often as possible, unless recommended by the herbal and home remedies or a physician.

Vegetable juice such as carrot, beet, and cucumber juice can be taken in order to provide the immune system with the vitamins and minerals needed to combat viral infections.

Some cultures use an herb known as the Fenugreek Seed to cure tonsillitis. A few tablespoons of fenugreek seeds are simmered for roughly 30 minutes in one liter of water and then cooled in the fridge.

More Treatment Options

The patient should gargle the entire concoction within 24 hours for best results. Banafsha flowers is another herb that can be taken in order to relieve tonsillitis pain. 10 to 15 grams of Banafsha is boiled in 50 milliliters of milk. After the mixture has been boiled it should be filtered in order to remove the remaining flower leaves. The milk should then be taken while it is still hot.

Both Banafsha flowers and Fenugreek seeds can be purchased at most herbal pharmacies for a few dollars.

Pharmaceutical Treatments for Tonsillitis

Most physicians will recommend throat lozenges and specific types of pain relieving medications to patients who are suffering from tonsillitis. If the tonsillitis has been caused by a bacteria, the doctor will most often recommend one of several antibiotics. Penicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, assuming the patient has no allergic reaction to the medication. Erythomycin and Clarithromycin are other antibiotics commonly prescribed for patients who shown signs of allergic reactions to Penicillin.

Because the pain caused by tonsillitis can be very intense, a topical anesthetic is often recommended. Medicines such as liquids and lozenges containing lignocaine, benzydamine, and flubiprofen are generally recommended to patients and do not require a prescription. The purpose of these lidocaine solutions is to simply relieve the patient’s pain. Ibuprofen and aspirin are also used for pain relief.

Surgical Treatments for Tonsillitis

Surgical removal of the tonsils may be required if the tonsillitis becomes extremely severe. This is typically not recommended for adults, but is common during childhood. The most common operation performed is a tonsillectomy, which is the removal of the tonsils by using a scalpel. In some cases the surgeon will opt to use a special type of laser to remove the tonsils.

This generally allows for a quicker recovery and less of a chance of experiencing post-operative bleeding. Surgery is recommended for patients who experience more than seven serious throat infections during a 12 month period.

Tonsillectomy

Tonsillectomy is typically performed on an outpatient basis, which means the patient will usually be allowed to go home on the same day of the surgery, barring any unforeseen complications. The surgery is relatively safe and has an extremely low mortality rate. The most common complication that arises due to a tonsillectomy is bleeding in the throat which can cause an airway obstruction.

During the past few years, physicians have become more hesitant in suggesting surgery as an alternative, unless they believe it is the only way to solve the problem. This is due to the advancements that have been made in prescription and herbal remedies along with the risks that are always associated with surgery, such as a bad reaction to anesthesia.

Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 3000 years and began with “Hindu medicine” practices and is the most common surgical procedure to cure tonsillitis. There are other procedures, however.

Electrocautery

Electrocautery is a procedure in which the tissue surrounding the tonsils is burned away. There are several risks associated with electrocautery that include severe burns surrounding the tonsillar tissue and postoperative bleeding.

Radio-frequency ablation is a practice that can be performed outside of a surgical center in a physician’s office. The method behind this operation is the use of radio-frequency energy to destroy the infected tissues surrounding the tonsils. Radio-frequency ablation is often performed in mild cases of tonsillitis and is not recommended for serious infections.

Tissue Welding

Tissue welding is a new technology that uses small amounts of thermal energy to heal the tonsillar tissue. Many surgeons deem this operation a “painless tonsillectomy” that requires very little if no pain killers. A small amount of local anesthetic may be provided for small children who do not deal with pain. The thermal energy applied to the tissues is generally not much more hot than regular body temperature.

Even with all of these new tonsillitis operations available to patients, the tonsillectomy is the most common. The advantage of a tonsillectomy is that it makes it nearly impossible for the patient to have the infections occur again. The biggest reason that some people opt for alternative operations is that tonsillectomies can be more expensive due to the anesthetic and hospital bills that are associated with the operation.

Alcoholism

Alcoholism is one of the most common and prevalent conditions in the world. Each year, millions of people are afflicted and many lives are ruined or put on hold. Despite the popular opinion of many, alcoholism is very much a real disease and is viewed as such by the medical community.

Also known as alcohol addiction, abuse or dependence, alcoholism is a disabling disease that is characterized by having the need to drink alcohol – often in excess – despite its effects on the body or mind. Fortunately, alcoholism is treatable and even curable. However, it is crucially important to understand the disease as thoroughly as possible if one plans to overcome alcoholism.

Causes & Risk Factors

Most medical professionals agree that there are many different causes for alcoholism, the majority of which can be extremely hard to pin down. One cause or contributing factor that is generally agreed upon in the medical community is that alcoholism can be very much a hereditary disease; in other words, it can “run in the family.”

If someone’s parents or grandparents suffer from alcoholism, there is likely a greater chance that he or she will have problems with the disease at some point. Many health care professionals believe that alcoholism actually skips generations.

Genes can play a large role in the development of alcoholism.

Some people are born with genes that can greatly influence how alcohol is metabolized in the body, which can contribute to the onset of alcoholism.

Many people believe that these genes can even be developed if one begins drinking alcohol at an early age.

Contributing Factors

While not necessarily causes of alcoholism per say, there are many factors that can easily contribute to exacerbation of the disease, especially if one is already prone to drinking. Stress and anxiety are extremely common among alcoholics, and many people believe that these conditions can lead one to self-medicate with alcohol, hence furthering the already present alcoholism.

Depression is another factor that leads people towards alcohol, and can actually be worsened by excessive intake. Any type of mental health issue can lead to dependency and substance abuse issues – this should not be overlooked.

Symptoms

In terms of symptoms, alcoholism is in some ways difficult to diagnose. In this way, it is very much related to depression, anxiety and other forms of drug addiction. Speaking plainly, excessive dependence and tolerance of alcohol is what truly characterizes the disease. However, there are often many signs and symptoms that go along with this.

In terms of physical symptoms, there are usually many associated with alcoholism. On the more common and less serious side of things, people suffering from alcoholism often have low energy levels, which can drastically affect their quality of life and ability to function properly. Alcoholics are often afflicted with dizzy spells, nausea and headaches.

Many of these symptoms come from a phenomenon known as withdrawal syndrome. As the body begins to acclimate to the presence of alcohol, the brain begins to produce smaller amounts of a chemical known as GABA. GABA can be thought of as the brain’s natural sedative and relaxant.

Alcohol Effects

Since the alcohol is taking over this role, the brain decides it no longer needs normal amounts of GABA. However, when one stops drinking and the alcohol no longer has any effect, the brain is still stuck with a GABA deficiency, which can cause a wide variety of withdrawal symptoms such as mood swings, shakiness, anxiety, depression and panic. In serious cases, alcohol withdrawal syndrome can even lead to death.

Long term, alcoholism can cause many life threatening issues and symptoms, such as liver failure, cardiovascular problems, severe depression, and central nervous system damage. Often times these symptoms do not show themselves until later in life, but sustained, heavy drinking can cause them to manifest earlier on. Women are especially at risk for long term problems, as alcoholism can substantially increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

Perhaps even more prevalent than physical symptoms, psychological symptoms of alcoholism can be devastating. It is not uncommon for someone who drinks heavily on a daily basis to experience a decline in their cognitive abilities over time. Alcoholism can also affect one’s balance and fine motor skills, sometimes significantly. Excessive alcohol abuse can lead to severe mental issues, such as schizophrenia and psychosis.

Signs of Alcoholism

Alcoholism can be very elusive in that while one may not show specific symptoms relating to the disease, there are often behavioral signs that can point towards the start of a potential problem. For instance, many people who suffer from alcoholism get anxious or nervous if they are in a position where they will be unable to drink alcohol, especially if it is for an extended period of time. Drinking alcohol in the morning can also be a sign of a potential alcohol problem.

