Dry, Peeling Skin: Causes, Prevention Tips and Cures

Peeling skin is a fairly common medical affliction that affects millions of people every year, and some are faced with the issue on a long-term basis. Skin may peel or dry skin can occur for a number of reasons and vary greatly in the level of severity. Besides being an annoying and often embarrassing problem, peeling skin can sometimes indicate that serious damage has occurred to the top layers of skin. In more rare cases, it can also indicate serious underlying medical conditions.

The following text is presented for educational and informational purposes only, and is no substitute for a diagnosis by a medical professional. If you are concerned about your skin or are experiencing troubling symptoms, see your doctor.

Here, explore some of the most common causes for peeling skin, and find out ways to both prevent and treat this condition. If the manifestation of skin problems turns out to be just one symptom of a more serious underlying condition, treatment for the related problem will likely help clear up any peeling.

Common Causes of Dry and Peeling Skin

Skin may begin to peel in relation to extreme dryness. In many instances of extreme skin dryness with peeling, sun exposure can be determined to be the main culprit. Sun exposure can cause skin irritation or damage even when sunblock is used.

This lapse in protection can occur when the exposure time is excessive, if the SPF value of the sunblock is less than 30, if the sunblock is not reapplied regularly or in rare cases where a person cannot tolerate any direct sunlight at all.

Sunburn & Heat Exposure

Sunburn is a major cause of sun-related peeling skin. After the initial injury to the top layer of skin cells from intense direct sunlight, the skin cells dry up, die and will eventually peel or slough off. Raw, painful skin may be revealed under the peeling skin if the damage extended beyond the very first layer, also called the epidermis. The “shedding” of old, damaged skin cells from the epidermis is a natural process when the skin is damaged, and may actually be a natural defense mechanism. To protect the body from damaged cells and allow new cells to generate, the old skin must die and fall away.

Heat exposure without sun is another common cause of peeling skin, increased dryness and other skin irritations. Sun and heat exposure can make skin appear red, itchy and feel hot long after the exposure occurs. Skin may blister in response to a severe sunburn or heat burn, and these types of burns should be evaluated by a doctor. After a period of blistering, usually two to five days, the deadened skin will peel away or “shed”.

Chronic Conditions & Chemicals

Certain chronic skin conditions, such as eczemas or types of dermatitis, can also result in peeling skin. Even babies can display scaly, flaking or peeling skin; this affliction is commonly referred to as “cradle cap”, and it is a type of childhood eczema. The condition has a medical name of seborrhoeic dermatitis, which is just a fancy way to describe yellowed, scaly skin that flakes off of an infant’s head. See possible treatments below.

Chemical exposure can also cause dry skin, and this is most evident on the hands of those who work with them on a regular basis. Even frequent hand washing or use of hand sanitizers, which are deemed necessary by most to prevent the spread of germs, are incredibly damaging to skin. This is especially true in people with sensitive skin. Seeking out soap and other products that won’t dry out the hands is a smart solution for those who must wash up more than five to ten times a day on a regular basis.

Fungi

Certain fungi, such as athlete’s foot, ringworm and jock itch, can also cause skin to slough or peel off. Staph infection and eczema also commonly result in the patient experiencing reddened, itchy, peeling or sloughing skin. These conditions should be treated by a doctor with an anti-fungal or antibiotic regimen to clear up the problem. They are unlikely to go away on their own and can turn serious if left untreated.

In many cases where skin irritation occurs without obvious cause, such as fungi, sunburn or other underlying medical conditions, a bit of peeling skin or dry patches may indicate nothing more than a need for a few lifestyle changes. Poor diet, inadequate water consumption, smoking, vitamin deficiencies, excessive alcohol intake, and, ironically, too much exposure to water can all lead to dry skin and other skin problems.

Serious Conditions

Sometimes, though, peeling skin and extreme dryness may be indicative of a much more serious medical condition. Some types of lymphoma and skin cancer will present with a list of symptoms that includes peeling skin, though only a doctor or other trained medical professional can make that determination.

In some rare diseases, such as with Kawasaki disease and peeling skin syndrome, dry skin and peeling can be a typical symptom. These diseases need to be treated and closely monitored by a medical professional.

Solutions For and Prevention of Dry and Peeling Skin

If a serious underlying medical cause can be ruled out, and peeling skin is just a bothersome, nuisance problem, it is likely a condition that can be treated at home. There are many simple ways to help heal damaged skin and actually begin to replenish moisture in skin at home.

Dry skin may be a result of simple dehydration. Getting started on an active regimen of six eight-ounce glasses of water daily for at least two weeks may markedly improve the feel and appearance of the skin. This is an easy and inexpensive way to try and solve problems with dry skin without a trip to the dermatologist.

Maintaining proper hydration is keenly important to the function of all organs of the body, and the skin is the largest organ of all. Furthermore, the skin is the only organ worn on the outside of the body, exposed to all sorts of external toxins and irritants on a regular basis. Air conditioning or incredibly hot weather outdoors in the summer months can cause dry skin, as can turning on the heater in the winter.

Using Moisturizers

Using a good moisturizer will dramatically improve conditions if the skin is already dry and damaged, and help prevent the problem from recurring. For those with sensitive skin, checking the labels of new body products for known irritants in the ingredients list can help them avoid making the problem worse. There are creams and lotions which have collagen and silicone as main ingredients, and these may help improve the condition of dry, chapped, peeling skin on the hands especially.

The Effects of Water

Cold water can help tighten pores and promote healing of skin cells, so turning the water to ‘cool’ toward the end of a shower may help with peeling and dried out skin. blotting skin after showering or swimming, as opposed to rubbing vigorously can help protect skin. Even a bit of olive oil rubbed into the skin once a week can help replenish skin tone, feel and texture, and may reduce itching, peeling and dryness.

Avoid excessively hot water, as well. While an occasional dip in a heated pool or hot tub is fine, taking scalding hot showers every day is not a good idea. Especially in areas with very dry weather, exposure to water of any kind on a daily basis may promote dry skin and peeling. Showering only every other day during a flare-up of dry or itchy skin and limiting the use of body products that may worsen the problem can help the skin’s moisture levels from being stripped each day.

Washing Daily & Oils

Skin produces natural oils, and these oils serve as a protectant as well as a conditioner. For those with overly greasy complexions, these oils may seem like the enemy. For someone with impossibly dry skin, however, the word “oil” is one of the nicest words in the English language. While many people may shudder at the thought of not washing up every single day, our skin wants a break now and then. Not showering doesn’t mean not washing parts that warrant daily washing, and it doesn’t mean not putting on fresh clothes. Especially with the advances of deodorants and perfumes, most people simply do not truly need a daily shower.

Contact a Dermatologist

If the dry skin and peeling is too painful or severe to treat at home, a dermatologist or a family doctor may be able to provide some other options. Some cases of dry, cracking skin are so resistant to less aggressive treatment that powerful steroid-infused ointments and lotions must be used, usually with some good measure of success. Pain medications can also be prescribed to help the patient handle the discomfort of a severe sunburn, chemical burn or heat related burn.

Home Remedies & Creams

At home, those suffering painful sunburns can take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen and acetaminophen, and apply a topical aloe vera gel to the affected areas. Do not apply salves to blistered skin without a doctor’s recommendation.

Medicated steroidal creams, called corticosteroids, can help babies suffering from cradle cap and other types of dermatitis. While these creams have been shown to be effective, many doctors simply recommend washing the hair with baby shampoo and scrubbing the scalp gently with a washcloth every other day. Many doctors and mothers also recommend massaging baby oil into the scalp after washing baby’s hair. Out of baby oil? Try a few drops of olive oil from the pantry or mineral oil from the medicine chest instead.

Though some people may also claim petroleum jelly will help cure dermatitis of the scalp, the greasiness can actually contribute to the problem. If the condition appears to make the child fussy due to itchy or painful eczema, petroleum jelly will provide soothing relief. In cases where the scaly, yellow patches of crusty skin extend beyond the scalp or behind the ears, such as when they may appear on the child’s face, bother the child excessively, or if the condition has been getting worse over time, it is prudent to see a doctor.

When To Worry About Skin Conditions

Whenever skin is burned so badly that it blisters, if there is an unexplained rash that persists for more than a few days or gets worse, when unusual, new growths are noted or when severe pain accompanies any of the aforementioned, it is time to seek immediate medical attention from a qualified professional.

When possible, go to a skin doctor, or dermatologist, for any serious skin concerns, as this is their primary area of expertise. After all, a person wouldn’t go to a foot doctor for a tooth ache. Most general family practitioners are qualified to handle skin conditions, and you may need to visit one initially to satisfy the referral requirements to see a specialist under your medical insurance, but a dermatologist will likely be more up-to-date in the skin care field and in their knowledge of available treatment options.

A dermatologist will also likely be able to diagnose the root cause of any peeling skin from the onset, and this will help promote speedy but accurate treatment. If skin cancer is determined to be the cause of the symptoms, a skilled dermatologist will likely be able to immediately coordinate a treatment plan, and may refer the patient to an oncologist who specializes in the treatment of that particular cancer, if necessary.

Bruises are the visible result of a trauma that damages or burst the blood vessels under the skin. There are number of traumatic injuries which can cause bruising, most common are blunt or sharp force instrument traumas. Bruises can also appear as a result of a fracture of an extremity or surgical procedure.

Bruises are usually called contusions, when referenced by a physician or medical professional. The mechanism of a bruise is the bursting of capillaries or veins under the skin which allows blood to travel into the subcutaneous tissue and cause discoloration. Anytime the injury, or force trauma, is sufficient to break the skin it is then called a hemorrhage and no longer considered a contusion. In the case of severe injury, a hemorrhage will sometimes cause a bruise around the break in the skin.

Mechanics of a Bruise

In patients with normally functioning circulatory systems, it can take significant trauma to produce a bruise. In patients with blood disorders, certain cancers and other clotting problems bruises may appear with minor traumas. The trauma leading to a bruise can often cause pain; however, a bruise by itself is generally not a medical emergency. In certain situations bruising can be indicative of a fracture or severe internal injury and may require immediate professional medical attention.

The size and shape of a bruise does not always indicate the type of trauma or instrument that caused the injury. There are several factors that may affect the size, shape and extent of bruising:

• Gender. Women naturally carry more fat cells under their skin, subcutaneously, than men and are generally more prone to bruising.
• Age. As human age, skin tends to lose thickness and elasticity. Thinner skin is more susceptible to bruising to due even minor impact trauma.
• Location. In areas of softer tissue, and areas with a more extensive capillary system, bruising is often more prominent. Soft tissue can allow blood to spread further under the skin causing larger bruises. Areas, such as the face, bruise more extensively due to the number of capillaries that can be broken on impact.
• Genetics and skin color. Those with naturally lighter complexions tend to show bruising more noticeably.

Treatments for Bruising

Most minor bruising in normally healthy patients can be treated at home without the intervention of a physician or hospital visit. As with any home treatment of an injury, bruising must be treated correctly or it can be exacerbated. Bruising, even from minor trauma, can appear quite colorful as it deepens and then begins to heal. Some bruising injuries are not even felt by the patient and are only noticed when the area starts turning the characteristic black and blue of a fresh bruise.

Diagnosing the Bruise

The nature of bruises and the process by which they heal are the cause of the rainbow of colors that can be seen as a bruise appears and then subsides. The deep purplish red and blue coloration of a fresh bruise is caused by the gathering of blood under the skin. Prior to the broken blood vessel sealing itself and the blood flow coagulating, swelling can often be seen along with the deep coloration. As coagulation begins under the skin, the deepening of the bruised color will subside and begin to lighten.

Once the blood that has been released to the subcutaneous tissue decays, it will breakdown into its basic components and be removed through the bodies normal healing process. These basic components of blood are what cause the yellow, green and even gold of a healing bruise.

In normal instances of bruising, the fading colors do not indicate whether the blood vessel is healed or not. Usually the damage caused by the trauma has been repaired within the body well ahead of the color changes seen on the outer surfaces of the skin.