Tolerance, as well, can be a sign that one is moving towards the realm of alcoholism. Tolerance is basically the body’s way of letting you know that it is no longer content with the amount of alcohol it is getting and requires more to reach the same effect. Tolerance will only go up as long as one continues to drink at a steady level, which is why many health care professionals encourage people to take breaks from drinking.

Other signs of alcoholism are invariably related to mood and mental state. For instance, someone who suffers from alcoholism may exhibit signs of drastic mood swings. The bipolar-like shift from happiness to sadness is a sign that the brain is unable to handle the shift from intoxication to sobriety. It is not uncommon for depression to result from this type of situation.

Prevention

Fortunately, alcoholism is considered to be a fairly preventable disease. This is not to say that people who exhibit multiple risk factors will not have a difficult time avoiding alcohol, but there are many small steps that can be taken that will usually make a difference no matter what pre-existing conditions are present.

Perhaps the most important thing one can do to avoid going down the road to alcoholism is to exhibit extremely strong willpower, as this can often be 90% of the problem. Limiting your drinking to one to two drinks per day, or stopping altogether if you feel as if you might have a problem is considered good practice.

Changing one’s habits is never easy, and can often be accelerated by making lifestyle changes. For instance, if someone is used to heading to the bar every night after work and has done so for ten years, cutting back or quitting drinking altogether will not be easy. Replacing bad habits with good, such as exercise, dance or meditation is considered the best way to control addiction issues.

Getting Additional Help

Sometimes it takes a little extra help when dealing with substance abuse issues and the potentiality of alcoholism. In this case, making an appointment with a substance abuse counselor can be extremely helpful. Counseling often has a stigma attached to it, but the fact is it saves thousands of lives every year, and can make a world of difference in terms of getting back on track. No one should ever feel bad or embarrassed about seeing a counselor for any reason.

Testing and Diagnosis

Testing/diagnosis of alcoholism can be very difficult and is often somewhat trial and error. Because the disease is largely behavior based, diagnosis is not too dissimilar from that of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Often times, health care providers will ask patients to fill out a descriptive questionnaire regarding their drinking habits, which is sometimes used as the basis for a diagnosis. There are many different types of screenings that exist, and occasionally multiple questionnaires will be administered in order to hone in on the problem.

It is also possible to determine whether someone may have an alcohol addiction by administering blood and urine tests.

While there is no “yes/no” answer with these type of tests, alcoholics tend to have elevated levels of AST and GGT in their bodies, which can be detected by simple blood or urine tests.

Again, these tests will not spell out whether someone is an alcoholic, but when combined with other testing methods can be helpful and effective.

Although they are still relatively infantile, there are many tests that are starting to emerge that can decipher whether or not one actually has a predisposition towards alcoholism.

These tests tend to focus on genetic profile and alleles that relate to dopamine sensors, which are affected by alcohol use.

Scientists and the medical community are hoping that in the near future these tests will be more versatile and accurate, but they are quite useful as they stand now.

Tretment Options

Alcoholism is somewhat of a difficult disease to treat, in that it is more “managed” than it is treated. This is not to say that there are not many ways to manage the illness, as there are. Different management options work differently for different people; suffice to say, treatment is very personal in nature, and one should not give up if specific options do not work for them. There is a treatment option for everyone; sometimes it just takes a bit of trial and error to find the correct one.

For those who are severely addicted to alcohol, detoxification is an option for treatment. Detoxification usually consists of a rapid or abrupt cessation of alcohol intake. Occasionally the alcohol is replaced with tranquilizers or sedatives that act in similar ways upon the brain; this can make cessation less troublesome and irritating for the alcoholic. Detoxification is not without its dangers, and should never be attempted outside the care of a medical professional. Unmonitored, rapid detoxification can result in seizures and/or death.

Therapy

Perhaps one of the best treatments for alcohol abuse is therapy; either group therapy or private therapy. As alcohol addiction is very heavily rooted in cognitive function, therapy can be helpful in not only figuring out why one has an alcohol problem but also in working out a cessation or management strategy.

Specifically, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is extremely effective in treating alcohol abuse, as the basic tenant of the therapy is to change negative behavior to positive behavior. While not everyone responds to CBT, it is certainly a strong option to consider, and has virtually no side-effects.

Medications

There are also certain medications that are used to combat alcoholism. Disulfiram, also known as Antabuse is one of the most commonly used medications for alcohol addiction. It basically functions by inhibiting the body’s ability to metabolize a byproduct of alcohol called acetaldehyde.

Acetaldehyde is thought to be one of the primary contributing factors to the phenomenon of a hangover, and those who drink while taking Antabuse will experience a rapid onset hangover that leads to extreme discomfort. The concept of the drug is to discourage the user from drinking alcohol, as doing so will cause nothing but negative effects. The ethics and efficacy of Antabuse are questioned by many health care professionals, and side-effects such as drowsiness and nausea can be extremely problematic.

Naltrexone

Another drug used to fight alcohol abuse is Naltrexone. The way this drug works is it basically blocks opioid receptors in the brain, which inhibits any pleasurable effects from drinking alcohol from occurring. The use of Naltrexone is supposed to curb cravings for alcohol as it will no longer have the same effects on the user as before taking the drug.

Naltrexone is considered a safer alternative to Antabuse, in that it doesn’t produce unpleasant effects. The Sinclair Method is a treatment method that focuses on combing continued drinking along with the implementation of Naltrexone, and is considered an effective method of treatment.

Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed to people who are trying to fight alcohol abuse and being cessation, however there are many potential problems that go along with this method. Since benzodiazepines work almost identically on the brain as alcohol, it can simply become replacing one addiction with another. Also, the combination of benzodiazepines and alcohol can be fatal, especially if combined in large amounts.

Lastly, benzodiazepine cessation is considered to be harder than that of any other drug in the world, and can create lasting problems for the recovering alcoholic.

While not necessarily widely accepted by the medical community, there are many herbal supplements that are available to those who would like to cut down on their drinking. These are normally not meant for people who suffer from sever alcoholism, but are geared more so towards people who feel as if they might someday have problems with giving up alcohol. Vitamin B complex is widely regarded as helpful to reducing cravings and elevating mood, as is 5-HTP.

Valerian Root

Valerian root, which should never be taken with alcohol, is a natural sedative that is sometimes though to be helpful as an alcohol replacement. St. John’s Wort is an herb that has natural antidepressant qualities and may be effective in reducing cravings and keeping one on the path to cessation. Of course, none of these supplements are federally regulated, and each comes with its own set of side-effects. Be sure to speak to your doctor before deciding to try any of these supplements as alcohol cessation aides.

Premenstrual Syndrome

Premenstrual Syndrome, also nicknamed “PMS,” encompasses a whole host of physical, emotional, and mental symptoms affecting women. These symptoms relate to the biological menstrual cycle of women. Symptoms can range from being relatively painless to severely impacting the day-to-day lifestyles of millions of women every day.

Alternative Names

Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome can fall under multiple categories and names for other illnesses. Sometimes, a woman may mistakenly believe a severe disease, illness, or cancer, is merely a symptom of Premenstrual Syndrome.

Other names for Premenstrual Syndrome are Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) and Premenstrual Tension Syndrome (PTS). Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a psychiatric disorder that may underly many symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).

Symptoms

As stated, the symptoms for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) are wide-ranging. Symptoms typically fall under the category of PMS if they arrive within the second half of the menstrual cycle. This would be 14 or more days after the first day in which the menstrual cycle begins. Symptoms can also be deciphered as PMS if they disappear for around 7 days after the menstrual period ends, and then begin again next month within the second half of the menstrual cycle.

To further discuss the symptoms of PMS, this article will address first address the most common symptoms collectively experienced by women. Next, this article will discuss in depth the specific symptoms that full under three separate categories: Physical symptoms, Psychological symptoms, and Emotional symptoms.

Common Symptoms

Commonly, women experience a variety of symptoms together within the second half of the menstrual cycle. For example, many women report experiencing a headache along with feet swelling, tender breasts, and nausea. Women may also experience mood swings, severe cramps in muscles, and change in sexual arousal. All of these symptoms are fairly common and normal within women in the days before they receive their period. Over 85% of women are said to experience premenstrual symptoms throughout their lifetimes (Davis 2005).