Treatment Options

There are several treatments that can be used to treat minor, normal, bruising. Standard rest, ice, compression and elevation can significantly reduce the extent of swelling and bruising to an injury. Ice should be applied, while the area is elevated, in twenty minute intervals, with twenties minutes between applications. Ice should never be directly applied to an injured area; it should always be in the form of a cold pack or ice wrapped in a kitchen or hand towel.

Instant Treatment

The immediate application of cold to the injury can cause injured blood vessels to constrict and the blood flow to coagulate, reducing the severity of the bruising. Compression should be used sparingly, as bandages are often applied to tightly to allow the natural swelling of an injury. Most recommendations indicate bandages should only be used to lightly hold an ice pack in place. Elevation can alleviate the speed of the blood flow into a bruised area and assist in the coagulation process inside the blood vessels.

If the injury is extremely painful within thirty minutes, exhibits significant swelling or immediate dark bruising the patient should be taken to their physician or the emergency room for an examination of the injury. This type of extreme swelling, bruising and pain may indicate a severe sprain or fracture of the injured body part.

Watch Out for Fractures

Fractures will cause immediate swelling and bruising, but not immediate pain. The pain from a fracture will generally make itself known within thirty minutes of the injury. This delay of pain is due to the body’s release of endorphins in response to a severe injury. Not all fractures will display immediate bruising, but most will. Severe sprains will also cause immediate swelling; however, unlike most fractures, sprains will be severely painful almost immediate following the injury.

Rest and Over the Counter Medicines

Once the immediate swelling has subsided, it is imperative the patient rest the area that has been damaged in order to prevent re-injury and more serious damage. Heat can be applied to ease any remaining pain in the area, though it should not be applied for more than twenty minutes at a time and not until at least three days after the occurrence of the injury. If even gentle heat is applied prior to the blood vessels healing themselves internally, additional blood can flow into the injured area and cause more extensive and painful bruising.

Over-the-counter pain medications are often helpful in alleviating the immediate pain of a traumatic injury. Patients should not use standard aspirin to alleviate the pain, as aspirin is a natural anti-coagulant and will cause blood flow to an injury to increase. The increased blood flow can irritate any bruising or swelling in an injury. Over-the-counter NSAIDS are safe to take to alleviate the pain of a bruising injury as they do not affect the body’s natural ability to coagulate blood.

Normal bruising, due to minor trauma or injury, is easily treatable in the home without a visit to a physician. Even with the ease of home treatment, patients with bruising should be watched for significant changes in the severity of the bruising or increasing pain in the injured area.

Effectiveness of Treatment

Bruising on the extremities will generally take longer to heal, due to the decrease in capillary and blood vessels in these areas. Additionally, bruising on the legs can sometimes seem to travel downward, toward the feet. This is due to simple gravity affecting the flow of the blood from an injury and causing it to travel downward.

While home treatment is often recommended, especially with bruising from minor trauma, bruises can take a significant amount of time to heal. It is rare for a physician to recommend any treatment beyond rest, ice, compression and elevation for a simple bruise. Depending on the patient’s natural ability to heal internally, bruising can take between two and four weeks to completely subside. During the healing process, the patient should take care not to re-injure the bruised area as this can cause additional risk internal damage.

Other Causes of Bruising

There are several medical situations that may cause bruising that is not related directly to a traumatic injury:

• Medication. Aspirin regimens and blood thinner are intended to prevent blood from coagulating and clogging arteries in the heart, brain and extremities. Dosages of these medications may need to be adjusted by the treating physician if the patient is experiencing excessive bruising. This can indicate the blood is not clotting at all and can be dangerous.
• Chronic inflammatory disease. Diseases that affect the circulation, such a lupus, can cause a patient to experience excessive bruising.
• Cirrhosis of the liver. The liver is a major part of the circulatory system and any defect or damage to the liver can affect blood vessels and cause excessive bruising.
• Cancer. Cancers that affect the circulatory system can cause blood to not clot normally and patients may experience excessive bruising.
• Malnutrition. Deficiencies in certain types of vitamins in the diet can cause excessive bruising and affect blood clotting.

Patients with unexplained bruising that occurs without significant injury or without the knowledge of the patient should talk to their physician about possible blood disorders. Children who appear to bruise easily or cannot easily explain how bruising occurred should be watched closely for other signs of possible abuse. Bruising in areas such as arms, face, upper back and neck can be an indication of abuse and not normal childhood injury.

Bruise Prevention

It is extraordinarily rare for anyone to go through life without experiencing an injury significant enough to cause a bruise. There are some who bruise more easily than others and some who are rarely seen with any type of bruising. Most daily activities bring the human body into contact with some object which can cause a bruise and most people don’t even notice small, minor bruises resulting from a bump or scrape with an encountered object.

Children are often the recipients of minor bruising injuries as they grow and learn coordination and object avoidance. In general, children receive minor injuries during normal play activities at school, at home and playing with other children. People who practice what is considered risky behavior such as participating in extreme sports or playing for professional or amateur sports teams tend to encounter circumstances that will cause injury and bruising.

Paying attention to surrounding and objects will usually allow a large segment of the population to avoid encountering injury that will cause bruising.

Bruises can be uncomfortable, painful and even unsightly. Even with the noticeable coloration and attendant pain, bruises are generally not life threatening and do not usually indicate a more serious underlying medical condition. If a patient is unable to avoid a situation that causes a minor injury resulting in a bruise, standard home injury treatment can alleviate the pain, discomfort and swelling. Care must be taken not to exacerbate the injury, or the bruising, and within a few weeks the bruising will subside and disappear.

Basic Description and Alternative Names

Lethargy is a persistent condition characterized by constant tiredness. Normally it is also defined as a physical state of sluggishness, where the patient is unable to summon the energy to do any tasks involving even minimal physical labor. This condition is also marked by a persistent inability to feel rested, even though the patient may be able to sleep. Lethargy is also called fatigue, exhaustion, languidness, languor, lassitude and listlessness. Lethargy is to be distinguished from boredom, however, as boredom does not involve the low energy levels that this syndrome does.

Weakness, however, is different from lethargy because lethargy may not involve excessively low energy levels. This is part of the confusion surrounding the term. Lethargy often is used simply to mean that the person in question is tired, but it can be a symptom of a much larger and serious problem that needs medical attention.

Variety of Causes

Whether the symptom in question is weakness or fatigue, both are symptoms and not diseases in themselves. Lethargy can be a physical or a mental condition, depending on the conditions that led to it. It is important to understand that the presence of lethargy merely indicates the presence of something deeper that is severely out of harmony with the patient’s physical and mental system.

Lethargy can arise out of many different sources, both within the body and external to the body. A certain organ may be out of balance, or perhaps the lymphatic or nervous systems are overtaxed. In many cases the patient simply needs rest from the intense nature of modern life.

The stressful conditions many unfortunate individuals find themselves in account for many cases of fatigue where they simply use up all their energy and begin to collapse.

Symptoms of Lethargy & Fatigue

It is confusing to identify lethargy because the word is used as shorthand for many different symptoms, some of which have nothing to do with the condition itself. To specify what set of symptoms to refer to, throughout the rest of this article the word ‘fatigue’ will be used instead as that word is more specific. Even that term runs into definition problems, but for the purposes of this article it will suffice.

The distinguishing factor is time. If fatigue lasts longer than two weeks, it probably requires a visit to the doctor. Fatigue can involve other symptoms even though it is itself usually a symptom of something else. Common symptoms include:

• Fainting or the feeling one is about to faint
• Heart palpitations
• Dizziness and vertigo
• Shortness of breath
• Irritability
• Depression
• Appetite loss
• Digestive problems
• Susceptibility to other illnesses

Many of these conditions overlap with one another in terms of the diseases that may be responsible for them. Therefore, it can be very difficult to identify which are indications of fatigue or lethargy and which are indications of some other disorder. The problem is exacerbated by the fact that fatigue is notoriously difficult to pin down in terms of what is the best course of action to alleviate it.

Often times the only thing that can be done is help the patient recover as much as possible until the subjective feeling of fatigue lifts. Once that is accomplished, the patient may go on to develop other symptoms that then indicate what the true source of the problem is. Depending on the seriousness of the problem, the patient may need medical attention for an extended period of time. It is extremely important to discover what the fatigue is hiding within the patient’s bodily system. Otherwise, the patient could become extremely ill.

Causes of Fatigue

Fatigue is a persistently low level of what might be called subjective energy. In other words, fatigue is the loss of the ability to fully participate in life. The patient may be getting seven or eight hours of sleep per night and still not feel rested or feel as if they have enough energy to do normal activities. Their work and personal lives will likely be disrupted by this condition. It is in the patient’s best interests to recover from this state as soon as possible, in order to restore a healthy confidence and optimism about life and its many interests.

The causes of fatigue are multifaceted and can be and often are very confusing in that the same purported ’cause’ is responsible for multiple ‘effects’. It is easier and more convenient to think of fatigue as simply a condition that unfolds from the presence of certain factors. Some of these factors are psychological, others are physical. They include:

• Allergic reactions that operate beneath the level of normal awareness. Reactions of this type can be slow, like asthma and not involve violent symptoms, like sneezing, coughing, etc.
• Anemia may be the responsible factor, although this condition does not always result in fatigue. Anemia is most commonly the cause of fatigue in women, especially during the conclusion of the woman’s menstrual cycle.
• Depression can and does easily lead to fatigue in both men and women. This intense psychological condition leads to fatigue because the associated neurochemistry changes the homeostasis of the hormonal and muscle systems. The loss of energy can be directly attributed to the depression of the body through the neuro-psychological correlates in the brain and nervous system.
• Pain can also lead to low energy as the nervous system becomes overtaxed and the body partially shuts itself down in order to survive and cope.
• Sleep disorders, with their concordant exhaustion of the entire body, are the most common factors resulting in fatigue.
• Thyroid problems can also lead to low energy and fatigue, especially if the thyroid gland is operating at too high a level or too low a level. Either case leads to significant changes in the body’s energy level.
• The use of alcohol and recreational drugs. These sedatives and stimulants directly affect all the major organs of the body, especially those of the digestive system. This leads to fatigue as the body processes the major toxicity out of the organs.

Risk Factors Associated With Fatigue

When it comes to fatigue, risk factors for fatigue can often be the factors that contribute to the presence of fatigue. Paradoxically, this makes risk factors for fatigue harder to identify because fatigue is so hard to define in terms of definite results. Unreported factors by patients may in fact be the key to identifying the source of fatigue. Even if physical testing is carried out, the results may not be accurate enough to come up with an effective diagnosis. Nevertheless, there are definite factors that can be identified and used to guess at the source of fatigue.

In particular, factors that put one at risk come from physical, mental and environmental sources. They include:

• Whether the patient is a woman, since women are more likely to talk with their doctor about feeling fatigued than men.
• Whether the patient drinks alcohol in any amount, or takes recreational or hard drugs such as cocaine, heroin, etc. This is the most serious condition resulting in fatigue, as well as other symptoms like cognitive impairments and psychological disorders.
• Environmental factors such as exposure to electric, electromagnetic or nuclear radiation, toxic chemicals, and other pollutants and toxins.
• Psychological disorders and mental illnesses.

Risk factors for a loosely-defined condition such as fatigue can be any number of things that make up the everyday life of a patient. In many cases, it may simply be that the patient is not happy with his or her life. In that case, minor or major changes may need to be made to effect a change in the condition itself. Social factors may also contribute to fatigue, as well as neurochemical abnormalities and even common diseases like the cold and flu.

The presence of any one of these factors could indicate a risk for fatigue. The patient is strongly recommended to do as much research as possible into the factors in their everyday lives, as altering these may be the best way to alleviate fatigue.

Tips for Preventing Fatigue

The best way for patients to prevent fatigue from even happening is to increase their energy levels. They can do this by changing their dietary habits as well as by changing their daily routine. The easiest thing they can do is make sure they never skip breakfast in the morning. When people wake up in the morning, the prolonged state of inactivity during the night leaves their body with low blood sugars in the morning.

In addition, when the body goes without food for too long, it starts to rely on internal food stores in order to survive. Therefore, it is important to eat breakfast every morning in order to keep the body’s energy levels high.

If the patient suffers from any form of anemia, it is important for them to check their iron levels on a daily basis. Anemia often results in fatigue since there is not enough blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide from the lungs to the body and vice versa, respectively.

Keeping Organized

Psychologically speaking, the best way to prevent fatigue is to keep one’s life organized as much as possible. Plan out everything in advance and keep everything harmonized with personal preferences and styles as much as possible.

Many times things are simply out of whack due to circumstances that clash with personal lifestyle, especially if one feels forced to do something one does not want to do freely.

Exercise can also give patients the energy boost they need. Many times this can be as simple as going for a walk on a daily basis. Find an enjoyable physical activity that gets the heart pumping. Exercise also releases endorphins in the brain which help to change the neurochemical components of the patient’s mental state. This, in turn, helps prevent other conditions such as depression from occurring.

Diagnostic Considerations

As noted above, fatigue is a notoriously hard symptom to ascribe to any one disease or factor or source. For this reason, testing involves running an entire battery of examinations on the patient in order to determine what the precise source of the symptom is. This process is complicated by the fact that many of these tests trigger certain responses in the body that can mask or mimic other diseases, so the true origin of fatigue may not even be identified. That combined with the expense from tests and many patients are likely to give up before even identifying what the true source of their disorder is.

The biggest difficulty in identifying fatigue is in making sure that the patient is actually suffering from fatigue. They could be suffering from another disease manifesting itself in tiredness, low energy, etc. Or they could be suffering a serious disease known as chronic fatigue syndrome. CFS is even more notorious than fatigue because, while being easier to identify, it is known for being harder to get rid of.

Treatment Options

The best treatment for fatigue is to develop healthy lifestyle habits. These consist of mostly behavioral do’s and don’ts, but some are psychological, as well. For instance, avoiding heavy metal rock music or punk rock or any of the currently popular music styles that are considered ‘heavy’, ‘metal’ or ‘dark’ is a good way to make sure that your overall mental state remains positive and not depressed, angry or fearful. These three emergency emotions are responsible for draining a significant portion of the body’s energy, resulting in fatigue and other symptoms like weakness and the inability to wake up feeling restful despite heavy sleep.

Home Remedies

The majority of treatments for fatigue involve home remedies, and there are not many pharmaceutical treatments available for common fatigue as there are for CFS. The key is to make sure that the patient remains at peace with their external circumstances and not get involved in any potential conflicts. Avoiding conflicts in their personal and professional lives will lead to a greater sense of well-being and provide a stable emotional foundation for the patient to draw on. This will, in turn, create a greater sense of self-reliance and increase the patient’s confidence in himself.

When this happens, energy levels rise significantly since the patient stops relying on external circumstances to give him guidance and purpose. When people realize the source of power is within themselves rather than external to themselves, that denotes the beginning of true recovery from fatigue. It is remarkably easy to do so, but fatigue itself is not the problem: uncovering the attitudes, belief systems and decisions that form the psychological underpinnings of fatigue reveals that the problem has always, in fact, been the patient himself.

Conclusion

Fatigue, like so many other symptoms, is indicative of a larger problem within the patient’s life. Uncovering this problem and addressing it enables the patient to regain lost energy levels and return to participating in life.

Each year thousands of people suffer from heat related illnesses. Some of these illnesses can be treated by taking time to rest and drink fluids, but heat stroke, the most serious of these conditions, may require intense medical treatment. Heat stroke should not be confused with other heat disorders that are less severe. To understand heat stroke, it is necessary to define related heat disorders.

Conditions that may be confused with heat stroke

Heat stroke is not to be confused with heat cramps which are the result of strenuous activity during hot weather. Excessive sweating leading to loss of salt and fluid causes heat cramps. Heat cramps are felt as muscle pain or spasms in the abdomen, legs or arms. Usually resting and drinking fluids such as sports drinks will help an individual recover from heat cramps.

Heat exhaustion is usually a condition that is seen in older adults, especially those with high blood pressure. However, people who work in settings where the temperature is hot and those who do strenuous exercise in hot weather can also suffer from heat exhaustion. Heavy sweating, muscle cramps, weakness and dizziness are all symptoms of heat exhaustion. Some people also experience nausea and vomiting. Heat exhaustion that is not treated can lead to heat stroke.

Heat Stroke

Heat stroke is sometimes called sun stroke or hypothermia. “Hypo” means high or excessive and “thermia” means heat, thus hypothermia means excessive heat. Heat stroke is the most severe of the heat related illnesses. When a person suffers a heat stroke, the core body temperature rises to dangerous levels. When the body temperature rises higher than 40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees Fahrenheit a person is diagnosed as having a heat stroke. When an individual suffers heat stroke, the body is not able to give off heat fast enough, which causes the temperature to increase.

Usually heat leaves the body through perspiration or sweat, which evaporates. When temperatures are extreme or humidity is high and the body does not have enough fluid for sweating to occur, it can become overheated. Adults lose about ten cups of water per day through sweating, breathing, and urination. Diarrhea and vomiting also cause fluid loss. In extreme heat conditions profuse sweating can cause additional fluid loss. Certain medications, especially those with diuretic effects can lead to dehydration. All of these modes of fluid loss can impair the body’s ability to dissipate heat by sweating.

Being exposed to high heat environments while working; doing yard work on very hot days, living in a house without air conditioning, or being inside of a hot car can all cause heat stroke. The body’s response to heat becomes more severe as people grow older. In extreme conditions, a seventeen year old might suffer heat cramps, but in the same situation, a sixty year old may suffer a heat stroke due to age.

Types of heat stroke

There are two categories of heat stroke. Heat strokes may be caused by exertion. This type of heat stroke is generally experienced by younger persons who exercise, work or play sports for long periods of time under extreme heat conditions. This type of heat stroke is known as exertional heat stroke or (EHS).

The other type of heat stroke is non-exertional or (NEHS). Young children, older adults and those with chronic illness usually suffer this class of heat stroke. Non-exertional heat strokes occur in extremely hot weather or heat waves which may be unusual for an area. Both types of heat stroke can be deadly if not treated immediately.

People who are at high risk for heat stroke

Anyone can be at risk for heat stroke. Older adults, young children, people on certain types of medications, sick persons, those who work outside during the summer and people who engage in strenuous exercise in hot weather are all at risk. Obese persons and those who are not physically fit and those who suffer from chronic illness are among those who are at high risk for non exertional heat stroke.

Symptoms of heat stroke

Knowing the symptoms of heat stroke can help individuals prevent the condition or save someone’s life. The symptoms of heat stroke include increased body temperature, red, flushed skin, rapid heart beat, difficulty breathing, confusion, odd behavior, disorientation, seizures, coma and in children, fussiness and sleepiness in children.

Cures and remedies for heat stroke

Heat stroke is a medical emergency. If heat stroke is suspected, 911 should be contacted immediately. Failing to get immediate help for heat stroke can lead to serious health problems including permanent organ damage and death. Rapid cooling of the victim’s body should begin right away. While waiting for medical help to arrive, heat stroke victims should be put in a cool place or in a shady area. The victim should be cooled down by removing the clothes and using a cloth or sponge to apply cool water liberally to the skin.

If a garden hose is available cool water can be sprayed on the individual’s body to cool them down. Other options include wrapping the victim in cool wet sheets or placing them in a bathtub of cool water. Ice packs under the armpits or in the groin are also recommended to speed cooling. Medications such as aspirin and acetaminophen should not be used.

While these are used to treat fevers, they are not effective in cooling down a person who has suffered a heat stroke. Temperature should be monitored using a thermometer. Emergency medical personnel can provide guidance to help keep the person with heat stroke safe until they can arrive.

Once an individual arrives at the hospital other measures can be used to reduce body temperature to a safe level, including giving intravenous fluids and hemodialysis. A fan is sometimes used to help cool the body.

Prognosis

Heat stroke can be treated successfully with many people enjoying full recovery. The risk of death from heat stroke depends on several factors including age–how old or young the victim is; whether the victims has conditions such as heart and lung problems, and whether there are issues with the kidneys or liver.

The body temperature level and how long the body temperature remains high can impact whether a person will recover fully. It should be noted that in about 20% of people who suffer heat strokes, there can be permanent damage. Brain function can be impaired leaving a person with poor coordination, inability to perform some tasks, and personality changes. The kidneys can also suffer permanent damage.

Preventing heat stroke

Hundreds of deaths occur each year due to heat stroke, but these deaths can be prevented. During heat waves or extreme hot weather, family members and friends should make a point of checking on elderly neighbors to make sure they have a cool environment as well as food and drinks to provide adequate hydration.

Get adequate amounts of fluid

Staying hydrated is a key factor in preventing heat stroke. Drinking plenty of water or sports drinks during strenuous activity can help keep the body cool in very hot environments. The best choices are caffeine free, alcohol free and low-sugar drinks since those with caffeine and sugar can cause fluid loss.

Lack of thirst is not an indicator of whether an individual needs to drink fluids. Adequate fluids should be consumed even when a person is not thirsty. Three to four cups of water per hour or low-sugar/sugar free sports drink can keep the body hydrated in extreme heat. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables can also provide fluid. Foods like lettuce, watermelon, broccoli and apples are good choices since they are 80-95% water.

Other preventive measures

Listen to weather reports. In extreme weather conditions, television meteorologists usually provide warnings concerning heat conditions that could be risky.

Anytime the body works hard more heat is generated, so working outside in extremely hot conditions adds to the chance of a person developing a heat related illness.

Hot, humid, muggy, and high ozone conditions increase the likelihood of heat related illness. When working or exercising in hot weather, wear light-weight, light colored clothing.

Clothes made with special fibers designed to wick moisture away from the skin are good choices. A hat and sunglasses will also help keep the body cooler.

Take rest breaks in the shade. When working with others make sure that there is an emergency plan in place for dealing with heat stroke. Schedule strenuous activities for a cooler part of the day. When going to amusement parks, make sure that there is plenty of water to drink, especially in situations where much walking and long lines require waiting in the hot sun. When vacationing in tropical climates the same precautions to avoid heat stroke should be taken.

Keep an eye on young children who play outdoors during hot weather. Like adults, children need to take rest breaks and drink enough fluids to prevent heat related illness. Sunburn can contribute to a rise in the body temperature so using a good quality sunscreen is essential when spending time outside during hot days.

Air Conditioning

According to the Centers for Disease Control, “Air-conditioning is the number one protective factor against heat-related illness and death.” In homes without air conditioning in temperatures of 90 degrees or higher, fans may do little more than stir up hot air and may not effective in preventing heat stroke when the weather is extremely hot. Residents should find places where they can cool off on very hot days. Some cities open heat relief shelters or special places where people without air conditioning can go to stay cool during heat waves. Going to a library or shopping mall to cool off during the hottest part of the day can help, as well as taking a cool shower or sponge bath.

Keeping Cars Cool

Never leave children, adults or pets in cars. The temperature inside of a car can reach a dangerous level quickly, even on cooler days. Temperatures can rise about 20 degrees Fahrenheit within 10 minutes in a car where the windows are slightly open. Children or adults left inside will be at serious risk of heat-related illnesses. When a child is left unattended in a hot car, it is very likely that a heat related death can occur.

When traveling with infants and young children remember that they should never be left in a parked car even if the windows are cracked open. The Centers for Disease Control recommends leaving a stuffed animal in the car seat. When the child is buckled in, place the stuffed animal in the front of the car with the driver. This serves as a reminder that a child is buckled in the car seat. Always check the care to make sure all passengers are out including children and pets. Never leave a child in the car awake or sleeping, while running a “quick” errand.

Heat stroke and other heat related illnesses can be prevented. Taking time to practice heat stroke prevention strategies can mean the difference between life and death or disability.