Typically, when menstruation begins women will stop experiencing common symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).

A specific list of symptoms includes the following

• Headache
• Bloating
• Breast Tenderness
• Weight Gain
• Swelling in face, ankles, feet, and hands
• Aching in the back
• Cold sores (sometimes recurring)
• Heaviness
• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal cramps
• Gaseousness
• Light and noise sensitivity
• Food cravings
• Acne
• Diarrhea and constipation
• Lack of coordination
• Muscle spasms

Additional and less common symptoms

• Depression
• Panic and anxiety
• Lack of ability to concentrate
• Poor discernment and judgment
• Forgetfulness
• Irritability
• Aggressive behaviors
• Fatigue
• Sluggishness
• Increased or decreased sex drive
• Decreased self-esteem
• Negative self image
• Paranoia
• Increased fear
• Anti-social behaviors

Causes

The cause of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) has never been specifically identified. Doctors do believe PMS can be attributed to a host of biological, cultural, social, and psychological variables. As women approach later years in life during their 30s and 40s, PMS symptoms may also become more severe as women transition into the menopausal stage of life.

Among these host of cases are the following

Changes in the Hormonal Cycle and System

When hormones fluctuate and change, then symptoms of PMS may also change. In other cycles like pregnancy and menopause, PMS symptoms may completely disappear. Changes in gonadal hormones and brain chemicals can affect PMS symptoms, however researchers are still working to discover the exact role of these hormones and chemicals. Gonadal hormones is simply the name for progesterone or estrogen. When women respond abnormally to progesterone, which impacts PMS symptoms more than estrogen, then they may experience PMS symptoms.

Changes in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) System can also cause women with PMS symptoms to be more sensitive and experience more intense symptoms. The HPA system is also known as the HPA axis. This axis is a highly important part of the neuroendocrine system. The HPA axis and neuroendocrine system directly control stress levels, regulate emotions and sexual appetite, digestion, the immune system, and many other important bodily functions.

Essentially, the HPA axis helps control reproduction, ensure high self-esteem, and a normal appetite. Many neurotransmitters and hormones help the HPA axis to effectively communicate with the rest of the body. When these neurotransmitters and hormones are somehow disrupted, they can cause fluctuations in the PMS symptoms that women experience. Disruptions may also cause women to experience Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD).

Neurotransmitters

Specifically, there are two neurotransmitters important in protecting women from experiencing severe PMS symptoms. These neurotransmitters are serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Properties within these neurotransmitters allow them to effectively protect women, however, when women are lacking in these brain chemicals, they may find themselves experiencing PMS symptoms or severe PMS symptoms.

There is more research being conducted that argues it is the varying levels of these hormones when combined, and not individually, that impact the menstrual cycle of women. The cyclic fluctuations of the overall system can impact the PMS symptoms women experience.

Depression

Women with a family history of depression are more likely to experience severe PMS symptoms. Women with histories of postpartum depression and affective mood disorder may also experience PMS symptoms.

Sensitivity to Insulin

Following ovulation, many women tend to be sensitive to insulin. The sensitivity of insulin may directly impact the low blood sugar levels within women, which then can cause PMS symptoms according to medical researchers.

Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins is a type of bodily chemical made by every cell in the body. This chemical has also been linked to PMS symptoms experienced by women like fluid retention, depression, irritability, and tenderness of the breasts.

Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a hormone originating in the adrenal gland. With higher levels of aldosterone, which is commonly experienced after ovulation, women may experience PMS symptoms like tender breasts, swelling of the breasts, and retention of fluids.

History of Reproduction

Women with a history of having had at least one child are more likely to experience PMS symptoms.

Age

Women between their 20s and 40s are more likely to experience the symptoms of PMS

Stress

Increased stress levels can intensify the PMS symptoms experienced by women.

Poor Diet

A poor diet has been thought to directly contribute to the intensity and kinds of PMS symptoms experienced by women. Sometimes, a diet lacking nutritious vitamins and minerals can lead to intensified PMS symptoms. Also, eating “junk food” like soda, candy, and greasy foods, may also aggravate the Premenstrual Syndrome symptoms women have to face.

Risk Factors

The risk factors for PMS are very similar to the potential causes of PMS symptoms.

Factors that increase the risk of experiencing PMS are the following

• Family History (including Depression, Bipolar Disease, and Postpartum Depression)
• Age
• High stress levels
• Poor nutrition
• Absence of exercise
• Lack of certain vitamins and minerals (B6, calcium, magnesium)
• Other psychological problems
• High anxiety

Prevention Tips

There are many ways women can try to control the PMS symptoms they experience and the length those symptoms last. Some of the best ways to control PMS should be everyday habits. Some doctors and psychologists recommend that women track PMS symptoms in a journal, so they are able to notice how their cycle changes. There are also changes in lifestyle that can influence PMS, in addition to home kit and treatment options.

Eating a proper diet and consuming proper vitamins and minerals can help control PMS. In particular, women may find it helpful to take daily supplements of vitamin B6 (50mg to 100mg) and calcium. These nutrients both help the endocrine system to function at its best. Calcium can induce relief, while B6 can improve depression effects.

Reducing one’s caffeine, sugar, and sodium intake can also help decrease the effects of PMS. Eating a diet of fresh vegetables and fruits helps women receive the nutrients they need. Increased levels of fiber, in particular, can help relieve PMS symptoms. In addition, women should make sure they receive adequate rest and exercise in trying to prevent PMS.

Test and Diagnosis Connsiderations

Women should call a doctor when PMS symptoms escalate and make life unbearable. If women are unable to carry on with day-to-day activities, then they should make an appointment with a doctor to run the appropriate tests.

Other significant PMS symptoms like depression may be recurring, and require medication. A doctor will know the appropriate medication to provide.

Women may wish to consult with other health professionals, such as a gynecologist, nurse practitioner, physician assistant, and family medicine doctor. A psychologist may also be beneficial in aiding with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) and managing stress created by PMS.

Tretment Options

Doctors may be able to prescribe medical treatments for women with PMS. There are certain medications that can lower the impact of symptoms and help women achieve balance in their menstrual cycle. Because the hormonal systems of women vary,

A doctor may prescribe any one of the following for a unique PMS case

Birth Control Pills like Yaz

Birth control is an easy way to regulate PMS. Oral contraceptives can stabilize emotions. Yaz has become particularly popular among women seeking to ease PMS. Yaz is a birth control pill that contains progestin drospirenone. Progestin drospirenone has proven to be a highly effective chemical in relieving women from PMS symptoms.

Anti-Depressents

Anti-depressents can help reduce sleep problems, fatigue, and food cravings among women. Doctors will know the specific anti-depressent to prescribe women. Some women may find they only need to take anti-depressents in the two weeks before a period. Doctors may prescribe any one of the following: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), sertraline (Zoloft), or naroxetine (Paxil).

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs contain household prescription drugs like Advil, Motrin, Aleve, and others. NSAID’s can help lessen breast discomfort, sleep deprivity, and muscle cramps when taken before a period begins.

Warm Baths

A warm bath can help ease muscle cramping for women. Warm blankets may also help women sleep better and relieve stress at the onset of a period.

Green Tea

Hot, green tea can also comfort and soothe women during PMS. Green tea may also lower estrogen levels in women which helps women deal with PMS. Lower estrogen levels can help the endocrine system to function in a more efficient manner.

Balanced Diet

Lowering salt and sugar intake during PMS can help women experience less intensified symptoms. In addition, women should seek to consume whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and water.

Exercise

Exercise may help women to release built-up stress and may act as an emotional catharsis during PMS.

Headaches

For some, headaches are an infrequent inconvenience, but for many, they are a common occurrence that can range from mildly irritating to completely debilitating. Those who are suffering from the excruciating pain of migraines or cluster headaches often miss work, school and social gatherings due to the extent of the pain, and the side effects that can accompany that pain.