The skin is the body’s largest organ. Its functions are to protect the body, keep the body at a good temperature, and allow for the sense of touch. It is the only organ that is always exposed to the external environment. There is over 20 square feet of skin on an average human adult. The skin is made of three layers. The innermost layer is made of subcutaneous fat. This layer helps the body to stay warm. The middle layer is called the dermis. The dermis contains nerve endings, oil and sweat glands, and blood vessels. The upper layer is the epidermis. This layer is made up of mostly dead skin cells.

Any time the skin is irritated, it can become itchy. Itching is a common feeling that all people and animals get at some point in their lives. Around 20 per cent of adults experience some kind of itching on a regular basis. It can be a very discouraging and uncomfortable feeling. It is known in the medical field as pruritus.

It leads to a desire or reflex to scratch the area that is itching. Itching is a defense mechanisms which tells the spinal cord and then the brain when something is touching the nerve endings of the dermis layer of the skin. Scratching is the immediate response to the stimulus. Scratching has one goal and that is to remove whatever is bothering the skin. Itching brings on a feeling similar to that of pain, except that instead of the withdrawal reflex that pain leads to, itching leads to a scratch reflex. Itch receptors are also more sensitive than pain receptors.

Causes of Itching

There are over 1000 things that can make a person itch. For the most part, these things include anything that can touch and irritate the skin and certain diseases.

An itch can be caused by something physical or neurological. An itch can come on by skin irritation or as a symptom of another disease. Just thinking about itching can make a person want to scratch themselves. Itching can come on without any symptom at all when the skin is irritated. Itching can also be associated with dry skin, bumps, spots, blisters, or redness.

On a human, there are many small insects that can be the cause itching, whether by the presence of the insect or by its bite or sting. These include:

• Head lice
• Pubic lice
• Body louse
• Mosquito or chigger bites.
• Spider bits
• Parasitic infections

Other things that cause itching include:

• Urticaria, commonly known as hives, which is a common allergic reaction
• Fungal infections
• Certain skin conditions, such as dermatitis, psoriasis, scabies, and tinea infections. Tinea infections are commonly called ring worm, jock itch, or athlete’s foot.
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Xerosis, commonly called dry skin. This is more common in the winter time or after frequent hot baths.
• Scab healing or scar growth
• Development of moles, pimples, or ingrown hairs
• Dandruff
• Chicken pox
• Psychiatric diseases
• Certain medications
• Menopause
• Malignant or internal cancer
• Sunburns
• Dry air
• Pregnancy
• Withdrawal from certain drugs
• Chronic stress
• Some internal diseases such as liver disease, kidney failure, celiac disease, iron deficiency anemia, certain types of cancer, diabetes, or thyroid problems. In these cases, the itch usually includes the entire body.

Prevention of Itching

• If your skin is sensitive, take extra precaution when washing. Take baths instead of showers.
• Use bath oils to keep the skin moisturized.
• Use mild soaps. Supper fatted or oil based soaps are less likely to cause dryness, but should not be used all the time.
• Use moisturizer on your hands often.
• Use sunscreen when outside.
• After you get out of a bath or shower, immediately put on moisturizer.
• Use mosquito repellant.
• Drink lots of water.
• Don’t wear wool or acrylic fabrics. Cotton and silk clothing are good for itches.
• Use unscented and mild laundry detergent.
• Don’t scratch. While scratching can solve some of the less serious itches, it can also cause problems.

For the most part, avoid scratching. Long term scratching can lead to a condition called neurodermatitis. Neurodermatitis is characterized by thick, leathery skin. Scratching can also cause bacterial infections and permanent changes in skin color or even scaring.

Treatment of itching

Since itching is such a common problem, and is usually not serious, there are many remedies that can be done at home to soothe the itch. Some of these remedies are:

– Baking Soda. Baking soda can be used many different ways to relieve itches. One cup of baking soda can be added to a bath to soothe all over itches or itches that are hard to reach. A baking soda paste can also be made out of one part water and three parts baking soda. This paste is applied directly to the skin, but shouldn’t be used if the skin is broken.

• Oatmeal. One or two cups of ground oatmeal in a warm bath tub can soothe itches.
• Evaporated Milk. Add one can to a bath and let it soothe away the itch.
• Apple cider vinegar. One tablespoon in a bath can help an itch.
• Ice can often relieve the itchy area. If ice is not readily available, cold water can help.
• If it’s the hands or feet that are itching, and the reason is dryness, apply a layer of petroleum jelly and wear gloves or socks.
• Cut your nails short to avoid irritating the skin if scratching is a problem.
• If itching is caused by dry skin, a simple moisturizing lotion may be the solution.

Treating itches using herb

• Peppermint or yellow dock in a bath tub is supposed to help itches
• Burdock root oil applied to the skin will stop itching and heal rashes
• Fresh chickweed – Soak two large handfuls in water until it softens. Allow it to cool then apply onto the itching area.
• Cloves and Juniper berries – American Indians were known for using these two things to stop an itch. The berries have anti-inflammatory properties and the cloves numb nerve endings. To make this concoction, melt three ounces of unsalted butter. In a different pan, melt about two tablespoons of beeswax.
• Basil – Basil also contains a nerve numbing agent. To use on itches, place a half ounce of dried basil leaves in one pint of boiling water. Cover it and allow it to cool. Use a cloth to spread the tea onto the itch.
• Mint – mint contains substances that are both anti-inflammatory and anesthetics. Place one ounce of mint leaves in a pint of boiling water. Cover and wait until it cools. Strain the tea and use a cloth to spread the tea onto the affected area.
• Thyme -Thyme also has anesthetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Make a thyme tea using one half ounce of dried thyme in a one pint jar of boiling water. Just like the mint and basil tea, cover it and allow cooling. Strain the tea and use a cloth to spread onto the affected area. In China, this mixture will often contain an ounce of dandelion root as well.

Over the counter and store bought remedies for itching

Most over the counter medications for itching fall into two categories. They are either oral antihistamines or corticosteroid creams. Here is a list of some of the popular over the counter solutions.

• Aloe Vera Gel – Aloe vera gel is made from the aloe vera plant. When a leaf of an aloe vera plant is cut or crushed, a transparent fluid comes out. This fluid has soothing properties. It is commonly used for burns, but it also helps to relieve itching feelings. It is available for about five dollars a bottle.
• Ivarest – Ivarest temporarily relieves itching. It, like Benadryl, also blocks histamines. It can cause mild skin irritation.
• Calamine Lotion – Calamine lotion works well for itching that is associated with poison ivy, chicken pox, insect bites, and sun burns. It can occasionally irritate the skin or cause a rash. It can be bought for as little as $2 a bottle.
• Aveeno anti-itch concentrated lotion or cream – This lotion or cream brings quick relief to itches caused by minor skin irritations, insect bites, and chicken pox. There are no known side effects of the lotion. It can be bought for around $5 for an ounce of cream or $5 for 4 ounces of lotion.

Benadryl

There are many Benadryl products that can stop itching. Benadryl produces an anti itch cream that can be applied right onto the itch. It should not be used for chicken pox, measles, or on a large area of the body. Some people experience skin irritation when using the Benadryl cream. If an allergy or hives is what caused the itching, an oral Benadryl product can work to stop the itch.

Benadryl is an antihistamine. Histamines are what the body produces during an allergic reaction. Histamines cause swelling and sometimes itching. Benadryl blocks the histamines. Oral Benadryl has many side effects. Some of them include: tiredness, dizziness, coordination problems, heartburn, and thickening of bronchial secretions. All Benadryl products are available in most grocery or drug stores for under $15.

Doctors and Itching

If itching doesn’t improve in about two weeks, it is time to see a doctor. It is also good to seek medical attention if the itching is so severe that it distracts you from day-to-day activities. Unexplained itching or itches that include the entire body, or if the itch has other symptoms with it are also reasons to see a doctor.

When you see a doctor, the doctor will ask specific questions to determine the cause of the itch. The doctor may also perform certain tests if he or she thinks the cause of the itching is an internal problem.

If the doctor finds an underlying cause for the itching, he or she will treat that cause. When the cause is treating, the itching will go away. There are other ways that doctors may suggest treating itching. They include:

• Over the counter medications
• Light therapy – This is also known as phototherapy. During this procedure, the skin is exposed to specific wavelengths of ultraviolet light. Multiple sessions may be needed to get itching under control, and each session can be very expensive.
• Wet dressings – This is a process where medicated creams are put on the itchy area and then covered with a damp material made of cotton. The cotton is usually soaked in water before being applied.

Also called pertussis, whooping cough is a severe infection that occurs in the respiratory system from the Bordetella pertussis bacterium, also called B. pertussis. The condition received its name from the main characteristic of the infection which causes a quite severe spell of coughing that is concluded with loud whooping sounds as the person inhales. There was a time when the vaccine was not yet available, in which whooping cough claimed 5,000 to 10,000 people each year in the US. The development of the vaccine provided a treatment that was effective enough to severely decrease the death rate to less than 30, which has began to rise again in the most at risk patients.

Whooping Cough Becoming More Common

It is quite common and occurring more frequently in the most recent years. There are several cases that could occur with the symptoms lasting for about six weeks. There could be prolonged symptoms or short-term, but treatment must be sought out during the first onset of the infection in order for the main antibiotic used to be effective in treatment. If there is not prompt diagnosis or attention paid, the infection could run its entire course only causing minor coughing spells that over-the-counter medications are good for treating.

Whooping cough arrives with several symptoms, progressing with the infection, with various groups at a higher risk than others for getting the infection. Thos with a compromised or developing immune system are typically at a greater chance of developing the condition, in which case there is a slight chance of fatality if the immune system is considerably low.

There is a highly effective preventative measure involving the DTaP vaccine that will protect against infection. As this infection is highly contagious, the necessary safeguards should be in place, especially in school age children that are currently attending school or daycare.

There are also various complications associated with whooping cough which include:

• Pneumonia
• Convulsions
• Mental impairment
• Brain damage
• Apnea
• Death

Whooping cough also presents other severe complications such as a permanent seizure disorder that will afflict the infected causing an epileptic like condition. Nose bleeds and ear infections can also be quite common with bleeding in the brain also possible. There is a lack of oxygen that occurs during a spell or from a complication which is the cause of any brain damage or mental retardation.

With children being so susceptible to the infection, it is important to contact a doctor if there are any symptoms that resemble pertussis. Emergency should be contacted if there are symptoms of:

• Bluish tint to the skin
• Apnea, or periods of stopping breathing
• Seizures
• High fever
• Vomiting
• Dehydration

These symptoms could be an indication that there is a serious complication that requires immediate attention.
Infants are the most susceptible and most in danger in the event of the pertussis infection, therefore will require much more care and monitoring than adolescents and adults.

Many times, whooping cough can carry out its course and leave no effects other than the coughing which can be relieved through the use of cough suppressants and various home remedies that provide a better and more suitable environment for treatment of whooping cough.

Symptoms

Once there has been exposure to the bacteria, it will take about a week for the initial symptoms to present. These symptoms are very similar to a simple cold that will continue to progress. Typically, 10-12 days after the initial symptoms arrive there will be severe coughing spells that will end in a whooping noise when seen in children. The sound is the result of attempting to inhale and is rare in adults and children under six months.

When coughing spells begin, they may be followed by severe persistent vomiting and even possibly unconsciousness.

When vomiting accompanies coughing, this is a big indicator that there is pertussis present. Infants can have choking spells as a common symptom of the condition. There are other symptoms as well including cold and flu like symptoms such as a runny nose, a fever up to 102 degree Fahrenheit, and even diarrhea. These accompany the initial symptoms and can lead to a wrong diagnosis of the flu or a minor cold.

Many times in adults, the condition remains as a dry and persistent cough that could cause:

• Thick phlegm
• Vomiting
• Reddish or bluish face from lack of oxygen
• Extreme fatigue

Adults and adolescents don’t typically experience the characteristic whoop and will likely just experience progressive coughing spells. In some cases, apnea or pneumonia could develop, especially in the case of a compromised immune system due to other diseases or infections.