Sinus and tension headaches can leave you feeling fatigued and frustrated, and sinus headaches in particular can be difficult to treat or prevent. Often, those suffering from these headaches may attempt to self-medicate, and doing so unsuccessfully can lead to rebound headaches.

There are several different kinds of headaches. Some of the most common include

• Migraine
• Cluster
• Tension
• Rebound
• Sinus

General symptoms of these types of headaches may include

• Tightness
• Throbbing or pulsing pain on either side of the head
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Sharp pain behind one or both eyes or in the temples
• Painful pressure in the face associated with sinus headaches is often accompanied by fever
• Severe pain that lasts from 30 minutes to several days

Overview

Migraine Headaches

Symptoms

Migraine headaches are commonly described as a throbbing or pulsing pain, often on one side of the head.

This pain can be so severe as to create a sensitivity to light and sound and may even result in vomiting. Some sufferers experience ‘auras’ prior to the headache in the form of flashing lights, tingling, numbness and other bodily sensations that indicate the onset of a migraine. The duration of a migraine can last just a few hours. However, some migraines may stretch out over several days.

Causes

Migraines can be triggered by even the slightest environmental irritations such as strong odors or loud noises, or other triggers such as a skipped meal, lack of sleep or even stress.

Certain products like yogurt, bananas, red wine, beer, aged cheese, and buttermilk can also trigger migraines.

Women who suffer from this condition frequently report experiencing migraines before or during their monthly cycle due to the shifting of hormones. These types of migraines often surface at puberty, or during or after a pregnancy.

Risks

According the February 2010 issue of the journal Neurology, migraine sufferers are more likely to report a history of heart attack, stroke or peripheral artery disease.

Previously, it was thought that only those migraine sufferers who experience “auras” were the only group at risk. Now studies are showing that all migraine sufferers may be at risk.

Other risks include impaired judgment and vision that are often associated with migraines and cluster headaches. Those suffering from these side effects should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery, especially if they are taking prescribed medications that may cause drowsiness.

Diagnoses

Your doctor may request a CT scan, blood work and urinalysis to rule out any other factors that may be causing your migraines. Your doctor may also ask that you keep a headache diary to document how often they occur and how severe your headaches are, as well as any foods you may have consumed prior to getting the headache. This can help define factors that may be triggering the headaches.

Prevention

Because migraines can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, they can be effectively prevented by avoiding certain situations, foods like cheese and alcohol, and activities that may trigger or worsen a headache. While caffeine is often an ingredient in headache remedies, too much caffeine can also trigger a headache. Patients who notice frequent headaches that seem to accompany the consumption of caffeine should eliminate it from their diet.

Cluster Headaches

Symptoms

Cluster headaches are considered to be the most painful type of headache and get their name due to the nature of their occurrence, typically coming in clusters of 30 to 90 minutes and sometimes re-occurring several times throughout the same day. Pain is often very severe enough for patients to require a trip to the emergency room.

Causes and Prevention

It is not completely clear why cluster headaches occur, but alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking appear to be significant factors in patients who suffer from these headaches.

Treatment for Cluster Headaches and Migraines

Cluster headaches and migraines are often treated with oxygen breathed in through a mask, paired with a Prophylactic like Prednisone, an Ergotamine like Wigraine or Dihydroergotamine, an injection that patients can administer themselves. Triptans like Imitrex or Zomig are widely used and effective drugs that have few side effects.

Calcium Channel Blocks like Calan and Verelan or even Lithium can be prescribed to prevent migraines and cluster headaches. Occasionally, when these medications do not work, doctors sometimes prescribe anti-seizure medications like Topamax or Depacon.

Tension Headaches

Symptoms

Tension headaches are commonly described as a band of tightness or pain that can radiate up from the neck, throughout the jaw and is often accompanied by fatigue. Tension headaches can also mimic some of the symptoms of migraines.

Causes

Tension headaches are often caused by emotional of physical stress, poor posture, squinting due to poor lighting, jaw or teeth alignment issues, arthritis and even environmental factors like noise. If you have been in a car accident or have suffered any sort of physical trauma, you may experience tension headaches. Tension headaches can also occur as a result of anxiety or depression.

Treatment

While doctors may prescribe a muscle relaxer for chronic problems, over-the-counter pain medications are often enough to relieve the pain of tension headaches. A massage can also sooth and loosen tight muscles that are contributing to the pain, and if severe enough or perhaps the result of a physical trauma, may require physical therapy.

Prevention

Tension headaches can be prevented through exercise, stress reduction, proper diet and by getting adequate sleep.

Practices like yoga and meditation can help to loosen tight muscles and focus the mind, reducing physical and emotional stress. Even activities like gardening, reading, painting, knitting or anything that provides a level of relaxation can reduce stress and ward off tension headaches.

Rebound Headaches

Symptoms

Rebound headaches are often re-occurring migraines and tension headaches and will exhibit the same symptoms as these conditions.

Causes

Rebound headaches are a common result of over-medicating. When a patient has been taking a pain reliever, often an over-the-counter type remedy that never quite does the trick, they have a tendency to take more than is prescribed.

The body becomes accustomed to the medication which in turn becomes less effective.

Patients stop taking the medication, which causes the body to go into almost a withdrawal type response, causing a rebound headache.

Many of these medications contain caffeine which can also trigger a rebound headache, especially if you are consuming additional caffeine through food or beverages.

Treatment

Gradual discontinuation of the medication will often provide relief. If your rebound headaches are the result of taking narcotics or medications containing a sedative, you may need to go through a monitored detoxification process. This process can be unpleasant and may cause the headache to become more severe, or increase the frequency, before you find relief.

Prevention

Rebound headaches can be prevented by only taking over-the-counter medications as needed and by following the dosage instructions carefully. Unless your doctor advises otherwise, use of these medications should be limited to once or twice a week, and if you are taking a medication containing caffeine, you should avoid consuming additional caffeine through food and drink.

Sinus Headaches

Symptoms

Sinus headaches are described as pain or painful pressure in the face, usually the cheeks, forehead and between the eyes. Sinus headaches can also mimic and sometimes even trigger migraine headaches.

Causes

Sinus headaches are often the result of an infection or a general build-up of mucus in the Frontal and Maxillary cavities and the Ethmoid sinus cells. This build-up causes the pain that is associated with these types of headaches. Many believe that allergies can cause a sinus headache, which is a common misconception. While allergies can lead to clogged sinuses, causing headache pain, each condition must be addressed separately, as treating one will not cure the other.

Risks

Frequent sinus headaches can be a sign of a chronic problem called Sinusitis that, if severe enough, may need to be addressed with surgery. These chronic issues can lead to infection which should be treated with antibiotics.

Treatment

OTC medications can provide relief for the headache pain associated with sinus pressure. Doctors may also prescribe vasoconstrictors to alleviate congestion, corticosteroids to decrease inflammation, and decongestants to constrict blood vessels and relieve pain. If the problem is severe enough, surgery may be required to scrape out the clogged cavities.

Prevention

If you are suffering from frequent sinus headaches, you should consult a doctor to rule out an infection. Your doctor may talk to you about developing a routine to keep the sinuses clear which may include irrigation of the sinus cavities. Because allergies can cause headaches that are associated with sinus congestion, you may be prescribed a medication to help protect against any allergens.

General Headache Overview

Prevention

Prevention is key to combating headaches. Whether it is through medication or taking control of environmental, behavioral and lifestyle choices, headaches can be greatly reduced and even eliminated.

Medication

There are medications available on the market today that have been designed to prevent headaches. Patients take these pills either daily, or at certain times of the month that the headaches typically occur. These types of drugs are often prescribed for women suffering from the headaches that can occur as a result of hormonal changes.

Stress Reduction

Reduce stress and maintain a healthy weight with exercise, meditation or other relaxation methods, and be sure to get plenty of sleep. Even activities like reading, gardening, playing with your children or pets can provide stress relief and reduce tension headaches.

Diet

Keep healthy snacks at hand to reduce the risk of headaches that may be the result of a drop in blood sugar and avoid foods that trigger headaches.

Tests and Diagnosis

If you are experiencing frequent headaches or feel that they may be migraines or cluster headaches, consult a doctor to get a proper diagnosis.

At your first visit, your doctor will ask a series of questions relating to the frequency of the headaches, any factors that may be accompanying them such as stress or certain foods you ate, how you treated the headache and whether or not the treatment was effective.

Your doctor may request a CT scan, blood work, urinalysis, a lumbar puncture or spinal tap to rule out any other conditions. He may also ask you to keep a headache diary to document when your next headaches occur and what environmental, behavioral or life style factors may be contributing.

Treatment Options

Treatments that may help alleviate if not prevent severe headaches

• Over-the-counter pain relievers like Ibuprofen can often provide effective pain relief to most types of headaches, but may only work in a temporary or limited capacity for more severe headaches.
• You can also find a variety of migraine specific pain relievers on the market that may provide some relief. Be sure to take these medications on a limited basis and follow instructions carefully to avoid rebound headaches.
• Prescription medications as mentioned above can help.
• Over-the-counter medications containing caffeine can offer relief as it helps the body absorb medications that combat pain and can increase the effectiveness of regular medication by up to 40%.
• If your headaches are the result of a brain trauma such as an AVM (Arteriovenous Malformation) or an aneurism which are both detectable through CT Scans, surgery may also be required.
• Physical Therapy can be very beneficial to those suffering from almost any type of headache.
• Physical Therapy often deals with correcting muscle issues and can provide a lot of relief, especially to those dealing with tension headaches, clusters or migraines.
• Improved breathing can increase blood flow and reduce pain.
• Acupuncture has been used as a form of pain relief for over 5,000 years.

Home Remedies

• An ice pack applied to the area of the head affected can often provide some relief. Some even find comfort using a hot compress. Try adding a few drops of lavender essential oil to a warm, damp cloth and apply to the head.

Note: essential oils can irritate the skin, so you may want to put the cloth in a plastic bag before applying to the head.

• The frequency and severity of cluster and migraine headaches may be reduced with the help of herbal remedies like Feverfew, Melatonin, Magnesium and Vitamin B2.
• Aromatherapy can be useful in treating the symptoms of headaches. Scents like peppermint, lavender and chamomile have been shown to reduce pain. Sprinkle a few drops of these essential oils in a bath, on a pillow or bedpost and breathe deeply to reap the calming and pain reducing benefits.
• Cinnamon is thought to help with sinus headaches. Sprinkle some cinnamon in a pot of boiling water. Pour into a cup and breathe in the vapors.
• Exercise can also provide relief for some types of headaches, especially tension headaches. However, physical activity can make migraines or cluster headaches worse.

Depression

Depression is a mental health disorder that affects over 17 million Americans every year.

Depression is more than just a feeling of sadness or loss; it is a clinical illness that requires treatment for suffering individuals to overcome its symptoms.

Depression can affect anyone, regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, or educational background.

Because its symptoms can be misinterpreted, depression often goes unrecognized and untreated, leaving many people to suffer alone.

Other Names for Depression

The historical name for depression was melancholia, referring to the melancholy mood that sufferers exhibited.

During the time of Hippocrates, a person with melancholia was said to have “black blood,” in that they were prone to dark moods and mental instability.

Today, the understanding of depression as a mood disorder has evolved with the education of the public and the knowledge of it as a clinical illness.

Many people refer to the illness as simply “depression,” a term that has been used to describe anything from a sad time period to becoming severely compromised.

True depression that requires treatment is referred to as “clinical depression,” and is diagnosed by a healthcare provider when a patient is exhibiting symptoms.

A condition that is similar to clinical depression is a state called dysthymia. A person with dysthymia will exhibit symptoms that are similar to depression but are not as severe. Dysthymia appears as a mild depressive state that is ongoing over a period of at least two years. Because its symptoms are milder than clinical depression, dysthymia can be difficult to diagnose, resulting in a chronic struggle.

Symptoms of Depression

Depression is associated with many symptoms, several of which involve feelings of negativity. Because of this, depression can become misunderstood as simply a bad mood for the suffering person. Many people dealing with depression are told to “snap out of it,” as if they will recover by following trite advice.

A person with depression may exhibit some or all of the following symptoms

• Ongoing feelings of sadness or despair
• Feelings of hopelessness
• Changes in weight, including weight loss or weight gain
• Changes in sleep patterns, exhibited by insomnia or sleeping too much
• Thoughts of suicide or feelings of wanting to harm oneself
• Loss of interest in usual activities
• Difficulties with concentrating or making decisions
• Fatigue

A person struggling with depression may live daily with feelings of sadness or guilt that is difficult to explain to others. They may feel as if no one understands their situation, and they may not understand why they are feeling sad themselves. The sadness and guilt may be accompanied by anxiety, such as irrational fears that something devastating may happen to a loved one. The person may also feel lonely, even when surrounded by friends or family, as their personal feelings of sadness can be isolating.

Feeling Hopeless

The depressed person may feel hopeless about the future, as if there is nothing to look forward to. Events that may typically be exciting or fun become difficult to enjoy or require more energy than the suffering person wants to give, leading to feelings of despair. The person struggling with depression has trouble anticipating future events or feeling excitement.

Depression can be exhibited by weight loss or weight gain. A suffering person may manage his or her feelings of sadness in various ways, such as withholding food, which leads to weight loss. Not letting him or herself eat can give a depressed person a feeling of control, even if it is only in one area of his or her life.

Depression can also cause a loss of appetite, where there is no desire to eat. Alternatively, some people turn to food for comfort, and eating provides a small amount of consolation in the midst of illness. Weight gain comes from overeating due to boredom or simply as a comfort measure.

Sleep Habits

The depressed person may exhibit changes in sleep habits, resulting in loss of sleep or sleeping too much. Insomnia is a state of being awake during a time when a person wants to be sleeping. Depression can keep a person up at night when the rest of the household is in bed, leading to further feelings of isolation and irritability over lack of sleep.

On the opposite end of the spectrum is the depressed person that sleeps too much, or has trouble waking up and getting out of bed. This can cause a disruption of the typical schedule of daily activities, such as keeping a job or caring for others.

A particularly dangerous symptom of depression can be thoughts of suicide or feelings of wanting to harm oneself. The depressed person may have suicidal ideation for various reasons. He or she may feel burdensome to loved ones and would like to ease that burden. He or she may imagine their funeral as a means of envisioning others caring for their memory.

Harming Yourself

Thoughts of harming oneself can include any activities that may cause self-harm, whether or not the person actually follows through. The depressed person may fantasize about situations where they are harmed in some way.

Depression may be exhibited as a loss of interest in typical activities that once would have brought pleasure. There may be a lack of interest in hobbies or pastimes, and a depressed person may find no pleasure in sexual activity. Free time often results in boredom or sleeping instead of spending time enjoying leisure pursuits.

The depressed person may suffer from some anxiety and making a decision can be difficult in that he or she cannot determine what the final outcome may be. There may be feelings of confusion for making any choices and he or she may refrain from making decisions, even those that may be considered minor to others. There may be a feeling of constant distraction, causing difficulties in conversation or concentrating on any particular activity.

Fatigue

Symptoms of fatigue and feeling extremely tired are further signs of depression. Managing negative feelings, eating less, and insomnia can all contribute to fatigue. Additionally, the depressed person may complain of a lack of energy, leading to further problems with motivation or interest in daily activities.

Causes of Depression

Depression can occur from a variety of situations, depending on the circumstances of the person that is diagnosed. Various factors within a person’s life can affect how they manage their feelings and if a particular situation is extremely difficult, depression may follow.

The causes of depression may stem from one or a combination of the following

• Relationships
• Illness or medical complications
• Major life changes
• Grief or loss situations
• A hormone imbalance

Relationships with spouses, parents, and friends can be uplifting, but when they are strained by change or misunderstanding, negative feelings can occur. If the relationship difficulty is ongoing, affected people may begin to feel depressed due to the increase in energy needed to manage the situation or the damaging feelings that may be involved.