Causes

The bacterium Bordetella pertussis, also known as Bordetella parapertussis or B. pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterium that causes the upper respiratory infection, pertussis, or whooping cough. This is a very serious disease that has been seen in infants to cause permanent disabilities, including brain damage, and can even be fatal.

The disease is interpersonal, spreading from person to person as the infected cough into the air and the uninfected inhale the bacteria. The bacteria travel through the air in tiny droplets, seeking a new host to infect. The infection generally lasts up to six weeks, but could be more or less depending on the patient.

Once the bacteria have entered the airways, it will begin to multiply, producing toxins that inhibit the respiratory tract’s ability to rid the germs that try to invade. Thick mucus begins to accumulate within the airways, causing the coughing spells and whooping sound as children try to inhale. As the airways are narrow, the whooping is the effect of a gasp of air seeking travel through a tube in the lungs that has been severely narrowed. In some cases, this gasping goes on to cause choking or even unconsciousness.

Risk Factors

Since infants’ immune systems are still in development, they are not able to fight off infections as well as adolescents and adults. Typically, those six months and younger are the most at risk as the resistance to the disease doesn’t generally build enough strength until at least three doses of the vaccination have been administered.

As whooping cough cases have been on the increase, it is now thought that the vaccination effects will begin to wear off through time, leaving teenagers and adults more susceptible in the case of an outbreak of pertussis, which seems to be occurring often and regularly.

Aged adults are also susceptible as their immune systems are not as strong as they used to be and in many times are compromised due to other health conditions. This increases the risk during an outbreak. Any individual who has not received the vaccination is also at great risk of contracting the infection.

Prevention Tips

The most common and effective, as well as the main and most necessary prevention against whooping cough are the pertussis vaccine, which is administered in the DTaP imunization given to children. The immunization consists of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccines that are given in five doses routinely in most children before the age of six. It is now recommended that for added protection after the vaccine has begun to wear off, children 11-18 receive the new Tdap vaccine. The recommended age is between 11 and 12, and the Tdap replaces the traditional Td booster.

With whooping cough being so contagious, it is best to avoid public areas during an outbreak if the vaccine hasn’t been administered. It has been shown that up to 80% of family members that haven’t been immunized will develop the infection when in the same house as an infected person.

If exposure to an exposed family member or other individual occurs, it is imperitive to seek a booster dose for children that haven’t received all five doses, and antibiotics in adults to avoid spread of the disease.

The vaccine does have side effects that include fever, irritability, and soreness around the injection site. There can be more severe side effects in more serious and rare cases including:

• Persistent crying spells that last over three hours
• High fever
• Seizures, shock, or coma

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Diagnosis typically begins with evaluation of the symptoms; however this can sometimes be difficult when the symptoms aren’t as obvious. There are some cases in infants when the symptoms can be from pneumonia, leading to more testing needed beyond symptoms checking. It is more often easier to diagnose in children from evaluation of the symptoms due to the whooping sound that accompanies the cough.

There is usually a sample taken of the mucus secreted from the nasal passage, which is sent to the lab and tested for the B. pertussis bacteria. This is a time-consuming test, which causes many treatments to already be started before results are shown.

There are blood tests used to diagnose the disease by showing an elevated white blood cell count indicating an infection is present. There are some patients that will show a complete blood count with high numbers of lymphocytes present. There may also be a throat culture taken in order to test at the lab for the bacteria.

In some cases a chest X-ray is used for the physician to look for any type of inflammation or fluid present in the lungs. This is a sign of pneumonia which could complicate the pertussis and create a higher fatality risk. This is a worst case scenario for children as they are often unable to fight off both conditions at once.

Treatment Options

The actual treatment taken to rid whooping cough is determinant upon the patient including information such as:

• Health and medical history
• Severity of the condition
• Tolerance for medications, procedures, and various therapies
• Expectations of the course of the infection
• Patient preference

The most acute infections when caught in the later stages may only require minimal treatment, which typically consists of cough and respiratory relief.

The actual treatment of whooping cough greatly depends on the patient. Infants are more likely to receive hospital care for treatment as the disease is much more dangerous in that age. Intravenous fluids are also often used in children that aren’t able to keep fluids or foods down.

There will be a quarantine of the infected patient to prevent further spreading, with treatment for adolescents and adults being more appropriate within the home. There are several remedies used to treat, as well as medications in order to kill the bacteria and restore the respiratory tract.

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are many herbal and home remedies that provide relief of the symptoms and aid in the healing process. The most important tips given to alleviate the coughing spells and ease the treatment process for in-home treatment include:

• Make sure to get plenty of rest.
• Drink many fluids, including water, juice, and soup.
• Eat small and frequent meals.
• Vaporize the area.
• Maintain clean air within the home: no smoking.

Garlic is often used as a very effective remedy for whooping cough. Syrup of garlic taken in five drop to one teaspoon doses two to three times per day can have a great effect in treating the infection. If there are more frequent and violent coughing spells and the condition is worse, the dose frequency can be increased. Almond oil is another effective treatment that can provide great relief of the symptoms. Honey, onion, and at least 10 to 12 glasses of water can wash the system of the toxins and replenish the respiratory tract. There are several other herbal and home remedies that can greatly benefit patients suffering from whooping cough.

Medical Treatment

It is encouraged to seek treatment for pertussis early to simplify the treatment process. Early treatment can be highly effective with antibiotics like erythromycin, which can alleviate the symptoms much quicker. Although most patients are diagnosed too late for effective treatment with antibiotics, they will still be given to prevent spreading of the disease.

Any infant 18 months or younger should be receiving constant supervision to monitor breathing. During continuous coughing and choking spells, infants have a tendency to stop breathing which could cause mental dysfunction or death. The more severe cases should be receiving 24/7 hospital care until the infection has been fully treated. Many times, there will be an oxygen tent used that provides high humidity and promotes the unblocking of mucus, allowing easier breathing.

Over the Counter Medicine

Once antibiotics are no longer useful as an effective treatment, a minor infection will commonly be treated with cough relief using over-the-counter cough medicine. The infection will be monitored either from home until it has dissipated and there are no more symptoms.

Erythromycin is typically the main drug used for treatment of whooping cough. If the patient seeks treatment before the coughing spells have begun, Erythromycin is effective at preventing the progression to the paroxysmal stage, which is when the coughing begins. If the coughing spells begin, it is necessary to treat the symptoms, but no medications can target the bacteria.

Surgery

Surgery is not a typical treatment for pertussis as it is an infection and cannot be treated with any form of surgery. However, there are cases when whooping cough creates a larger underlying condition that may require some sort of surgery. This could include the development of a hernia or other intestinal or organ issues. The severe coughing spells can create a force within the body that can damage some organs and specific areas.

Whooping cough is a quite common disease associated with the B. pertussis bacterium that is spread very easily. There are many patients each year treated for whooping cough and many times the infection remains minimal. There are some cases, however such as in infants where more serious attention must be given to the disease as their immune systems are not properly developed or as strong as others. Proper treatment of pertussis can vary depending on the age of the infection, age of the patient, and the severity.

Special Treatment Options

While most cases can be solved with rest and nourishment, there are some cases that can provide such restraint on the respiratory system that death can occur. There are always other conditions that can affect the patient and cause more severe and life-threatening issues, such as pneumonia. In the case of pneumonia, proper treatment should be sought out and there should be isolation of the infected person to ensure that spreading of the infection does not occur.

Children may be required to remain in the hospital for the duration of the infection to ensure that there are no further and more permanent complications associated with the disease.

Avoidance

To avoid getting the B. pertussis infection, it is necessary to avoid unsanitary contact with those who may be infected, as well as ensure that all children immunizations are administered to ensure protection. Children can be much more susceptible to the more serious risks and complications associated with the disease, which causes more urgency to ensure that all immunizations and boosters are received per schedule.

Flatulence is a subject with a bit of a stigma attached; not really appropriate for polite conversation, and not something that is encouraged in most settings. But the reality is that flatulence is extremely common and is a natural occurring process that most people experience. While this may be the case, some individuals are afflicted more severely by excessive flatulence, and it is good to know that there are remedies available to try and alleviate this problem.

What is Flatulence?

Present in your intestines at most times is a mixture of different gases, known as “flatus”. Flatulence occurs upon the expulsion of these gases. Flatus occurs through a combination of bacteria and yeast located in the gastrointestinal tract, and upon a buildup of pressure, is released through the anus. While a buildup of gas in the intestine can result in pain and bloating, its release in the form of flatulence, while able to provide relief, is typically not deemed acceptable in most social settings.

Ever the source of bemusement by adolescent males, flatulence is oftentimes accompanied by sound and a noxious odor. Excessive flatulence can be a sign of gastrointestinal problems, a needed change in diet or other digestive difficulties.

Symptoms are flatulence are pretty straightforward. They include bloating, pain in the abdominal area, excessive belching, and persistent expulsion of gas. These symptoms can present themselves regularly or vary according to time of day, food and drink consumed and overall digestive health.

Flatulence is also often termed as farting, passing gas, breaking wind, releasing flatus, and tooting. Regional nomenclature is also common.

What Causes Flatulence?

There are many things that can cause flatulence. One is an abundance of swallowed air. Some people have a condition that causes them to swallow more air than normal, and the nitrogen content in the air is typically expelled as flatus, as it does not absorb well into the lining of the intestinal tract. Another cause is a diet that is rich in fiber.

While this will keep waste disposal regular and does a great job cleaning out your system, it also leads to an increase in flatulence. As well, a diet that is high in fat can lead to an excess amount of carbon dioxide in the digestive system, which can lead to more flatulence.

Medical Conditions

There are also documented medical conditions that can lead to an increase in flatulence. For instance, there are digestive disorders that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastroenteritis. This is an inflammation of the intestinal tract, mainly concentrated in the stomach and the small intestine. It can lead to excess gas, bloating, as well as diarrhea. It is typically contracted by contact with contaminated food or water.

Another medical condition that can lead to flatulence is irritable bowel syndrome. Along with abdominal pain and unusual bowel movements, IBS can lead to an increase in flatulence. It is documented that emotional stress can actually exacerbate the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. If bloating and flatulence in excess are present over a long period of time, it can be a sign of a more serious medical condition, such as colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer. This is the third most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world.

Risk Factors of Flatulence

Use of antibiotics: While using are necessary at times to treat infection, they do have minor side effects, including destruction of normal bacteria in the bowels. These bacteria are necessary for proper digestion, and if they are not present, that can lead to a buildup of gas.

Intolerance to certain foods:

Dairy products can cause a buildup of gas and bloating in some people. Sometimes, the body is not properly able to break down the lactose sugars present in dairy products, leading to a buildup of gas. Another common irritant is gluten, which is typically found in many wheat and grain products. If people are sensitive to gluten, it can lead to gas and diarrhea.

Constipation:

If digestive waste is not being properly expelled from the colon, it also can lead to bloating and a buildup of gas. In this case, flatulence might be welcome to relieve the pressure, but oftentimes, gaseous expulsion in this case can be difficult.

Irritation by artificial sweeteners:

A small portion of the population has an aversion to sweeteners found in some sugar-free drinks and foods, such as sorbitol. If the digestive system has a low tolerance for these artificial sweeteners, gas and diarrhea can develop.

Chronic health conditions:

Certain health conditions, whether developed or pre-existing, can lead to an excess of gas and bloating. These include diverticulitis and Crohn’s disease. These can lead to constipation and the inability to move gas and feces through the rectum.

All of these factors can lead to painful distension, or bloating, of the abdominal region. A normal person passes gas at a rate of ten to twenty times per day. Going above that for an extended period of time can be a sign of a larger problem. If pain in the abdomen persists for a long period of time, or if excessive flatulence alters the normal routine of your life, then it might be time to seek out a medical professional.

If abdomen pain and excessive gas is accompanied by blood in the stool, fever or vomiting, seek medical attention right away. However, if it just a matter of a little excessive flatulence, there are some home-based remedies that have been shown to lessen the amount of gas.