Depression may follow a time of illness or use of some medications. An illness that results in a person losing time at their job or the ability to spend time with others may lead to depression due to isolation. Additionally, complicated illnesses may lead to financial difficulties, a situation that can cause anxiety; or a chronic illness can lead to feelings of hopelessness, in that the suffering person may feel they will never be fully healed.

Major Changes

Major life changes, both positive and negative, can lead to depression. Many people experience a letdown after anticipating a particular event, which leads to depression over the current circumstances.

For example, a mother that adopts a new baby after waiting for over a year to bring the child home may feel depressed after the transition due to overwhelming feelings of new responsibility. Life changes such as birth, marriage, job changes, divorce, or relocating all can cause depression due to the large amount of adjustment that is required for the situation.

Loss of a loved one can cause feelings of depression within a person, particularly if the loss was someone close. Facing life without the person, whether through death or estrangement, can feel overwhelming for the depressed person who may feel lonely and isolated. He or she may wonder how to face life alone, leading to feelings of grief and hopelessness.

Chemical Imbalances

Some people suffer from depression due to an imbalance in the chemical composition of the brain. The brain contains several types of neurotransmitters, which provide a connection between brain activity and the body.

During depression, there is a difference in these neurotransmitters. When there is an imbalance of these chemicals in the brain, a depressed person does not have the energy or the ability to function as well as they would in a balanced state.

It is unclear whether certain people are prone to this chemical imbalance genetically, whether the imbalance occurs as a result of a stressful event, or both. The chemical imbalance is a cause of depression, but may occur in isolation of a specific event.

Risk Factors for Depression

Depression can happen to anyone, but there are some risk factors that will increase the likelihood of it affecting a particular person. Depression can be related to the causes of the illness. Persons with large amounts of stress in their lives can become depressed if the stress is not managed appropriately.

Experiencing multiple changes in a short period of time can cause depression, as well as grieving the loss of a loved one. People that undergo treatment for a medical condition are also at greater risk for depression. A person that has suffered a traumatic event, even if it has taken place in their past, may live for many years before succumbing to depression.

Research has shown that there is a genetic component related to depression. Immediate family members that have suffered with depression are more likely to have a relative that also suffers. A family history of depression does not always pre-dispose a person to the illness, and some people suffer from depression where there has been no family history.

Prevention

Depression can be successfully managed and its symptoms minimized with education and self care. While it may not be possible to completely prevent depression, persons suffering can recognize the symptoms associated with the illness and take steps to manage their disease.

Considering potential risk factors for depression is the first step of preventing it from becoming an overwhelming illness.

Managing stress levels and taking control of health by eating properly, drinking plenty of water, and maintaining an exercise routine may help prevent some of the severity of depression.

Some people have been helped by taking a daily multivitamin to maintain a balance of electrolytes of the body in order to feel their best. Recognizing symptoms at the earliest occurrence and being willing to seek help when needed is the best method of prevention.

Diagnosis

Depression is diagnosed by a healthcare provider or a mental health practitioner. Diagnosis should be done by a professional with experience in the area of mood disorders and who understands the symptoms of depression. A doctor may spend time with a patient and take a full history to determine if there have been major changes or stressful events in the person’s recent past.

They may ask about the mental health of family members to determine if there may be a genetic connection. They should also review the symptoms that the patient with depression is experiencing, and provide help when necessary. For example, if a doctor is talking with a depressed patient about feelings of hopelessness, they should discuss any suicidal ideas.

Diagnosis of depression leads to treatment, but only if the patient is willing to seek counsel from a physician.

Treatment Options for Depression

Clinical depression is a treatable disease and there are various options available for treatment for the depressed person.

Depending on the severity of symptoms, many people are helped by counseling with a licensed therapist where they can discuss their feelings and devise a plan for managing their symptoms.

If a person is struggling with depression due to a traumatic event or major life change, talking through feelings associated with the event can provide a release and restore some positive feelings of hope for the depressed person.

Some people choose to use alternative therapies as a means of home remedies to treat their depression. A common herbal supplement that is used to treat mild depression is St. John’s Wort, taken in tablet form or steeped in tea.

St. John’s Wart

St. John’s Wort has frequently been used by depression sufferers, although it is undetermined exactly how the herbal remedy works to improve symptoms. It can be bought over the counter at health food stores or in many grocery stores.

Patients taking St. John’s Wort as an herbal remedy for depression should notify their doctor before taking any other medications, as St. John’s Wort may interfere with the effectiveness of certain medications such as antidepressants, birth control, and some medications used to treat heart conditions.

Patients that have taken St. John’s Wort have complained of nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea and some people have not found adequate relief with the treatment.

For the person suffering from depression who would like to treat symptoms at home, St. John’s Wort can be an effective alternative to reduce symptoms and manage the illness.

Antidepressants

Depression may also be treated with the use of antidepressants, which must be prescribed by a medical doctor. After discussing the patient’s history and symptoms of depression, a doctor may prescribe antidepressants in order to reduce or relieve symptoms, as well as restore functioning in the person’s life.

Antidepressants may be taken in combination with counseling or therapy. Antidepressants work to restore the chemical imbalance in the brain that takes place during depression. This can help relieve some of the symptoms of negative and sad feelings as well as allow the patient to resume some of their previous activities.

Antidepressants take time to work and most people begin to feel relief from symptoms starting at two weeks, although it may take longer. This is due to the time it takes for the medication to build up to a therapeutic level in the body. Because of this, most antidepressants require a slow decrease in dosage before discontinuing in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Treating Depressions

There are various types of antidepressants available for prescription to treat depression. Common side effects include nausea, dizziness, tremors, sweating, and headaches. A prescription for antidepressants does not need to be a lifelong habit. Many people are able to manage their depression through antidepressants for a certain period of time before discontinuing them.

Antidepressants may be used to manage the acute effects of depression following a significant event until the person is able to handle their feelings on their own.

Depression is a common mood disorder that affects many people in the United States, but is largely unrecognized as being a potentially severe illness. For the person who recognizes his or her symptoms of depression and reaches out, help is available so they will not have to suffer alone.

Sore Throats

The hallmarks of a sore throat include the always familiar dry scratchiness and the painful swallowing, and it always makes suffers feel miserable. When a person has a sore throat, which is also known as pharyngitis, it is usually because of a viral infection, such as influenza or the common cold. In fact, many people recognize sore throats as the first sign of getting ill.

Sore throats are such a common complaint that it is one of the primary reasons people make a doctor’s appointment, though these office visits usually aren’t necessary. For the most part, sore throats are due to viruses that will go away without any medicine. Sore throats that are due to bacterial infection, on the other hand, though rare, will require medical attention or antibiotics. While the sore throat is present, over the counter medications can help soothe the feeling.

Symptoms

The two main symptoms of sore throats include a scratchy, dry or swollen throat and the presence of pain when trying to talk, breathe or swallow.

Sore throats usually are the result of an infection that comes with its own set of symptoms.

For instance, sore throats from a cold may include coughing, sneezing, fever and a runny nose.

When the underlying cause of a sore throat is something as simple as a flu, it should heal itself within a week.

Less commonly, when the sore throat is due to something else, it will need treatment.

There are signs of a sore throat having an underlying cause that is more serious, such as strep throat, including

• an inability to swallow;
• a recurring sore throat, or one that does not heal itself;
• vomiting;
• white patches or pus on the tonsils or throat;
• skin rash;
• headache;
• swollen, red tonsils;
• severe throat pain;
• a fever of over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) in children under six months or 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39.4 degrees Celsius) in children and adults.

When to See a Doctor

Though it is an uncomfortable condition, the majority of sore throats will go away and are not harmful. However, sometimes, they may signal a condition that is much more serious.

See a doctor if any of the following occur

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing;
• The sore throat is severe or remains for over a week;
• A baby under six months spikes a fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or 38.3 degrees Celsius;
• An older child or adult spikes a fever above 103 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39.4 degrees Celsius;
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes appear in the neck;
• White patches or pus appear behind the throat;
• Skin rashes occur;
• Blood appears in saliva or phlegm;
• A cough lasts over two weeks;
• Dehydration symptoms occur;
• Sore throats recur; or
• A young child drools excessively.