Remedies for gas buildup and flatulence

Home remedies

First off, it is important to get a clear understanding of what causes gas and what symptoms you are experiencing. Oftentimes, excessive gas can be limited simply by understanding what foods in your diet are leading to high gas buildup. As mentioned previously, high-fiber foods will lead to excess gas in the gastrointestinal system. If you are experiencing heavier-than-normal amounts of flatulence, examine how much of the following high-fiber foods you are eating and see if cutting back on them can help limit gas:

• all types of beans
• cabbage
• brussels sprouts
• cauliflower
• greens

If certain foods seem to affect you the most, simply make a note of these and try to avoid them as much as possible. Many dairy products can be difficult, so either limiting them or eating them with other food can help. Make sure you are drinking plenty of water to help digestion. There are really no risks with this, and it can be a simple step to alleviate gas buildup. Plus, it could save you a little money at the grocery store. Replacing some of these high fiber foods with other healthy options can help lessen gas buildup, but still provide a positive lifestyle choice.

Diet and Lifestyle Choices

Speaking of lifestyle choices, making some subtle changes that will not significantly impact your life can also provide more comfort and lessen your bloating and gas. One simple one is limit the amount of gum you chew and candies that you suck on. Not only will lessening these sweets prove healthy for your overall well-being, but chewing gum and sucking on candy both increase the amount of air you swallow. When you sit down to a meal, try to make it a relaxed occasion.

Quick eating can lead to increased swallowed air, and if you are hurried or stressed when eating, this can negatively impact the digestion process, leading to bloating and excess gas. Lastly, another choice with multiple benefits is to not smoke. Not only does tobacco lead to a myriad of health problems throughout the body, but the act of smoking also increases the amount of air swallowed.

If you’re looking for a quicker fix that can provide quick relief from excess gas, there are kitchen-based home remedies that have been tried and provide alleviation of pain in many people. Among these natural remedies are:

• Mix 2 teaspoons of brandy with warm water and drink at nighttime.
• Chew on ginger slices that have been soaked in a lime juice solution. Doing this after meals can limit the gas buildup from the foods you’ve just consumed.
• Also after a meal, a drop of dill oil mixed in with some honey can provide gas relief.
• Combined a teaspoon of ground pepper, a teaspoon of dry ginger and a teaspoon of ground cardamom spice seeds. Dissolve this in water and drink about an hour after a meal for a natural gas pain reliever.
• Lastly, try a little peppermint! Not only will it freshen your breath, but peppermint leaves or a cup of peppermint tea will provide menthol, which aids in the digestion process, by soothing the smooth digestive muscles of the GI tract. However, be aware that in a small portion of the population, peppermint can lead to heartburn and mild cases of acid reflux.

If you don’t have some of these ingredients on hand, and you are suffering from occasional bloating and bouts of flatulence, pick some up the next time you are at the supermarket. They are not costly, and having them on hand in the future can provide a much-needed quick relief from abdominal discomfort and odorous flatulence.

Medication Remedies

There are both over-the-counter and pharmaceutical remedies available that can lead to relief from gas buildup, abdominal pain and bloating.

Over-the-counter

There are a number of digestive enzyme products that are available without a prescription. These supplements can help the body better digest carbohydrates and can allow many people to eat foods that would otherwise produce excess gas and bloating. One common one is enzyme lactase, which aids in dairy and lactose digestion.

One well-known all-natural solution is Beano. This product will help you not have to avoid eating the high-fiber foods like beans and vegetables. It has been designed to counteract a food intolerance known as Complex Carbohydrate Intolerance. These carbohydrates, found in many healthy foods, are not always digested properly if a digestive enzyme known as alpha-galactosidase is deficient. Beano naturally contains this enzyme and works with the body’s digestive system to break down these carbohydrates. It is relatively inexpensive and can be found at supermarkets and wholesale clubs.

Many parents have experienced the difficulty of a baby with gas problems. One popular treatment is Mylicon, which are drops that are safe for even newborns, as they are not absorbed into the baby’s system. The active ingredient in Mylicon is simethicone.

The good news is there are no common side effects of note from taking these medications, and risks to take them are minimal.

Prescription Medications

If you seek assistance from a doctor for excessive flatulence, belching, or abdominal pain, a doctor may prescribe medicine, especially for someone with something like irritable bowel syndrome. A couple of these medicines include:

• Activated charcoal: You can take these tablets both before and after you eat to help with absorption and digestion of various toxins that can lead to a buildup of gas. There are many brands available, both in drugstores and a natural food store.
• Simethicone: This is a medication that dissolves gas bubbles, which, in some cases, can provide relief from buildup and gas pain.

Other Alternative Treatments

Along with traditional remedies and medications, some people benefit from psychological treatments as well. Since digestive health is assisted by low stress and reduced anxiety, some people are helped by relaxation or behavioral therapy. This is typically tried only after dietary and lifestyle changes are attempted, and problems with flatulence and bloating are still present.

Flatulence in Other Cultures

Flatulence is typically seen as a publicly embarrassing activity in most cultures, but can also be seen as a source of amusement. However, in some cultures (mainly Asian), farting in public is seen as no more uncouth than coughing. In Japan, the kombu kelp (a type of seaweed) is seen as a natural remedy to counteract the production of gas. The typical diet of a region, and its reliance of high-fiber foods, oftentimes directly correlates with the acceptance of flatulence in that culture.

Flatulence, while seen by some as taboo, is a naturally occurring process that is perfectly normal and is helpful in relieving minor, typical gas buildup in the gastrointestinal system. Flatulence has even been erroneously identified as a cause of the rise in greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere.

Expulsion of methane, primarily from bovine, is thought by many to be released as part of the flatus, when, in fact, the majority of it is expelled through exhalation or belching, meaning cow farting is having a minimal environmental impact.

In humans, when it becomes excessive, however, steps can be taken to alleviate the pain, discomfort and potential embarrassment that flatulence can cause.

Through careful attention paid to dietary concerns, lifestyle choices and advice of a medical professional, flatulence is something that can be controlled and perhaps even celebrated as a vital part of our digestive health.

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. It causes severe pain in the abdomen and can be treated surgically. An appendectomy is an operation to remove the appendix.

The appendix is a small tube, shaped rather like a finger. The average appendix is approximately 4 inches long and about 0.31 inches in diameter. It is closed at one end, and at the other is attached to the cecum, a pouch shaped part of the colon of the large intestine. This section of the large intestine is near to the place where it is joined to the small intestine. Food travels from the stomach, through the small intestine and into the large intestine, passing the appendix on its way.

Type of Organ

The appendix itself is usually considered to be a vestigial organ, that is one that no longer has any function. Some research points to possible secondary functions for the appendix, but it is not an essential organ, and it is possible for a human to live a perfectly healthy life without an appendix. One secondary function that has been suggested for the appendix is that it could provide an environment in which useful bacteria can grow, and perhaps one in which they can survive when illness, specifically diarrhea, flushes bacteria out of the digestive system. Another suggestion is that the appendix could play a role in the immune system, since it usually contains many lymphoid cells, which are involved in the fight against infections.

Appendicitis is a common condition that affects one in every fifteen Americans. It usually presents in patients between the ages of 10 and 30, and is very rare in children under 2 years of age.

Medical Emergency

Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention. If left untreated it can be fatal, since the inflammation can increase until the appendix bursts, releasing the contents of the intestine and infectious material into the abdomen. The resulting infection, known as peritonitis, requires strong antibiotic treatment in order to save the patient. If left untreated, the patient can go into shock and die.

Abscesses, which are pockets filled with pus, can sometimes form on the outside of an infected appendix. These must be treated before the appendix can be removed. If the abscess tears, the pus will leak into the abdomen, where it could spread the infection.

In some cases, the infected appendix can be sealed off from the abdomen by scar tissue produced by this type of abscess on the outside of the appendix. This can prevent peritonitis, since it becomes impossible for infectious material to be leaked from the appendix. It is not possible to recognize an abscessed appendix before conducting surgery, however, therefore all cases of appendicitis must be treated as emergencies with the potential to develop into peritonitis.

Symptoms

The first symptom of appendicitis is a dull pain that occurs near the upper abdomen or navel. It then moves down towards the lower right of the abdomen, becoming a sharp pain over a period of several hours. The pain generally increases over approximately 12 to 18 hours, becoming very severe. The patient will often be unable to find a comfortable position or to sit still, due to the pain. In some cases, the pain may occur in a different part of the abdomen than would usually be expected, particularly when the patient is a child or a woman who is pregnant.

Other common symptoms are:

• Nausea or vomiting, soon after the abdominal pain begins
• Loss of appetite
• Swelling of the abdomen
• A fever (99 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit)
• An inability to pass gas

Some patients may also experience other symptoms. In approximately half of the people who have appendicitis, there will also be a sharp or dull pain elsewhere in the abdomen, the back or the rectum, cramps, diarrhea with gas, constipation, pain when urinating, or vomiting before the abdominal pain begins.

Anyone who is experiencing the symptoms of appendicitis should seek medical attention as quickly as possible. Many people begin by making an appointment with their family doctor, since their symptoms have not yet become severe. If the doctor suspects appendicitis, they will then be referred on to a surgeon. If the pain has become severe, then the patient is likely to seek help at the emergency room instead, and be transferred to surgery from there.

Diagnosis

If a patient arrives at the hospital or a family doctor’s offices with abdominal pain that may be appendicitis, the doctor will want to know how long the pain has been there, how severe it is, where exactly in the abdomen it is, and whether there has been any change in the pain since it first began. They will also ask whether there have been any other symptoms.

A doctor will perform a number of diagnostic tests when a patient presents with some or all of the symptoms of appendicitis. A number of other conditions can cause similar symptoms, therefore it can be difficult to correctly make the diagnosis, and the patient may not be able to recognize the condition for themselves.

The doctor will physically examine the abdomen to check for any inflammation. They will probably press down upon the abdomen and ask the patient whether there is any change in the pain. In cases of appendicitis, the pain increases when the pressure is released. This happens because the peritoneum is inflamed. The doctor will also check for any rigidity in the abdomen, and whether the patient’s muscles are reacting to the pressure by becoming tense. This is known as guarding, and is common during appendicitis.

They will usually also perform a rectal exam and conduct tests on the blood and urine to check whether the body is fighting off an infection and to rule out the possibility that the patient is actually suffering from a urinary tract infection. A high count for white blood cells in the blood test implies that the patient has some sort of infection. Urine tests can identify urinary tract infections, and if there is are red blood cells in the urine when it is examined under a microscope, it suggests that the pain is being caused by kidney stones rather than appendicitis.

A CT scan or an ultrasound may also be used to investigate the abdomen. This can confirm the diagnosis of appendicitis, or find any other reasons why the person could be suffering from abdominal pain.

It is usual for the doctor to recommend surgery whenever appendicitis is suspected, even if they are not entirely certain that the patient is suffering from this condition, since it is vital to operate as quickly as possible if the condition is present.

Causes

Appendicitis occurs when the appendix is blocked. This blockage can be caused by stool, a foreign body, cancer, or swelling of the appendix due to an infection.

Risk Factors

Anything that increases the chances of a blockage that could affect the appendix can increase the risks of developing appendicitis.

There is no way to prevent appendicitis, but when the symptoms do occur, it may be possible to reduce the chances of the appendix rupturing. The best way of preventing this is to get medical attention before the appendix can burst, but there are certain things that anyone with suspected appendicitis should avoid, since they can cause an inflamed appendix to rupture. They should not eat or drink anything, take any pain medication, laxatives or antacids, or use a heating pad.

People who eat plenty of fiber are less likely to suffer from appendicitis, so a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the chances of developing this condition.

Treatments

Appendicitis is treated by surgical removal of the appendix. A dose of antibiotics is usually given before the operation in order to protect the patient from the possibility of peritonitis developing.

If the appendix has abscessed, then the patient may need to have an operation to drain the pus before the appendectomy is performed. The pus is drained through a tube that is inserted into the abscess. The patient will usually need a few weeks to recover from this procedure before the appendix can be removed. Patients who have an abscessed appendix will therefore require two separate operations.

If the appendix has burst, then treatment with antibiotics will also be necessary in order to cure the resulting infection, which is known as peritonitis, since the lining of the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum.

There are two ways in which an appendectomy can be performed. Both require a general anesthetic, which will put the patient to sleep while the surgery is performed.

An open appendectomy requires an incision of about four inches in length to be made in the abdomen, through which the appendix is removed. If the appendix has ruptured, or if there is an abscess on the appendix, then an open operation will probably be necessary, since it provides the surgeon with the opportunity to clean out the abdominal cavity.

A laparoscopic appendectomy is conducted through a number of much smaller incisions in the appendix. This technique uses a laparoscope, which is a thin instrument with a camera on the end of it that can be inserted into the abdomen and used to find the appendix and provide a view inside while performing the procedure. Since the incision is smaller, patients whose appendectomy was laparoscopic will usually recover from the operation faster from those whose operation was open.

After the surgery, the patient will usually need to take pain medication while the incision is healing. There are no alternative therapies that can help to treat appendicitis, but there may be strategies that can help the patient to cope with the pain they experience while recovering. Some patients benefit from techniques such as guided imagery while dealing with postoperative pain. This involves imagining a favorite place in order to create a distraction from the pain. Other activities such as listening to music, watching TV, reading or talking with a friend, can also help patients to forget about the pain.

There is some recent evidence that antibiotics alone may be an effective treatment in some cases of appendicitis, without the patient having to undergo surgery. This treatment is currently being tested in clinical trials. It depends upon recognizing which patients are at low risk of the appendix rupturing, which there is not currently a reliable means of doing.

Traditional Remedies

There are no traditional cures that can treat appendicitis, but there are some remedies that have been used in the past to cope with this condition. None has been scientifically proven to be effective, and it is essential that anyone who suspects they have appendicitis visits their doctor and receives proper treatment.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, certain herbs are believed to be able to treat appendicitis. A scientific study was conducted on 425 patients with appendicitis. They were given herbal preparations from Chinese medicine. Some patients also received antibiotics. Most of the patients who were included in the study experienced an improvement in their condition, without having an appendectomy, but 30 of the patients relapsed with appendicitis soon afterwards. Although these results are interesting, and may suggest possible research topics for the future, surgery is still the only option for curing appendicitis.

In addition to herbal remedies, acupuncture and electro acupuncture have been used in Chinese medicine in order to treat appendicitis. No clinical trials have been conducted to test the efficacy of these treatments.

Outside of the Chinese tradition, other cultures have attempted to treat appendicitis with herbal remedies. Homeopathic remedies for the condition include Bryonia and Belladonna. Indian ayurvedic medicine suggests a number of remedies for mild cases of appendicitis, including drinking buttermilk, carrot or beetroot juice, or water in which fenugreek seeds have been boiled. There is no scientific evidence that any of these herbal remedies work for appendicitis.

Traditional remedies are unlikely to help in cases of appendicitis, although some may help to improve the digestion or to alleviate some of the symptoms. In ayurveda, for example, ginger is suggested as a remedy for nausea and vomiting.

Alternative therapies for appendicitis probably only exist because of the difficulty in diagnosing the condition, which may have led to supposed cures when the patient did not in fact have appendicitis. Practitioners may also have believed that they cured appendicitis when the condition was very mild and resolved itself, with no help from their remedies. This could have led to the treatment being passed down over the generations as a remedy that was believed to help people with appendicitis.

Prognosis

If the condition is treated quickly, with an appendectomy and antibiotic treatment if the appendix has burst, then the prognosis is good. The patient should expect to spend a day, or possible two days, in the hospital after receiving the surgery. It will take up to three weeks for the patient to recover from the operation, but there should be no further problems and they will be able to lead a completely normal life, without their appendix. Open surgery requires a longer healing period than laparoscopic surgery. The patient will also take longer to recover from their appendicitis if the appendix burst before it could be removed.

Patients who have had an appendectomy should contact their doctor if they experience any dizziness or faintness, uncontrolled vomiting, blood in their urine or vomit, increased pain in the abdomen or the incision, redness or pus in the incision.

During the recovery period, the patient can take a number of measures to help themselves to heal and to avoid complications resulting from the surgery. They should avoid any strenuous physical activity. If the procedure was performed laparoscopically, they will need to limit their activity for between three and five days after the surgery. If their operation was open, then they should avoid any physical strain for ten to fourteen days afterwards. The recovery time will vary between patients, but the doctor will be able to advise on when each patient can return to their normal activities.

While the patient is recovering, they should be careful when they are coughing, laughing or otherwise placing a strain on their abdomen. They may feel some pain when doing any of these things. The abdomen can be protected during these actions by placing a pillow across the abdomen and placing pressure upon it in order to brace the stomach.

Once the patient is ready to begin moving around again, they should begin gradually and start with short, sedate walks. It is important that the patient does not try to push themselves too hard before they are ready to return to their normal lifestyle. The doctor will be able to advise the patient on when they should expect to go back to work or take up other activities again. Children who have undergone an appendectomy are usually able to return to school after about a week, as long as they avoid any particularly strenuous activities such as sports and gym classes, which they should usually avoid for between two and four weeks after surgery.

While they are recovering, the patient should ensure that they get plenty of rest and sleep. The healing process can use up a lot of energy, and they may require more sleep than they normally get, and could feel sleepier than usual.

The patient will probably be taking some pain medication during the recovery period. If this is not effective, then they should contact their doctor in order to discuss the problem. They may need to take a different type or dosage of medication, or there may be a complication with the healing incision.

Complications

Any surgery that requires a general anesthetic presents some risk to the patient. There is also a chance of a postoperative infection. If the appendix ruptured prior to removal, then complications are more likely to develop due to the spread of infectious material through the abdomen. There is a 59 percent chance of a complication occurring after a burst appendix, compared to a chance of 3 percent when the appendix was removed before it could burst.

There are an estimated two cases per million in which appendicitis leads to death in the US, due to the high levels of health care that are available. Death is usually caused by peritonitis after an untreated appendix has ruptured.

Cost

An appendectomy can be expensive since it is a surgical procedure and because it usually requires a stay of at least a day in hospital. Some patients may need to stay for several days. A number of tests are also required before the diagnosis of appendicitis is made.

There are stories of people in the US paying up to $30,000 for appendicitis treatments, but the cost is usually lower than this. It is not unusual for the patient to pay between $10,000 and $20,000. The Healthcare Blue Book, a guide to medical costs, lists the price of an appendectomy carried out in the US in 2010 as $10,856. This price is based on the average fees charged to patients, but some people will be asked to pay more than this.

Eye Infections

Types, Symptoms, Causes and Cures

The first step to treating an eye infection is to identify what type of eye infection you have. There are many types of eye infections, including bacterial, viral and fungal. Allergies can also cause eye irritation that can closely mimic an eye infection. Many types of eye infections may be treated at home with no ill effect, and with a recovery time of around five days.

Explore some causes, types and symptoms of several common eye infections here, and find out what can be done to treat this condition at home. Also, learn when to recognize signs that medical attention is required. All information presented here is done so for educational purposes, and is not a replacement for being under the care of a physician. If severe eye pain, decreased vision or high fever are present, seek professional medical attention immediately.

Common Symptoms of Eye Infections

In some types of eye infection, the first symptoms may be a discoloring of the sclera. The sclera are the parts of the eyes commonly referred to as the “whites”. Some eye conditions, like pink eye or conjunctivitis, can cause the sclera to take on a pinkish hue or even turn blood-red during a flare-up. Yellowing of the sclera is not typically a sign of an eye infection, and could indicate more serious medical problems, such as liver problems. See a doctor immediately if the “whites” of the eyes take on a yellow tinge, or begin to turn gray.

The eye or eyes may also weep bodily fluids such as mucous or pus when infected. The presence of pus coming from the eyes can be a sign of contamination of the eye by fecal matter. The ooze that comes from the eyes should not have a bad odor, but may feel sticky and tacky.

As the patient sleeps, fluids from the infected eye may drain into the lash line and form crusts. When the patient awakes and attempts to open their eyes, they may even find the eyelashes essentially glued shut by the dried fluids. The crusty pieces of dried material shouldn’t be pulled off the lashes, as this can cause the lashes to be painfully ripped out.

Removing the Gunk

If the eye or eyes have become encrusted with the weeping secretions after being closed for a long period of time, there is an easy way to safely remove the “gunk” and allow the eye to open comfortably. A clean washcloth can be immersed in hot water, wrung out and applied to the lashes. As the heat and moisture softens the material, it may be wiped from the eye more easily with a clean tissue. Do not use fingers near an infected eye unless the hands are thoroughly sanitized and washed before and after contact. Never allow anyone who hasn’t washed their hands to touch an infected eye.

Pain and itching are two additional common symptoms of most eye infections. These symptoms can present before or after the onset of reddening of the eyes, but all three are usually present at some point of an active eye infection. Rubbing the eye during an infection may provide temporary relief, but should be avoided as it can cause more bacteria to spread and in some cases may even scratch or damage the eye. If fluids from the eye form crusts, tiny pieces of the dried-up material could become lodged inside the eyelid and cause damage if rubbed around.

If there is more itchiness than pain, there may be an allergic reaction going on rather than an acute infection.

Causes and Cures for Common Eye Infections

In many cases, contracting the occasional eye infection is just a part of life. Children pass “pinkeye” around school, and then bring it home. Dirty hands touch an eye, and the next day, there is weeping and itchiness. However, sometimes an eye infection is a serious medical matter that must be treated by a physician. In cases where symptoms of eye infection persist without positive progress beyond three days, or if symptoms are unbearable, it is recommended the patient see a doctor immediately.

There are cases where eye irritation is caused by allergies as opposed to infection. Exposure to pollen or other irritants can bring on an allergic episode that mimics infection in many ways. The exception to this is most people suffering an eye allergy will not experience pus or weeping. In these cases, bothersome symptoms may resolve significantly with a combination of oral allergy medications and the use of saline eye drops or “artificial tears”. Many over-the-counter allergy medications and eye drops are available to help treat the condition at home.

Do You Need Medical Treatment

For minor viral or bacterial infections of the eye or eyes, professional medical treatment may not be required. In many cases, such as with bacterial/viral conjunctivitis or “pinkeye”, a dose of common sense may be treatment enough. Inexpensive, simple things such as practicing good hand-washing techniques, washing all bedding and frequently replacing used bath towels with clean ones may be enough to stop the spread of the infection.

Pinkeye and Antibiotics

Pinkeye is a bacterial form of conjunctivitis, often caused by the transfer of and contamination by fecal matter. Anyone experiencing the symptoms of an eye infection such as pinkeye should avoid touching their eye for any reason. If the eye or area around the eye is touched, the patient should immediately wash their hands. Members of the patient’s household should also practice good hand-washing techniques, and never share towels or pillows, especially during a time when an infection is going around.

Though they should speed up the healing process, antibiotics may or may not be deemed necessary for a simple eye infection. A few days of rest and hydration should help promote the body to heal on its own. However, for families that easily share germs and routinely catch each others’ illnesses, antibiotics can help those with bacterial eye infections become non-contagious faster than on their own. Those patients diagnosed with a viral eye infection will not be prescribed antibiotics, as viruses aren’t affected by them.

Eye Drops

Antibiotics for a bacterial eye infection are usually prescribed in the form of eye drops. If eye drops are to be applied by someone other than the patient, the person applying the drops should wear gloves or wash their hands thoroughly before and after assisting the patient. The applicator tip on the bottle of eye drops must not touch the eye or the medicine can become contaminated, and allow the bacteria to breed in the moist conditions of the capped bottle.