Causes

Usually, a sore throat is due to a virus, which are the same germs that are the cause for the common cold and for influenza. Less commonly, a sore throat may have a bacterial infection to blame. Whatever the cause of the illness, the germs enter the body by way of the nose or mouth, due to either breating in the particles released into the air once someone sneezes or coughs or by coming into contact with an infected person or sharing an object, such as toys, doorknobs, utensils, towels or a telephone. It is because these germs are highly contagious that they have a tendency to spread in areas where people congregate, such as schools and offices.

Viruses

The following is a list of the most common causes of a sore throat

• The common cold;
• Influenza, or the flu; and
• Mononucleosis, or mono.

These other illnesses are also known to cause sore throats

• Measles;
• Chickenpox; and
• Croup, which is a common illness in childhood that is known for its barking cough.

Bacterial Infections

Some common bacterial infections that are known to cause sore throats include

• Tonsillitis;
• Strep throat;
• Diphtheria, which is a very serious but rare respiratory illness.

Other causes of having developed a sore throat may include

• Allergies;
• Dryness;
• Pollution;
• Muscle strain;
• Acid gastroesophageal reflux disease;
• HIV;
• Tumors.

Risk Factors

While it is possible for anybody to get a sore throat, there are some risk factors that make certain people a little bit more susceptible to developing them.

These factors include

• Age;
• Smoking of exposure to secondhand smoke;
• Allergies;
• Chemical irritants;
• Frequent or chronic sinus infections;
• Working or living in close quarters;
• Poor hygiene; and
• Lowered immunity.
• Complications
• When a sore throat occurs, it is usually not very serious, will go away on its own and will not cause any further complications.

However, it is possible for some other more serious problems to develop due to sore throats and their underlying cause

Strep throat, which is a bacterial infection, is capable of causing other conditions, such as

• Tonsillitis;
• Sinus infection, or sinusitis;
• Ear infection;
• Scarlet fever, which is characterized by a rash;
• Glomerulonephritis, which is the inflammation of the kidney;
• Rheumatic fever, which is known to damage sensitive organs like the heart.

The more common symptoms and signs of strep throat include:

• Painful swallowing;
• Swollen tonsils;
• Tiny red spots on the hard or soft palate;
• Fever;
• Headache;
• Rash;
• Stomach ache;
• Vomiting.

Mono, otherwise known as infectious mononucleosis, is an infection that might lead to further complications, which may include

• Anemia;
• Ruptured spleen;
• Spleen inflammation;
• Hepatitis;
• Low levels of platelets, which are involved with clotting;
• Heart inflammation;
• Nerve damage that may lead to paralysis; and
• Swollen tonsils that could lead to obstructed breathing.

Symptoms and signs common to mono include:

• Weakness;
• Fatigue;
• Sore throat, which may be strep throat;
• Fever;
• Swollen tonsils;
• Swollen lymph nodes in the armpits or neck;
• Headache;
• Skin rash;
• Loss of appetite;
• Night sweats; and
• Soft, swollen spleen.

Tests and Diagnosis

The doctor will likely diagnoses what is causing a sore throat after conducting a physical examination and performing a throat culture. During the examination, the doctor will probably check the throat to see if there is any redness or swelling, as well as any traces of white streaks or pus present on the tonsils. Though all of these signs may indicate some kind of infection, there is currently no accurate way to determine whether an infection is viral or bacterial just by looking.

It is for this reason that a doctor will want to take a throat culture or a rapid strep test. This will check to see if there is any bacteria present that causes strep throat. Either way, the doctor will take a sterile swab and rub it over the back of the throat and tonsils in order to obtain a pure sample of the secretions.

Back in the day, there was only one way to test whether or not a person had strep throat, and it was to have the secretions cultured within a lab, and this process could take upwards of two days. Now, the doctor is capable of conducting a rapid test and allows the results to come back within hours. However, the rapid test may miss a fair amount of present infections, so the doctor may opt to have laboratory testing done anyway.

Treatments and Drugs

Usually, a sore throat will go away on its own within a week and without treatment, which works well with the fact that there is no medical therapy possible to treat virally-caused sore throats. However, getting extra sleep and drinking plenty of fluids can help speed up the process.

Try to go for fluids that are in the same family as soups, water and broths rather than sodas or other caffeinated drinks that may dehydrate more. If it is difficult to swallow, try to sip broth through a straw or to let some ice chips melt. Gelatin products, such as Jell-O are also easy to swallow.

Treating Bacterial Infections

Back in the day, doctors would throw antibiotics at anybody who had a sore throat in order to help cure it and to prevent other complications, such as rheumatic fever. However, this is ceased because overusing antibiotics eventually led to a dramatic increase in bacteria strains that are resistant to antibiotics. On top of that, the majority of sore throats are not due to bacteria anyway, meaning that antibiotics will not help.

Should the doctor recommend antibiotics, it is important to take the entire course of the prescription, even when feeling better. Taking the antibiotics will help preventing it come recurring and from letting the bacteria become resistant to the treatment. Children who are on antibiotic therapy and feel better and are without a fever may return to school or their child care when they are no longer contagious, which should be a full 24 hours after starting treatment.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

Until the sore throat has completed its course, try following these tips

• Increase the intake of fluids, such as juice, water, warm soup or tea, which can help replace the fluids that were lost during fever or mucus production. Do not drink alcohol or caffeine as they can cause dehydration.
• Mix half a teaspoon of salt with warm water and gargle it, spitting the water out into the sink afterwards. This should clear the throat of mucus and soothe it.
• Take some very hot water and mix honey and lemon into it, to taste. Let it cool to room temperature before sipping it. It should coat and soothe the throat while cutting the mucus. Even if only temporary, this recipe should relieve much of the pain.
• Have a throat lozenge or some hard candy. While this is not necessarily a soothing process itself, it will increase saliva, which will bathe the throat.
• Use a humidifier to introduce moisture into the air, which will prevent the mucous membranes from completely drying. Moisture in the air will therefore reduce the irritation and make it easier to sleep. If using a humidifier, make sure to change the water daily and make sure to clean the machine every three days so that mold and bacteria do not develop.
• Smoke irritates throats, and it will not really do wonders to a sore one. Avoid this and any other air pollutants, such as paint or household cleaners.
• Particularly if the sore throat as affected the larynx, it is important to reset the voice and to cease from talking.
• Take a few days off so that germs do not spread. Cover when coughing or sneezing.
• Prevention
• Perhaps the most effective way to prevent illness from occurring is also the simplest way: thorough and frequent hand washing. Try to use alcohol-based sanitizers when there is no soap or water available. However, any soap will do rather than just antibacterial varieties; when properly washing hands, the standard soap should kill germs just as effectively.

Try to follow these tips to ensure that everybody stays healthy

• Do not share glasses, eating utensils, towels, napkins or food;
• Do not touch drinking fountains with the mouth or touch public phones with the mouth;
• Periodically clean TV remotes, telephones and computer keyboards with a sanitizing cleanser. Clean the phones and remotes that are in the hotel room when travelling;
• Do not touch others who are sick;
• On high pollution days, remain indoors whenever possible;
• Do not smoke and do not inhale secondhand smoke;
• If the air at home is dry, humidify;
• Throw away the tissues after coughing or sneezing.

Sleep disorders are a disruptive and frustrating occurrence that nearly 30% of the population suffer from in some way. Caused by both physical and mental conditions, sleep disorders are difficult to diagnose and to cure, and can be very hazardous to everyday life.

Lack of sleep or improper sleep can cause people to feel lethargic, unaware, and lessen the senses of reaction and cognitive thought. The American Sleep Association lists over 20 sleep disorders in its registry of terms, all of which have different symptoms and potential cures.

The typical person passes through five stages of sleep when they are resting healthfully. These stages include 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM sleep. The first stage of sleep is very short, and leads into stage 2, conatins over 50% of sleep.

Thirty percent of time goes to stages 1, 3, and 4, while only about 20% of sleep counts towards REM sleep. REM stands for “rapid eye movement”, and this type of sleep is the deepest. In this stage the body repairs itself and limb muscles are paralyzed.

REM sleep is also the stage in which sleepers dream. Some people find themselves groggy for long periods of time if they are awakened during REM sleep. If any
of these stages of sleep are interrupted in some way, this is described as a sleep disorder.

Other Names

The most common name used to describe sleep disorders is “sleep problems.” People often also speak of “having trouble sleeping,” which may indicate they suffer from a sleep disorder. An easier way to classify sleep disorders is to break them into three separate categories: lack of sleep, disturbed sleep, and excessive sleep. Each category contains its own disorders, described in detail below.

Lack of Sleep

Insomnia

Insomnia is the basic inability to fall asleep. Encompassing many other problems, such as mental or stress disorders, insomnia can be a symptom of another disease. Insomnia is very disruptive to daily life as those who suffer from it find themselves constantly tired and “fuzzy”. Long term effects of insomnia or lack of sleep include damage to the immune system and impairment of judgement, hand-eye coordination, and memory.

Disturbed Sleep

Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea is classified by the occurrence of interrupted breathing while sleeping. There are many proposed causes for this disorder, including windpipe obstruction-or even neurological disorders involving nerves. Many older or obese people find themselves
suffering from this disease as their windpipes are commonly blocked.

People suffering from sleep apnea because they often do not enter into a state of REM sleep as their body must keep them awake to perform the basic muscle functions of breathing. Lack of sleep and oxygen can
cause headaches, and those who suffer from sleep apnea are more prone to both strokes and heart attack.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

This problem causes a disorder in the brain during sleep. This occurs when the nerve synapses between the brain and the bodily muscles are interrupted, causing the brain to send signals to the muscles that cause them to move. In this way, the sufferer never fully enters or completes REM sleep and therefore will not feel rested. REM sleep disorder is also known to cause sleepwalking or sleep-talking due to a misfire in brain signal information.

Restless Leg Syndrome

Known as RLS and also seen in Periodic Limb Movement Disorder, this is a common issue affecting many elderly individuals. A genetic disorder, RLS sufferers feel tingling sensations in their legs or other extremities that cause them to want to move, preventing them from getting a restful night’s sleep. Also common is a jerking sensation of the legs, which temporarily wakes the patient.

Too Much Sleep

Narcolepsy

Affecting an estimated 250,000 people in the United States alone, narcolespsy is the sensation of falling asleep at various times throughout the day, often in an inconvenient or even dangerous place. Many people with narcolepsy also experience temporary paralysis of the
muscles, hallucinations, and disrupted nighttime sleep as well. This is a difficult disease to cure and can be very disruptive to normal activities.

Symptoms

Symptoms of sleep disorders mainly include those symptoms specific to anyone with a lack of sleep. These can include lack of motor coordination and slower reaction times. Personality can also be affected as sufferers of sleep disorders are known to be forgetful,
irritable, and often have difficulty focusing.

There are physical signs of sleep disorders as well, including sluggish movement, excessive blinking, and even trouble eating or exercising. If you think you or someone you know may suffer from a sleep disorder, consider speaking with your physician.

Causes

There are a number of different causes of sleep disorders, some more preventable than others. They include:

Night Workers

People who work nocturnal hours often find that their body clocks have difficulty setting. This biological clock responds in certain ways to the sun and dark, which in turn can affect the sleep patterns of an individual.

Mental Illness

Depression, schitzophrenia, and other mental disorders are known to cause sleep problems. Even something as simple as excessive stress can make an individual begin to have difficulty sleeping correctly.

Physical Illness

Those suffering from diseases or changes in the body may find themselves strapped with a sleeping disorder. Often the fluctuations in body homeostasis and side effects of medications can have an adverse affect on sleep patterns.

Age

Of adults over the age of 65, about half have some sort of sleeping disorder. This could be caused b a combination of the above factors, or simply as the body deteriorates, sleep become more difficult.

Risk Factors

Risk factors for sleep disorders include anyone who regularly experiences one of the above causes. Children and the elderly are particularly suceptable to sleep problems. Women tend to have higher instances of sleep related doctor visits as well. It is commonly accepted that those who are overweight are more likely to suffer from sleep disorders due to the undue stress on the body and breathing system. If you find yourself suffering from any of these risk factors, take steps now to better your health if you do not wish to develop a sleep disorder.

Treatment

Home & Herbal Remedies

Set a Sleep Schedule

Go bed and wake up at the same time each night, even on weekends. Your body will adjust to the sleep schedule and learn when it is an appropriate time to begin rest, and when it is necessary to wake up and be alert.

Exercise

The average person needs between 20 and 30 minutes of exercise per day. Exercise works not only to help keep of excess weight, but to expend energy the body may be storing that makes sleep more difficult. One should not exercise any sooner than 4 hours before bedtime as exercise often causes the body to be more alert initially.

Avoid Caffeine, Alcohol, and Nicotine

All of these substances have been known to affect the body in some way. Caffeine and nicotine both contain stimulants which keep the body awake and alert even when tired. Alcohol, a depressant, causes people to miss out on REM sleep, which can have adverse effects throughout the day.

Sleep Until Sunlight

If your schedule permits, try and sleep until sunlight. Your body will adjust to the light waves and learn that sunlight is an indication of enough sleep. Your natural circadian rythyms are affected more than you realize by the light and dark cycles of the earth.

Lose Weight

Particularly if you suffer from sleep apnea, losing weight is a great way to begin the transition to better sleep and overall health. This can help alleviate breathing problems as well as some mental and emotional issues that come from being overweight as well.

Drink tea

Herbal teas and others without caffeine have been suggested to help lull suffers into sleep. Lavendar and Earl Gray teas should be tried first.

Change Sleep positions

If you normally sleep on your back, for example, try sleeping on your side or stomach. If breathing is your sleep problem, these different positions may change the location of your windpipe and therefore your sleep pattern.

Get Up

When all else fails, do not lie in bed for more than one hour if you find yourself having trouble sleeping. This can retrain the brain to associate that room and position with something other than sleep. It may also be helpful to remove the TV and computer from the bedroom for this purpose.

Pharmaceutical

Sleeping Pills

Over the counter sleeping pills are widely available, and come in various doses. Many of the brands available today are non-habit forming, which is a primary concern of those who object to taking them. If you have questions about your use or continued use of sleeping pills, be sure to check with a doctor or pharmacist before beginning a regimen.

Breathing Strips

Found at most pharmacies and grocery stores, these strips work by using an adhesive strip to hold the nasal cavity open during sleep. This, in turn, makes breathing easier and can relieve the milder symptoms of sleep apnea or breathing disorders.

Surgeries

Sleep Apnea Correction Surgery

Designed to open blocked windpipes and help the patient breathe easier, surgery for sleep apnea usually involves a cutting and removal of excess skin, and is an inpatient procedure. Done only by a trained surgeon, sleep apnea surgery is expensive, but often goes a long way in correcting sleep apnea issues.

Deviated Septum Surgery

Appropriate for those who find themselves having trouble breathing at all times of the day, deviated septum surgery works by aligning the septum muscles and bones within the nasal cavity. Patients often find themselves able to breathe easier and more clearly after having this operation.

When to Call A Doctor

If your sleep disorder become disruptive to your everyday life and you have found that over-the-counter and home remedies do not help,
consider speaking to a doctor or neurologist about your options.

There are many ways to diagnose the most complicated of sleep disorders, including a polysomnography, which uses EEG machines to monitor brain activity, an overnight oximetry session, which measures oxygen levels in the blood, or even a thorough examination of past medical history. Your doctor can help you decide if you may need to visit a sleep specialist for a more thorough diagnosis and subsequent treatment.

Prevention Tips

The best way to prevent sleep disorders is to maintain a constant and predictable sleep schedule. Any disruption to this schedule can cause you to have trouble regaining an easy, restful night’s sleep, so try your best to maintain all of the healthy qualities involved with getting a good sleep.

If you find yourself worried about developing a sleep disorder, talk to your doctor now about what changes you can make to prevent that from happening.