Treating a viral eye infection doesn’t require a doctor’s visit unless prescription pain medication is desired. Typically, symptoms will begin to dissipate after a few days of rest. Clean, cold compresses can be applied to the affected eye or eyes to soothe itching and reduce inflammation of the eyelids. When the eyelids swell slightly from inflamed tissue, this can cause an uncomfortable feeling of pressure, and the counter-pressure of a compress applied lightly to the eye can alleviate that feeling.

Avoid Making it Worse

Never rub or scratch at the eye, during an infection or at any other time. Friction between the eyelid and the eyeball can cause damage to the cornea, and result in prolonged discomfort. Applying gentle pressure with a clean tissue or washcloth can help with some of the more frustrating symptoms of an eye infection, and do so without causing further irritation or damage like rubbing may.

The use of artificial tears or saline eye baths may provide some relief from itching, burning reddened eyes, and are typically safe to use during an infection. There are many types of over-the-counter eye drops that may help, but be sure to read the package labels. Some eye drops are geared more toward allergy sufferers, and other are for sensitive eyes. Avoid eye drops medicated with menthol if severe pain or burning is present, as these drops will likely sting beyond the point of being worth any potential relief.

Are There Safe Home Remedies For Eye Infections?

While there are numerous home remedies many people swear by in terms of curing the painful and unpleasant symptoms of an eye infection, home remedies involving pouring anything on one’s eye should be approached with extreme caution and restraint.

One supposed home remedy for relieving the irritation of an eye infection involves lemon juice. Lemon juice is highly acidic, and while it is unlikely even undiluted lemon juice would cause permanent damage, it will likely sting and burn.

Aloe vera has incredible soothing properties when used as a topical salve on burns, poison ivy and other skin irritations.

Some people suggest applying some of the pure aloe vera secretions directly into the eye with a clean fingertip can help cure an eye infection, though these patients do so at their own risk.

Another homemade eye solution for an eye infection involves a more soothing natural substance: honey. Mix several tablespoons of pure honey in a cup of water, boil for one minute and allow the solution to cool. Place several drops of the solution into the eyes with an eye dropper. Honey may have anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, and should not make the infection worse as long as the solution is boiled and cooled completely before use, and applied with a clean eye dropper.

Using Tea Bags

Regular black or green tea bags that have been steeped in warm or cool water may help reduce swollen eyelids and redness of the eyes. The natural antioxidants and tannins in the tea may also provide some comfort from itchiness and burning. Placing tea bags on an infected or irritated eye shouldn’t have any adverse effects. If using warm or hot tea bags, always test the heat by placing the tea bag on the inside of the wrist for a moment before applying to the eyes.

In general, when it comes to the eyes, it is better to err on the side of caution than to introduce a harmful substance that could cause permanent injury. Though lemon juice, tea and honey are unlikely to do any real harm, they also have no proven impact on clearing an eye infection or improving eye health.

Causes For Concern

Sometimes eye irritation is more than a sign of a simple eye infection. Rarely, symptoms may be severe and indicate serious medical conditions. For example, acute glaucoma can present with symptoms including redness and eye pain, similar to many common eye infections. However, if the eye pain is very severe and gets worse as time goes on, and if vision is cloudy or otherwise impaired, see a doctor right away. Acute glaucoma can result in permanently decreased vision or even blindness in extreme cases.

Temporal arteritis is another serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. This condition can be marked by pain and redness in the eye, but also with more full-body symptoms such as fever, body aches and pain and other flu-like signs. Pain in one or both temples, along with the other symptoms listed, may indicate temporal arteritis. This is an inflammatory disease that only a physician should attempt to treat. An aggressive round of oral antibiotics will likely be prescribed as treatment for this condition.

A kidney stone is a small stone shaped buildup or concretion that forms within the kidney as a result of a calcium or other buildups within the urinary tract, ureter, or other area within the bodies digestive system. The concretions are also known as calculi, which is a crystal aggregation. There are a few different types of kidney stones and vary according to what mineral is primarily found in the buildup.

Alternative Names for Kidney Stones

Nephrolithiasis is the name given to the condition of having kidney stones. Ureterolithiasis is the physician’s term for having a calcium buildup in the tube that connects the bladder and the kidneys. This tube is called the ureter. Urolithiasis is the term for the condition of having a calcium buildup in the urinary tract, including within the kidneys or in the urinary bladder.

The condition of having kidney stones in other animals, such as cats and dogs, is often called bladder stones and is similar to urolithiasis.

Symptoms That Accompany Kidney Stones

The most common symptom associated with kidney stones is a severe pain in the groin area that can extend into the body and across the lower back. This pain may be continuous or come and go in spurts. This pain will typically increase in degree and become more defined with time. Other symptoms associated with kidney stones include:

1. Nausea and vomiting as the result of the intestine becoming infected.
2. Small amounts of pus in the urine.
3. Reduced amount of urine which is caused by the kidney stone obstructing the urinary tract.
4. Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal pelvis and can often accompany kidney stones.
5. A burning sensation while urinating. This symptom can also be the cause of many other urinary disorders such as a urinary tract infection.
6. Small traces of blood can be found in the urine of a person who has kidney stones.

If the kidney stones are small enough, the person may not feel any of these symptoms and can pass the kidney stone through the urinary tract without even noticing any pain. Other symptoms may also be present that are not directly caused by kidney stones but can be the result of an infection or other problem. These symptoms can include a high fever, diarrhea, trouble sleeping, and severe headaches.

Causes of Kidney Stones

Kidney stones and calcium crystals within the kidney can be caused by some condition such as renal acidosis, medullary sponge kidney, or Dent’s disease. If a person is known to have one of these disorders or a similar one, they may be subjected to recurring kidney stones. The most common form of kidney stones is a buildup that consists of calcium oxalate crystals and is caused by excessive calcium intakes or an inability of the kidneys to digest this calcium.

Some activities may cause kidney stones, besides a health disorder. These activities might include not drinking enough water or a sudden change in diet. When your body does not get enough water, the kidneys are less able to pass salts, minerals, and other substances through the urine. This will cause a buildup that eventually forms kidney stones.

Uric acid is another cause of many kidney stones. Uric acid is a chemical that is produced from purine and is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. This acid is typically excreted in the urine, but if it is unable to be released may cause a buildup that will eventually form a kidney stone. This form of kidney stones is more common in mammals other than humans.

It is common to have kidney stones occur in members of the same family for several generations. Tests are still being performed to determine how kidney stones may be part of a persons genetics.

Risk Factors for Kidney Stones

Family history plays one of the largest roles in determining whether or not a person may contract kidney stones. If someone in your family has a strong history of kidney stones, you are more likely to develop the problem, also. If a person has had kidney stones in the past, they are more likely to get them again at some point in the future.

Adults are much more likely to have kidney stones than children. Also, adults over the age of 40 are at the greatest risk of having kidney stones. Men are much more likely to have kidney stone problems then women, and race is not known to play a factor in kidney stone development.

A person who becomes dehydrated on a regular basis or has a history of dehydration is at a high risk of developing kidney stones. This is due to the important role that water plays in the digestive system and organs such as kidneys. People who have a high BMI (Body Mass Index) or are generally obese and overweight are linked to having an increased risk of kidney stones.

A person who has been diagnosed with one of several digestive diseases or has recently had a surgery that is related to the digestive system may develop kidney stones. Some of the digestive diseases that may be related to kidney stones include inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diarrhea. Surgeries such as gastric bypass surgery may cause kidney stones.

How to Prevent Kidney Stones

The best way to prevent the presence of kidney stones is to eat a healthy diet and to be involved in regular exercise. A good diet to avoid kidney stones should not be excessively high in protein, sodium, or sugar. The diet should also follow a few of the following tips:

1. A diet high in fiber will help to have a healthy digestive system with properly functioning kidneys. Oats, beans, wheat, cabbage, and carrots are all examples of foods that are rich in fiber.
2. Do not eat meat excessively, especially beef and pork.
3. Get the recommended amounts of calcium. Try to get your calcium intake from dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt.
4. Avoid dark green vegetables, nuts, chocolates, and other foods that are known to be high in oxalate. Vegetables are healthy, but do not eat them excessively.
5. Cut back on salt intake. Salt buildup is one of the most common ways in which kidney stones begin to form.

Another recommendation given by scientists and physicians is to drink more fluids. The more fluids you drink the clearer your urine becomes. If you notice clear urine, it is a sign that your kidneys are functioning properly. Most physicians recommend 8 to 10 glasses of water every day. If your body is not used to this much water then you should not immediately begin drinking 8 to 10 glasses per day, begin by increasing your water intake by 1 or 2 glasses per day until you can handle adequate amounts of water. If you notice that urine is a dark yellow color then this might be a sign of not enough water entering the kidneys.

Tests and Diagnosis Considerations when Dealing with Kidney Stones

Urine and blood tests are the most common methods of diagnosing kidney stones. Doctors will look for blood, calcium, and high amounts of protein in the urine, which can denote the presence of an obstruction or irritation within the urinary tract. X-ray and radiological imaging techniques are also used to diagnose kidney stones. Because calcium is very dense, they can be detected by most hospital X-ray machines. The X-ray will show a buildup within the kidney, ureters, and bladder.

A physician may also perform an Intravenous Pyelogram, or IVP. This test requires that a special dye be injected into the patient’s bloodstream just passed the kidneys. An image can be taken following the injection of the dye which will reveal any buildup locations.

Computed tomography, or CT scans can be used to detect the presence of a kidney stone. This is a method that is used only in extreme cases and not when other methods can be used because of the relatively high cost associated with CT scans. Another drawback of using CT scans is that the patient is exposed to small amounts of radiation.

Ultrasound imaging is another useful tool when diagnosing kidney stones. Ultrasounds can detect the presence of a swollen kidney, which suggests that there is some type of obstruction in the bloodstream just past the kidney. Many hospitals and physicians will use ultrasound techniques first when diagnosing kidney stones because it is relatively inexpensive and poses no severe risks.

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies to Treat Kidney Stones

Kidney beans have long been regarded as one of the most effective home remedies for kidney problems. A common mixture is to boil the inside pods of the beans in water for six hours and then straining the liquid and allowing it to be cooled. Patients should drink this mixture every two hours for 1 to 2 days.

Basil and celery are vegetables that are helpful in fighting against kidney stones and other kidney related problems. Apples, grapes, pomegranates, and watermelon are fruits that have essential vitamins and minerals used to keep your kidneys healthy.

Scientists have shown that vitamin B6 and pyridoxine are effective treatments of kidney stones. Physicians recommend doses of roughly 100 milligrams of vitamin B6 and other forms of vitamin B be taken to cure kidney ailments.

Pharmaceutical Treatments for Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are generally known to pass through the body’s digestive system within 48 to 72 hours on their own, though often cause excruciating pain. Because kidney stones can pass through the body without help, most medications prescribed to patients are pain killers.

Narcotics can be prescribed to help reduce pain if over-the-counter medicines do not allow for pain relief.

Scientists have been able to create several medications that can speed up the process of passing a kidney stone. The most common form of prescription medication is what is known as a “calcium channel blocker”, typically nifedipine. Nifedipine is known by product names such as Adalat, Procardia, and Nifediac.

Alpha-blockers are also used in treatment of kidney stones. A common alpha-blocker is the prescription drug Flomax.

A non-invasive procedure called lithotripsy is often used to break up larger kidney stones. Lithotripsy involves the use of shock waves to break large kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be more easily passed through the urinary tract and urinary system.

Surgical Treatments for Kidney Stones

Several surgical techniques can be used to treat kidney stones, but are typically only used in the case of extremely large buildups accompanied by intolerable pain. The operation is often avoided because of the costs of performing any type of surgery. Kidney stone surgery allows the surgeon to enter the urinary tract through a small incision in the skin and remove the crystalline buildup and kidney stones. An instrument that is called an ureteroscope is allowed to enter the ureter through the urethra and bladder.

Risks associated with this type of operation are small compared to other types of surgeries, because it is not extremely invasive. However, as with any surgery there is always the risk of complications due to heavy bleeding or a poor reaction to anesthesia.